Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181453
Giovanni Giallongo , Nadav Shashar , Baruch Rinkevich
The discipline of coral reefs restoration is advancing rapidly in response to accelerating global degradation, however, many current practices remain reactive, technique-driven, and often lack integration with ecological theory. Here, we promote ecological facilitation as a valuable yet underused framework for guiding coral reef restoration. Drawing insights from well-established terrestrial restoration principles, we show how three key ecological facilitation processes, herbivore-controlled competition, density-dependent interactions, and habitat provisioning are already embedded, though often overlooked, in current coral restoration practices. An overview of recent studies reveals that facilitative mechanisms often drive positive outcomes like increased transplant survival, reduced algal cover, and enhanced biodiversity. By reframing coral gardening and related interventions through the lens of ecological facilitation, we offer a more predictive and functionally integrated pathway for reef restoration. We outline practical consideration for implementation and encourage future research to experimentally test facilitation thresholds, optimal species combination, and integrated restoration designs. Ecological facilitation offers a vital link between theory and practice, providing a roadmap for developing more resilient and effective restoration strategies.
{"title":"Exploring ecological facilitation toward precision coral reef restoration","authors":"Giovanni Giallongo , Nadav Shashar , Baruch Rinkevich","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discipline of coral reefs restoration is advancing rapidly in response to accelerating global degradation, however, many current practices remain reactive, technique-driven, and often lack integration with ecological theory. Here, we promote ecological facilitation as a valuable yet underused framework for guiding coral reef restoration. Drawing insights from well-established terrestrial restoration principles, we show how three key ecological facilitation processes, herbivore-controlled competition, density-dependent interactions, and habitat provisioning are already embedded, though often overlooked, in current coral restoration practices. An overview of recent studies reveals that facilitative mechanisms often drive positive outcomes like increased transplant survival, reduced algal cover, and enhanced biodiversity. By reframing coral gardening and related interventions through the lens of ecological facilitation, we offer a more predictive and functionally integrated pathway for reef restoration. We outline practical consideration for implementation and encourage future research to experimentally test facilitation thresholds, optimal species combination, and integrated restoration designs. Ecological facilitation offers a vital link between theory and practice, providing a roadmap for developing more resilient and effective restoration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1016 ","pages":"Article 181453"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181483
Sudhir Yadav , Catherine R. Propper , Bruno Rafael De Almeida Moreira
Biochar use in agriculture and as a contaminant sorbent has moved unevenly from promise to practice. Benefits and risks depend on feedstock, production context and exposure. Using per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a model contaminant, we propose a feedstock-specific framework that distinguishes biochar derived from lignocellulosic crop and forestry residues and biochar from biosolids (sewage sludge). The first group addresses soil acidity and physical constraints and can be engineered for contaminant control, but routine testing for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is essential, and short-chain PFAS should not be assumed to be effectively retained without verification. The second group recycles phosphorus and immobilises some metals, yet it concentrates heavy metals and, for food-producing land, requires verified PFAS destruction with effective off-gas treatment. Priorities include incorporating PFAS into certification where exposure is plausible; conducting field trials to monitor leachate and edible tissues in PFAS-impacted settings; specifying end-of-life pathways for sorbent applications; and guidance that is evidence-based and adaptable to regional soils, crops and exposure scenarios. A feedstock-specific approach can shift the debate from generic advocacy to credible, safe and scalable adoption aligned with standards, policy and practice.
