Tom Stannage was one among many historians in the 1970s uncovering histories of Australia which were to challenge national narratives and community memories. In 1971, Tom returned to Western Australia after writing his PhD in Cambridge with the passion to write urban history and an understanding that in order to do so, he needed an emotional engagement with place. What he had yet to realize was the power of community memories in Western Australia to shape and preserve ideas about their place. As part of his research on the history of Perth, Tom saw how the written histories of Western Australia had been shaped by community mythologies – in particular that of the rural pioneer. He identified the consensus or ‘gentry tradition’ in Western Australian writing. In teasing out histories of conflict, he showed how the gentry tradition of rural pioneer histories silenced those of race and gender relations, convictism and poverty which were found in both rural and urban areas. His versions of history began to unsettle parts of the Perth community who found the ‘pioneer myth’ framed their consensus world-view and whose families were themselves the living links to these ‘pioneers’.
{"title":"‘My country’s heart is in the market place’: Tom Stannage interviewed by Peter Read","authors":"Tiffany Shellam, J. Sassoon","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3747","url":null,"abstract":"Tom Stannage was one among many historians in the 1970s uncovering histories of Australia which were to challenge national narratives and community memories. In 1971, Tom returned to Western Australia after writing his PhD in Cambridge with the passion to write urban history and an understanding that in order to do so, he needed an emotional engagement with place. What he had yet to realize was the power of community memories in Western Australia to shape and preserve ideas about their place. As part of his research on the history of Perth, Tom saw how the written histories of Western Australia had been shaped by community mythologies – in particular that of the rural pioneer. He identified the consensus or ‘gentry tradition’ in Western Australian writing. In teasing out histories of conflict, he showed how the gentry tradition of rural pioneer histories silenced those of race and gender relations, convictism and poverty which were found in both rural and urban areas. His versions of history began to unsettle parts of the Perth community who found the ‘pioneer myth’ framed their consensus world-view and whose families were themselves the living links to these ‘pioneers’.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History is not just a genre of knowledge but also a basic feature of human life. Accounting for the past, or creating histories, to quote David Thelen, is ‘as natural a part of life as eating or breathing’. Casual references to what has taken place make up the vast majority of these accounts. But there are also a great number of deliberately created expositions of the past. They are produced in every field of society and by a wide variety of actors, from private persons to, for example, politicians and various media. The totality of them can be called everyday history. These accounts of the past serve present purposes – histories have innumerable functions and are of countless types. Divergent accounts also influence each other, and my suggestion is that their interaction be called the never-ending social process of history-making. History making, in other words, is not the preserve of academically-trained historians. They are experts but not outside observers. Scholarly historians are inescapably involved in the social process of history making. Their work goes beyond prevailing histories: they seek interpretations that make better sense of the past than the existing ones. Embedded in this effort is another constructivist function: they demonstrate ways to think about the past and how to use it. When demonstrating ‘that’s not how it was’, historians at the same display ‘how the presentation should have been constructed’. Even if they don’t think of themselves as consultants on history making they act in this capacity.
{"title":"History Making: The Historian as Consultant","authors":"J. Kalela","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3631","url":null,"abstract":"History is not just a genre of knowledge but also a basic feature of human life. Accounting for the past, or creating histories, to quote David Thelen, is ‘as natural a part of life as eating or breathing’. Casual references to what has taken place make up the vast majority of these accounts. But there are also a great number of deliberately created expositions of the past. They are produced in every field of society and by a wide variety of actors, from private persons to, for example, politicians and various media. The totality of them can be called everyday history. These accounts of the past serve present purposes – histories have innumerable functions and are of countless types. Divergent accounts also influence each other, and my suggestion is that their interaction be called the never-ending social process of history-making. History making, in other words, is not the preserve of academically-trained historians. They are experts but not outside observers. Scholarly historians are inescapably involved in the social process of history making. Their work goes beyond prevailing histories: they seek interpretations that make better sense of the past than the existing ones. Embedded in this effort is another constructivist function: they demonstrate ways to think about the past and how to use it. When demonstrating ‘that’s not how it was’, historians at the same display ‘how the presentation should have been constructed’. Even if they don’t think of themselves as consultants on history making they act in this capacity.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares aspects of the design, layout and purpose of a range of historic New Zealand urban cemeteries with the Southern Cemetery in Dunedin. It makes use of recent research conducted for historic conservation reports which has enable detailed comparisons to be made for the first time. The Southern Cemetery survives as a representative example of a modern, urban cemetery of the mid-nineteenth century, though it is unusual in being in a comparatively unaltered state. It is shown that denominational division was a requirement from the outset in most places, contrary to the widespread assumption that it was uncommon. No major regional differences between cemeteries are to be found other than those due to the ethnic and religious pattern of settlement. The topography of cemeteries is also considered, together with their siting, plantings, specialised structures, maintenance, and their vulnerability to vandalism, ‘improvement’ or destruction.