{"title":"Not all biochar is equal: Feedstock-specific trade-offs for agricultural use under PFAS and trace contaminant realities","authors":"Sudhir Yadav , Catherine R. Propper , Bruno Rafael De Almeida Moreira","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar use in agriculture and as a contaminant sorbent has moved unevenly from promise to practice. Benefits and risks depend on feedstock, production context and exposure. Using <em>per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a model contaminant, we propose a feedstock-specific framework that distinguishes biochar derived from lignocellulosic crop and forestry residues and biochar from biosolids (sewage sludge). The first group addresses soil acidity and physical constraints and can be engineered for contaminant control, but routine testing for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is essential, and short-chain PFAS should not be assumed to be effectively retained without verification. The second group recycles phosphorus and immobilises some metals, yet it concentrates heavy metals and, for food-producing land, requires verified PFAS destruction with effective off-gas treatment. Priorities include incorporating PFAS into certification where exposure is plausible; conducting field trials to monitor leachate and edible tissues in PFAS-impacted settings; specifying end-of-life pathways for sorbent applications; and guidance that is evidence-based and adaptable to regional soils, crops and exposure scenarios. A feedstock-specific approach can shift the debate from generic advocacy to credible, safe and scalable adoption aligned with standards, policy and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1016 ","pages":"Article 181483"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181449
Jingxian Yue , Yuqi Mao , Runting Ouyang , Pan Zhu , Tingping Ouyang , Wanjun Wang , Shengbing Yu , Yingxin Yu
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants of global concern, yet their distribution and ecological risks in riverine sediments remain insufficiently characterized. This study analyzed 132 sediment samples from seven major river basins in Guangdong Province to assess PFASs occurrence, sources, and ecological risk. 25 PFASs were detected, with PFASs concentrations ranging from below detection to 77.02 ng/g dry weight (mean: 1.09 ng/g). Contamination levels followed the order: Pearl River Estuary (PRE) > West River > Jian River ≈ Tan River > East River ≈ Moyang River ≈ North River. The PRE had the highest pollution level (mean: 20.02 ng/g), reflecting the combined influence of intensive industrial activity, dense shipping traffic, and domestic wastewater discharge. Short-chain PFASs, particularly perfluorobutanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctadecanoic acid, were dominant, indicating a shift toward alternative PFAS usage. The correlation between traditional long-chain PFASs (e.g., perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid) and alternatives (e.g., 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate) indicates mixed input. Risk quotient analysis identified perfluorooctanesulfonic acid as posing medium to high ecological risks in specific areas. These results demonstrate that although short-chain substitutes dominate, legacy and emerging compounds persist hazards. Overall, this study provides new evidence of PFASs contamination in South China river basins and emphasizes the need for targeted monitoring and regulatory measures to mitigate ecological risks.
{"title":"Co-occurrence and ecological risk of legacy and emerging perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in sediments from seven major river basins in Guangdong, China","authors":"Jingxian Yue , Yuqi Mao , Runting Ouyang , Pan Zhu , Tingping Ouyang , Wanjun Wang , Shengbing Yu , Yingxin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants of global concern, yet their distribution and ecological risks in riverine sediments remain insufficiently characterized. This study analyzed 132 sediment samples from seven major river basins in Guangdong Province to assess PFASs occurrence, sources, and ecological risk. 25 PFASs were detected, with PFASs concentrations ranging from below detection to 77.02 ng/g dry weight (mean: 1.09 ng/g). Contamination levels followed the order: Pearl River Estuary (PRE) > West River > Jian River ≈ Tan River > East River ≈ Moyang River ≈ North River. The PRE had the highest pollution level (mean: 20.02 ng/g), reflecting the combined influence of intensive industrial activity, dense shipping traffic, and domestic wastewater discharge. Short-chain PFASs, particularly perfluorobutanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctadecanoic acid, were dominant, indicating a shift toward alternative PFAS usage. The correlation between traditional long-chain PFASs (e.g., perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid) and alternatives (e.g., 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate) indicates mixed input. Risk quotient analysis identified perfluorooctanesulfonic acid as posing medium to high ecological risks in specific areas. These results demonstrate that although short-chain substitutes dominate, legacy and emerging compounds persist hazards. Overall, this study provides new evidence of PFASs contamination in South China river basins and emphasizes the need for targeted monitoring and regulatory measures to mitigate ecological risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1016 ","pages":"Article 181449"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181071
Marlene S. Evans , Jane L. Kirk , Johan A. Wiklund , Kristin J. Painter , John P. Smol , Kathleen M. Rühland , Sarah L. Roberts , Brigitte S.G. Simmatis , Derek C.G. Muir
For many decades, the copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba was North America’s largest single-source mercury (Hg) emitter, 4th largest Canadian sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitter, and a major heavy metal emitter. Various improvements were made in Cu smelter and Zn refinery operations over the years, and the Cu-smelter was closed in 2010 because it could not meet SO2 reduction targets while the Zn refinery continued to operate. From 2008-2017, we investigated water and sediment responses to emission decreases, comparing our data with that generated by others during studies conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s. Sedimentary metal concentrations remain highly elevated in near-field lakes (≤ 8 km of the smelter) and elevated in mid-field lakes (> 20km and <45 km from the smelter), reflecting the continued entry of metals from the large reservoirs deposited on lake watersheds over the ∼80 years of smelter operations. Similar spatial patterns were observed in water although Hg exhibited less spatial variability. Hg, Pb, and Zn exceeded standard Canadian Probable Effects Level (PEL) guidelines in near-field lake sediments whereas mid-field lakes exceeded Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQGs). SO4 concentrations in lake waters began declining in the late 1970s, a probable combined response to a 1974 increase in stack height and decreases in long-range S02 sources due to US-Canadian acid-rain controls; concentrations continued to decline over 2011-2017 with the closure of the Cu smelter and reduced SO2 emissions by the smelter and elsewhere. Near- and mid-field lakes remained alkaline while lakes with lower buffering capacity located 68-74 km to the northwest, that were reportedly acidic in 1982, were alkaline in 2008 with pH increasing through to 2016. We compare our findings with observations from four other Canadian smelters, two coal-fired power plants complexes, and the Alberta oil sands, and thereby explore how emitter history, distance from the source, and geological/watershed settings profoundly impact emission effects on sediment and lake chemistry.
{"title":"Lake water and sediment chemistry responses to reductions in mercury, other heavy metals, and sulfur dioxide emissions from the Flin Flon smelter, Manitoba, Canada, with historic comparisons to other emitters","authors":"Marlene S. Evans , Jane L. Kirk , Johan A. Wiklund , Kristin J. Painter , John P. Smol , Kathleen M. Rühland , Sarah L. Roberts , Brigitte S.G. Simmatis , Derek C.G. Muir","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For many decades, the copper-zinc (Cu-Zn) smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba was North America’s largest single-source mercury (Hg) emitter, 4<sup>th</sup> largest Canadian sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) emitter, and a major heavy metal emitter. Various improvements were made in Cu smelter and Zn refinery operations over the years, and the Cu-smelter was closed in 2010 because it could not meet SO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets while the Zn refinery continued to operate. From 2008-2017, we investigated water and sediment responses to emission decreases, comparing our data with that generated by others during studies conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s. Sedimentary metal concentrations remain highly elevated in near-field lakes (≤ 8 km of the smelter) and elevated in mid-field lakes (> 20km and <45 km from the smelter), reflecting the continued entry of metals from the large reservoirs deposited on lake watersheds over the ∼80 years of smelter operations. Similar spatial patterns were observed in water although Hg exhibited less spatial variability. Hg, Pb, and Zn exceeded standard Canadian Probable Effects Level (PEL) guidelines in near-field lake sediments whereas mid-field lakes exceeded Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQGs). SO<sub>4</sub> concentrations in lake waters began declining in the late 1970s, a probable combined response to a 1974 increase in stack height and decreases in long-range S0<sub>2</sub> sources due to US-Canadian acid-rain controls; concentrations continued to decline over 2011-2017 with the closure of the Cu smelter and reduced SO<sub>2</sub> emissions by the smelter and elsewhere. Near- and mid-field lakes remained alkaline while lakes with lower buffering capacity located 68-74 km to the northwest, that were reportedly acidic in 1982, were alkaline in 2008 with pH increasing through to 2016. We compare our findings with observations from four other Canadian smelters, two coal-fired power plants complexes, and the Alberta oil sands, and thereby explore how emitter history, distance from the source, and geological/watershed settings profoundly impact emission effects on sediment and lake chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1016 ","pages":"Article 181071"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181430
Gudrun Weinmayr , Andrea Jaensch , Claudia Marino , Pietro Manuel Ferraro , Julia Kerschbaum , Patrizia Haller , Wolfgang Brozek , Paola Michelozzi , Matteo Renzi , Massimo Stafoggia , Nera Agabiti , Kees de Hoogh , Bert Brunekreef , Gerard Hoek , Emanuel Zitt , Francesco Forastiere , Gabriele Nagel , Giulia Cesaroni
Air pollution has been associated with kidney disease. However, it is unknown to what extent diabetes and hypertension, themselves affected by air pollution, contribute to the association. We investigated whether the association between air pollution and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is mediated by diabetes or hypertension in two large cohorts, the Austrian VHM&PP and the Italian RoLS.