{"title":"'Each in his narrow cell for ever laid': Dunedin's Southern Cemetery and its New Zealand Counterparts","authors":"Alexander Trapeznik, Austin Gee","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3183","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares aspects of the design, layout and purpose of a range of historic New Zealand urban cemeteries with the Southern Cemetery in Dunedin. It makes use of recent research conducted for historic conservation reports which has enable detailed comparisons to be made for the first time. The Southern Cemetery survives as a representative example of a modern, urban cemetery of the mid-nineteenth century, though it is unusual in being in a comparatively unaltered state. It is shown that denominational division was a requirement from the outset in most places, contrary to the widespread assumption that it was uncommon. No major regional differences between cemeteries are to be found other than those due to the ethnic and religious pattern of settlement. The topography of cemeteries is also considered, together with their siting, plantings, specialised structures, maintenance, and their vulnerability to vandalism, ‘improvement’ or destruction.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapidly growing numbers of Australian tourists visiting overseas battle sites associated with Australian military history have been met with enthusiastic academic interest by historians, yet the vast majority of studies focus on Gallipoli, rather than the Kokoda Track. Prior to 2001, few tourists had undertaken a journey along the narrow jungle pathway, which winds 96km through the Owen Stanley Ranges in Papua New Guinea. Just over a decade later, the track supports a competitive tourism industry, dominated by Australian companies, and attracts thousands of trekkers each year. This paper applies an interdisciplinary methodology to better understand the duality of locations of battlefield tourism as sites of commemoration and, unavoidably, sites of commerce. A survey of 107 trekkers suggests that, in addition to an expression of national identity, the mythology associated with the Kokoda Track has been appropriated by Australian tourists to represent individualistic goals of personal development and transformation: meanings that originate from the site’s history but extend beyond it.
{"title":"‘What better excuse for a real adventure’: History, Memory and Tourism on the Kokoda Track","authors":"J. Hawkins","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3122","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly growing numbers of Australian tourists visiting overseas battle sites associated with Australian military history have been met with enthusiastic academic interest by historians, yet the vast majority of studies focus on Gallipoli, rather than the Kokoda Track. Prior to 2001, few tourists had undertaken a journey along the narrow jungle pathway, which winds 96km through the Owen Stanley Ranges in Papua New Guinea. Just over a decade later, the track supports a competitive tourism industry, dominated by Australian companies, and attracts thousands of trekkers each year. This paper applies an interdisciplinary methodology to better understand the duality of locations of battlefield tourism as sites of commemoration and, unavoidably, sites of commerce. A survey of 107 trekkers suggests that, in addition to an expression of national identity, the mythology associated with the Kokoda Track has been appropriated by Australian tourists to represent individualistic goals of personal development and transformation: meanings that originate from the site’s history but extend beyond it.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V20I0.3122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Story of Yarrie has been in the memory of Gundagai people for generations. Such a memory has been strengthened by the presence of memorials dedicated to Yarrie during the 1852 flood. The cultural production performed by the memorialisation of Yarrie’s role during the 1852 flood was made possible through the activities of the local community, the Gundagai Historical Society, the local museum, local government, prominent citizens and the popular media.