Both cohorts were followed up for incident ESKD with dialysis and kidney transplant registries. Exposure to air pollution was assessed using annual mean concentrations at the residential address derived from Europe-wide land-use regression models. Information on diabetes and hypertension was based on measurements (VHM&PP), or hospital discharges and medications (RoLS). A four-way decomposition causal mediation analysis was conducted for pollutants associated with ESKD in the two cohorts, adjusting for individual and area-level confounders.
A total of 501 and 3231 incident ESKD cases were observed with a median follow-up of 27 and 8 years in VHM&PP and RoLS, respectively.
The total excess risks for associations with ESKD were 13.9% and 17.9% for NO2, and 17.0% and 20.9% for black carbon (BC), for diabetes and hypertension, respectively. The excess risk mediated by diabetes and hypertension was 2.3% (95% CI: 0.8%, 3.9%) and 3.2% (1.9%, 4.4%) for NO2 (increase 10 μg/m3), and 2.1% (1.0%, 3.1%) and 3.5% (2.3%, 4.7%) for BC (increase 0.5*10−5/m), respectively. No positive mediation was observed for PM2.5.
Diabetes and hypertension partly mediated the associations of NO2 and BC with ESKD, whereas no consistent results were found for PM2.5.
{"title":"Do diabetes and hypertension mediate the association of air pollution with the incidence of end-stage kidney disease? Results from two large European cohorts","authors":"Gudrun Weinmayr , Andrea Jaensch , Claudia Marino , Pietro Manuel Ferraro , Julia Kerschbaum , Patrizia Haller , Wolfgang Brozek , Paola Michelozzi , Matteo Renzi , Massimo Stafoggia , Nera Agabiti , Kees de Hoogh , Bert Brunekreef , Gerard Hoek , Emanuel Zitt , Francesco Forastiere , Gabriele Nagel , Giulia Cesaroni","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution has been associated with kidney disease. However, it is unknown to what extent diabetes and hypertension, themselves affected by air pollution, contribute to the association. We investigated whether the association between air pollution and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is mediated by diabetes or hypertension in two large cohorts, the Austrian VHM&PP and the Italian RoLS.</div><div>Both cohorts were followed up for incident ESKD with dialysis and kidney transplant registries. Exposure to air pollution was assessed using annual mean concentrations at the residential address derived from Europe-wide land-use regression models. Information on diabetes and hypertension was based on measurements (VHM&PP), or hospital discharges and medications (RoLS). A four-way decomposition causal mediation analysis was conducted for pollutants associated with ESKD in the two cohorts, adjusting for individual and area-level confounders.</div><div>A total of 501 and 3231 incident ESKD cases were observed with a median follow-up of 27 and 8 years in VHM&PP and RoLS, respectively.</div><div>The total excess risks for associations with ESKD were 13.9% and 17.9% for NO<sub>2</sub>, and 17.0% and 20.9% for black carbon (BC), for diabetes and hypertension, respectively. The excess risk mediated by diabetes and hypertension was 2.3% (95% CI: 0.8%, 3.9%) and 3.2% (1.9%, 4.4%) for NO<sub>2</sub> (increase 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and 2.1% (1.0%, 3.1%) and 3.5% (2.3%, 4.7%) for BC (increase 0.5*10<sup>−5</sup>/m), respectively. No positive mediation was observed for PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</div><div>Diabetes and hypertension partly mediated the associations of NO<sub>2</sub> and BC with ESKD, whereas no consistent results were found for PM<sub>2.5</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181430"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of swine waste as an organic fertilizer is an important practice in sustainable agriculture. This study aims to evaluate the effects of two common swine waste treatment systems, Covered Lagoon Biodigesters (CLB) and Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP), on fungal community structure in soil. Soil and waste samples were collected from swine farms across five Brazilian states, representing different geographical regions with distinct climate, soil types, and vegetation. A metagenomic approach was employed to analyze the fungal communities present in the samples. Our results revealed that fertilization with swine waste did not significantly affect the overall diversity of fungal communities, although distinct shifts in community composition were observed between fertilized and non-fertilized soils. Notably, reads assigned to Sugiyamaella lignohabitans were detected only in samples from waste stabilization ponds, suggesting that this environment may favor fungal taxa associated with lignocellulose degradation. Furthermore, the fungal genera Fusarium and Rhizophagus exhibited contrasting responses to fertilization, with Fusarium being more abundant in fertilized soils and Rhizophagus decreasing in abundance. Geographic variation in fungal community composition was also observed, correlating with the physicochemical properties of the soil. These findings indicate that, in our dataset, the waste treatment systems had little influence on the fungal diversity of waste samples, whereas soil fertilization with swine waste was associated with marked shifts in fungal community composition, particularly in terms of taxonomic structure.
{"title":"Shaping soil fungal communities: How swine waste treatment systems and geography drive fungal community shifts","authors":"Camila Diehl , Gabriela Merker Breyer , Mariana Costa Torres , Camila Rosana Wuaden , Raquel Rebelatto , Janaina Pastore , Rodrigo da Silveira Nicoloso , Marcio Dorn , Jalusa Deon Kich , Franciele Maboni Siqueira","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of swine waste as an organic fertilizer is an important practice in sustainable agriculture. This study aims to evaluate the effects of two common swine waste treatment systems, <u>C</u>overed <u>L</u>agoon <u>B</u>iodigesters (CLB) and <u>W</u>aste <u>S</u>tabilization <u>P</u>onds (WSP), on fungal community structure in soil. Soil and waste samples were collected from swine farms across five Brazilian states, representing different geographical regions with distinct climate, soil types, and vegetation. A metagenomic approach was employed to analyze the fungal communities present in the samples. Our results revealed that fertilization with swine waste did not significantly affect the overall diversity of fungal communities, although distinct shifts in community composition were observed between fertilized and non-fertilized soils. Notably, reads assigned to <em>Sugiyamaella lignohabitans</em> were detected only in samples from waste stabilization ponds, suggesting that this environment may favor fungal taxa associated with lignocellulose degradation. Furthermore, the fungal genera <em>Fusarium</em> and <em>Rhizophagus</em> exhibited contrasting responses to fertilization, with <em>Fusarium</em> being more abundant in fertilized soils and <em>Rhizophagus</em> decreasing in abundance. Geographic variation in fungal community composition was also observed, correlating with the physicochemical properties of the soil. These findings indicate that, in our dataset, the waste treatment systems had little influence on the fungal diversity of waste samples, whereas soil fertilization with swine waste was associated with marked shifts in fungal community composition, particularly in terms of taxonomic structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181376"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) act as mediators in plant communication, pollination, and plant defense against herbivory. The set of VOCs in an environment constitutes the volatilome, and it may contain valuable information for understanding ecosystem functioning. Here we set out to obtain a representative inventory of VOCs such as those that a bee might encounter while foraging in grazed permanent grasslands. We chose the passive diffusion trapping (PDT) method, because this method, designed for this type of measurement in large air volumes, is the easiest to implement. We thus exposed Tenax TA sorbent tubes to air over the daytime on nine different plots at five periods during the vegetation cycle. GC–MS analysis after thermal desorption detected more than 100 VOCs encompassing a broad diversity of chemical families, with oxygenated compounds (alcohols, ethers, carbonyls, esters) and alkanes dominating in terms of number of compounds as well as total relative area, benzenoids and terpenes being also abundant.
For subsets of observations, we checked if solid-phase microextraction using polydimethylsiloxane-carboxen-divinylbenzene fiber coatings, or active-mode trapping (AcT) using a pump that enabled a highly controlled volumes of air to cross the Tenax tubes should be preferred to PDT. Compared to the two passive sampling methods for the same observations, the AcT method, which collected the greatest diversity of compounds and the highest number of known semiochemicals, seemed best suited to monitoring the grassland chemical landscape.