{"title":"Remembering Yarrie: An Indigenous Australian and the 1852 Gundagai Flood","authors":"Wardiningsih Soerjohardjo","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3096","url":null,"abstract":"The Story of Yarrie has been in the memory of Gundagai people for generations. Such a memory has been strengthened by the presence of memorials dedicated to Yarrie during the 1852 flood. The cultural production performed by the memorialisation of Yarrie’s role during the 1852 flood was made possible through the activities of the local community, the Gundagai Historical Society, the local museum, local government, prominent citizens and the popular media.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arkeologi selama ini telah melakukan banyak penelitian tetapi hasil penelitiannya tidak diketahui oleh masyarakat luas, hampir seluruh hasil penelitian adalah untuk kepentingan arkeologi sendiri. Keadaan ini pada masa sekarang tidak lagi sepenuhnya dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Sehingga masyarakat membuat interpretasi sendiri terhadap tinggalan arkeologi yang berada disekitar mereka dengan caranya sendiri. Kebutuhan akan adanya informasi arkeologi untuk masyarakat tidak menjadi tujuan yang penting bagi arkeologi dan hasil penelitian yang seharusnya disampaikan kepada masyarakat baik melalui museum, situs peninggalan cagar budaya ataupun berbagai pameran tidak menjadi perhatian para arkeolog.
{"title":"Arkeologi menurut Interpretasi Siapa?: Mencari Tempat untuk Arkeologi Alternatif di Indonesia","authors":"Irmawati Marwoto-Johan","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3097","url":null,"abstract":"Arkeologi selama ini telah melakukan banyak penelitian tetapi hasil penelitiannya tidak diketahui oleh masyarakat luas, hampir seluruh hasil penelitian adalah untuk kepentingan arkeologi sendiri. Keadaan ini pada masa sekarang tidak lagi sepenuhnya dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Sehingga masyarakat membuat interpretasi sendiri terhadap tinggalan arkeologi yang berada disekitar mereka dengan caranya sendiri. Kebutuhan akan adanya informasi arkeologi untuk masyarakat tidak menjadi tujuan yang penting bagi arkeologi dan hasil penelitian yang seharusnya disampaikan kepada masyarakat baik melalui museum, situs peninggalan cagar budaya ataupun berbagai pameran tidak menjadi perhatian para arkeolog.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70741029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kajian Sejarah Indonesia memperlihatkan perkembangan yang menarik untuk disimak lebih lanjut. Arah dan jangkauan pembahasannya tidak lagi berkutat pada permasalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh pengaruh aliran Posmodernisme, melainkan bergerak ke ranah publik. Perkembangan ini memunculkan suatu perhatian pada Sejarah Publik (Public History). Berbagai pemikiran, penelitian dan kegiatan dilakukan berkenan dengan pengembangan ranah pembahasan ini. Gerakan yang berasal dari publik (masyarakat) menarik perhatian kalangan akademik. Sejarah Publik menyadarkan mereka bahwa pengembangan sejarah tidak lagi monopoli dunia akademik. Justru, kalangan publik lebih giat dan agresif dalam merambah bidang-bidang pembicaraan sejarah. Berbagai karya diterbitkan yang secara kuantitas dan kualitas menyaingi produktivitas sejarawan akademik.
{"title":"Kesenian Kuno Minahasa: Dari Perspektif Sejarah Publik","authors":"Y. B. Tangkilisan","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3098","url":null,"abstract":"Kajian Sejarah Indonesia memperlihatkan perkembangan yang menarik untuk disimak lebih lanjut. Arah dan jangkauan pembahasannya tidak lagi berkutat pada permasalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh pengaruh aliran Posmodernisme, melainkan bergerak ke ranah publik. Perkembangan ini memunculkan suatu perhatian pada Sejarah Publik (Public History). Berbagai pemikiran, penelitian dan kegiatan dilakukan berkenan dengan pengembangan ranah pembahasan ini. Gerakan yang berasal dari publik (masyarakat) menarik perhatian kalangan akademik. Sejarah Publik menyadarkan mereka bahwa pengembangan sejarah tidak lagi monopoli dunia akademik. Justru, kalangan publik lebih giat dan agresif dalam merambah bidang-bidang pembicaraan sejarah. Berbagai karya diterbitkan yang secara kuantitas dan kualitas menyaingi produktivitas sejarawan akademik.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores post-colonial memories about street traders among individuals who lived in the former colony of the Dutch East Indies. It argues that these narratives romanticize the relationship between Europeans and indigenous peoples. Street vendors are also used to differentiate between periods within colonial and post-colonial history. The nostalgic representation of interracial contact between Europeans and traders is contrasted with representations of other figures such as the Japanese and the nationalist. A recurring feature of these representations is the ability of Europeans to speak with street traders and imagine what they wanted and needed. The traders are remembered as a social type that transgressed politics and represented the neutrality of the economic sphere as a place for shared communication. The article concludes that the figure of the street vendor contributes to the nostalgic reinvention of the colony but is also used in narratives to differentiate between and mark changes across the colonial and post-colonial periods.