{"title":"Collecting grassland volatile organic compounds in open air through passive and active sampling strategies","authors":"Carlos Andrés Rincón , Madeline Koczura , Gilles Figueredo , Julien Pottier , Donato Andueza , Agnès Cornu","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) act as mediators in plant communication, pollination, and plant defense against herbivory. The set of VOCs in an environment constitutes the volatilome, and it may contain valuable information for understanding ecosystem functioning. Here we set out to obtain a representative inventory of VOCs such as those that a bee might encounter while foraging in grazed permanent grasslands. We chose the passive diffusion trapping (PDT) method, because this method, designed for this type of measurement in large air volumes, is the easiest to implement. We thus exposed Tenax TA sorbent tubes to air over the daytime on nine different plots at five periods during the vegetation cycle. GC–MS analysis after thermal desorption detected more than 100 VOCs encompassing a broad diversity of chemical families, with oxygenated compounds (alcohols, ethers, carbonyls, esters) and alkanes dominating in terms of number of compounds as well as total relative area, benzenoids and terpenes being also abundant.</div><div>For subsets of observations, we checked if solid-phase microextraction using polydimethylsiloxane-carboxen-divinylbenzene fiber coatings, or active-mode trapping (AcT) using a pump that enabled a highly controlled volumes of air to cross the Tenax tubes should be preferred to PDT. Compared to the two passive sampling methods for the same observations, the AcT method, which collected the greatest diversity of compounds and the highest number of known semiochemicals, seemed best suited to monitoring the grassland chemical landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181400"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181451
Uilson R.V. Aires , Vitor S. Martins , Dakota J. Hester , Thainara M.A. Lima , Lucas B. Ferreira
Open cattle feedlots are major animal feeding operations in the United States, characterized by outdoor confinement, high stocking densities, and regulated feeding practices. However, a comprehensive national database of these facilities remains limited. This study presents a framework to detect open feedlots across the Contiguous U.S. (CONUS) using the You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection model and aerial images from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). We visually identified and labeled a total of 11,746 feedlots across highly productive counties in Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. To reduce false detections, we also included 13,000 background patches (image subsets without feedlots). Together, this dataset was used to train, validate, and test YOLOv11 object detection model variants. All NAIP county-level images (43 TB of GeoTIFF, resampled to 1 m resolution) were acquired over the CONUS in 2019–2022, and processed into thousands of 640 × 640-pixel image patches for nationwide inference. Model performance was evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score, and Intersection Over Union (IoU). YOLOv11m achieved the best performance, with a precision of 0.88, recall of 0.85, and F1-score of 0.86, detecting more than 24,000 facilities. Feedlots were identified in most U.S. states, with particularly high concentrations in the Midwest, especially Nebraska, South Dakota, and Iowa. Texas, on the other hand, was characterized by having the largest facilities, often consisting of multiple lots. Environmental stressors associated with feedlot locations were also assessed. Feedlots across the South, parts of the Midwest, and the West experienced extreme summer heat, increasing the risk of heat stress and related animal welfare concerns. At the same time, favorable conditions for stable fly development peaked in June, which could potentially affect more than 10,000 Midwest feedlots. Automated detection of feedlot facilities provides valuable insights into U.S. beef production, enabling strategies to improve animal welfare and mitigate environmental impacts.
露天养牛场是美国主要的动物饲养活动，其特点是室外限制、高放养密度和规范的饲养做法。但是，关于这些设施的全面国家数据库仍然有限。本研究提出了一个框架，使用You Only Look Once （YOLO）目标检测模型和来自国家农业图像计划（NAIP）的航空图像来检测美国连续地区（CONUS）的开放饲养场。我们从视觉上识别并标记了内布拉斯加州、堪萨斯州和德克萨斯州高产县的11,746个饲养场。为了减少误检，我们还包括了13,000个背景补丁（不含馈区的图像子集）。该数据集用于训练、验证和测试YOLOv11目标检测模型变体。2019-2022年在CONUS上获取所有NAIP县级图像（43 TB GeoTIFF，重采样至1 m分辨率），并将其处理成数千个640 × 640像素的图像块，用于全国范围内的推理。使用精度、召回率、f1评分和Union交集（IoU）来评估模型的性能。YOLOv11m的表现最好，准确率为0.88，召回率为0.85，f1得分为0.86，检测到24000多个设施。在美国大多数州都发现了饲养场，特别是中西部地区，特别是内布拉斯加州，南达科他州和爱荷华州。另一方面，德克萨斯州的特点是拥有最大的设施，通常由多个地块组成。与饲养场位置相关的环境压力因素也进行了评估。南部、中西部部分地区和西部的饲养场经历了极端的夏季高温，增加了热应激的风险和相关的动物福利问题。与此同时，稳定苍蝇发展的有利条件在6月达到顶峰，这可能会影响到中西部1万多个饲养场。饲养场设施的自动化检测为美国牛肉生产提供了有价值的见解，有助于制定改善动物福利和减轻环境影响的战略。
{"title":"National-scale open cattle feedlot detection using deep learning and high-resolution aerial images: Spatial distribution and animal welfare analysis","authors":"Uilson R.V. Aires , Vitor S. Martins , Dakota J. Hester , Thainara M.A. Lima , Lucas B. Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open cattle feedlots are major animal feeding operations in the United States, characterized by outdoor confinement, high stocking densities, and regulated feeding practices. However, a comprehensive national database of these facilities remains limited. This study presents a framework to detect open feedlots across the Contiguous U.S. (CONUS) using the You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection model and aerial images from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). We visually identified and labeled a total of 11,746 feedlots across highly productive counties in Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. To reduce false detections, we also included 13,000 background patches (image subsets without feedlots). Together, this dataset was used to train, validate, and test YOLOv11 object detection model variants. All NAIP county-level images (43 TB of GeoTIFF, resampled to 1 m resolution) were acquired over the CONUS in 2019–2022, and processed into thousands of 640 × 640-pixel image patches for nationwide inference. Model performance was evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score, and Intersection Over Union (IoU). YOLOv11m achieved the best performance, with a precision of 0.88, recall of 0.85, and F1-score of 0.86, detecting more than 24,000 facilities. Feedlots were identified in most U.S. states, with particularly high concentrations in the Midwest, especially Nebraska, South Dakota, and Iowa. Texas, on the other hand, was characterized by having the largest facilities, often consisting of multiple lots. Environmental stressors associated with feedlot locations were also assessed. Feedlots across the South, parts of the Midwest, and the West experienced extreme summer heat, increasing the risk of heat stress and related animal welfare concerns. At the same time, favorable conditions for stable fly development peaked in June, which could potentially affect more than 10,000 Midwest feedlots. Automated detection of feedlot facilities provides valuable insights into U.S. beef production, enabling strategies to improve animal welfare and mitigate environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181451"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human–wild boar conflict incidents (HWBC) are increasingly reported in human-dominated landscapes, yet their seasonal drivers remain poorly quantified at broad scales in Türkiye. Using 105 summer and 152 winter reported incidents collected from media and online sources between 2006 and 2025, this study examines how land use, topography, and human presence shape the spatial patterns of reported HWBC incidents across the country within a resource selection function framework. Incident locations were contrasted with 1000 road-biased background points, and environmental predictors (reclassified CORINE land-cover classes, elevation, terrain ruggedness, and settlement cover) were summarized in 5-km buffers and analysed with season-specific logistic regression models, multi-model inference, and Kruskal–Wallis/Wilcoxon tests; temporal variation among pre-COVID, lockdown, and post-lockdown periods was evaluated with a chi-square test. In both seasons, reported encounters clustered at low elevations in settlement-rich landscapes, with urban cover strongly increasing conflict probability and elevation consistently reducing it, while cropland, forest, and grass–sparse vegetation showed negative associations, indicating that conflicts are more likely where natural or semi-natural cover is relatively scarce within human-dominated mosaics. Seasonal contrasts emerged for orchards and ruggedness: orchard cover and terrain ruggedness increased conflict probability in winter but had weak or no effects in summer, suggesting that winter foraging on tree crops and reliance on rough terrain as security cover amplify conflict risk in lowland peri-urban and agricultural areas. Incident frequencies differed significantly among the pre-COVID, lockdown, and post-lockdown periods, implying that changes in human mobility, traffic, and reporting effort during the pandemic contributed to observed temporal patterns in HWBC. Because the response variable is based on media- and online-reported incidents rather than systematic damage assessments, the patterns described reflect spatial distributions of reported encounters and complaints rather than a complete census of all conflict outcomes.