{"title":"Colonial figures; Memories of street traders in the colonial and early post-colonial periods","authors":"S. Gibbings, F. Steijlen","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.2870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.2870","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores post-colonial memories about street traders among individuals who lived in the former colony of the Dutch East Indies. It argues that these narratives romanticize the relationship between Europeans and indigenous peoples. Street vendors are also used to differentiate between periods within colonial and post-colonial history. The nostalgic representation of interracial contact between Europeans and traders is contrasted with representations of other figures such as the Japanese and the nationalist. A recurring feature of these representations is the ability of Europeans to speak with street traders and imagine what they wanted and needed. The traders are remembered as a social type that transgressed politics and represented the neutrality of the economic sphere as a place for shared communication. The article concludes that the figure of the street vendor contributes to the nostalgic reinvention of the colony but is also used in narratives to differentiate between and mark changes across the colonial and post-colonial periods.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.2870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to Hetty Palm (1958), there are no people like the Minahassan that experienced a tremendous change in the nineteenth century. The changes had a great impact on their way of life, including arts, as a result of Christianization. In the opinion of the zending (priests), their ancient arts did not suit the new faith. They abandoned their traditional arts and as the consequence, the next generation lost their historical ties with their ancestors in the field of arts. They adopted a new way of life of the Western (Dutch) culture. Accordingly, when they become a part of the new state, they considered it important to revitalize the old traditions. However, they had problems as there are no relics from the past. Now they have two options: to cultivate the old or to invent a new tradition. This article discusses the problem and its development from a Public History perspective. The early finding shows that the Minahasans are aware that tradition can get along with the modernity in harmony as their cultural identity. It also deals with the challenge this had brought to traditional historical authority.
{"title":"Ancient Arts of Minahasa: A Public History Perspective","authors":"Y. Tangkilisan","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3093","url":null,"abstract":"According to Hetty Palm (1958), there are no people like the Minahassan that experienced a tremendous change in the nineteenth century. The changes had a great impact on their way of life, including arts, as a result of Christianization. In the opinion of the zending (priests), their ancient arts did not suit the new faith. They abandoned their traditional arts and as the consequence, the next generation lost their historical ties with their ancestors in the field of arts. They adopted a new way of life of the Western (Dutch) culture. Accordingly, when they become a part of the new state, they considered it important to revitalize the old traditions. However, they had problems as there are no relics from the past. Now they have two options: to cultivate the old or to invent a new tradition. This article discusses the problem and its development from a Public History perspective. The early finding shows that the Minahasans are aware that tradition can get along with the modernity in harmony as their cultural identity. It also deals with the challenge this had brought to traditional historical authority.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To date, archeological research has been widely conducted in Indonesia. The results of this research, however, are not widely known by the public because they are merely meant for archeologists. This leads the public in some instances to interpret archeological remains in their own neighborhoods. This public need of archeology could be promoted through archeological research being delivered to the public though exhibitions, museums or archeological sites. This article presents a discussion of Indonesian archeologists’ problems of authority, the growth of Alternative Archeology as a ‘challenge’ to mainstream archeology and the implications Alternative Archeology has for the broader community.
{"title":"Archaeology for Whose Interpretation?: Finding Space for Alternative Archaeology in Indonesia","authors":"Irmawati Marwoto-Johan","doi":"10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3094","url":null,"abstract":"To date, archeological research has been widely conducted in Indonesia. The results of this research, however, are not widely known by the public because they are merely meant for archeologists. This leads the public in some instances to interpret archeological remains in their own neighborhoods. This public need of archeology could be promoted through archeological research being delivered to the public though exhibitions, museums or archeological sites. This article presents a discussion of Indonesian archeologists’ problems of authority, the growth of Alternative Archeology as a ‘challenge’ to mainstream archeology and the implications Alternative Archeology has for the broader community.","PeriodicalId":41934,"journal":{"name":"Public History Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5130/PHRJ.V19I0.3094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70740494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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