{"title":"Seasonal drivers of reported human–wild boar incidents in a human-dominated biodiversity hotspot","authors":"Fehmi Yıldız , Mohsen Ahmadi , Tuğba Tezer , Farzin Shabani , Morteza Naderi","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human–wild boar conflict incidents (HWBC) are increasingly reported in human-dominated landscapes, yet their seasonal drivers remain poorly quantified at broad scales in Türkiye. Using 105 summer and 152 winter reported incidents collected from media and online sources between 2006 and 2025, this study examines how land use, topography, and human presence shape the spatial patterns of reported HWBC incidents across the country within a resource selection function framework. Incident locations were contrasted with 1000 road-biased background points, and environmental predictors (reclassified CORINE land-cover classes, elevation, terrain ruggedness, and settlement cover) were summarized in 5-km buffers and analysed with season-specific logistic regression models, multi-model inference, and Kruskal–Wallis/Wilcoxon tests; temporal variation among pre-COVID, lockdown, and post-lockdown periods was evaluated with a chi-square test. In both seasons, reported encounters clustered at low elevations in settlement-rich landscapes, with urban cover strongly increasing conflict probability and elevation consistently reducing it, while cropland, forest, and grass–sparse vegetation showed negative associations, indicating that conflicts are more likely where natural or semi-natural cover is relatively scarce within human-dominated mosaics. Seasonal contrasts emerged for orchards and ruggedness: orchard cover and terrain ruggedness increased conflict probability in winter but had weak or no effects in summer, suggesting that winter foraging on tree crops and reliance on rough terrain as security cover amplify conflict risk in lowland peri-urban and agricultural areas. Incident frequencies differed significantly among the pre-COVID, lockdown, and post-lockdown periods, implying that changes in human mobility, traffic, and reporting effort during the pandemic contributed to observed temporal patterns in HWBC. Because the response variable is based on media- and online-reported incidents rather than systematic damage assessments, the patterns described reflect spatial distributions of reported encounters and complaints rather than a complete census of all conflict outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181441"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181416
Rahul Kashyap, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath
The “Greening Earth” and rising aridity are both climate change signatures. We investigate the response of global photosynthesis to moisture stress (higher demand and lower availability of moisture) in current (2000−2021) and future climate scenarios (until 2100). We employ a suite of statistical and machine learning (ML) techniques on satellite remote sensing, reanalyses and climate projection data for robust findings. Remote sensing based high resolution indicators of global photosynthesis in Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) are utilised. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD, 39.76%) influences global photosynthesis more than Soil Moisture (SM, 31.44%) and Climatic Water Deficit (CWD, 28.8%), reveals Random Forest (RF). VPD exhibits a direct causal relationship with photosynthesis across biomes and land cover types, unlike SM and CWD. In absence of direct causal association, SM and CWD influence photosynthesis through VPD. Enhanced land (CWD, 16.7%) and atmospheric (VPD, 4.3%) evaporative demands reduce SM (−2.2%) in recent decade (2010–2019) from the previous (2000–2009). Concurrently, global photosynthesis exhibits enhanced cumulative growth rates (CGR), with a slowdown/reversal of global greening (−2.8% CGR), notably in grasses and tropical biomes due to rising moisture stress. Cropland, and temperate and arid biomes exhibit high sensitivity and low resilience to dryness stress. Global photosynthesis has gained resilience against land evaporative (CWD, 6.7%) and atmospheric aridity (VPD, 4.1%), conversely lost resilience against SM drying (−0.5%) in recent decade from previous. In moisture-stressed ecosystems, gain in resilience facilitates photosynthesis and decline in resilience results in slowdown or reversal of greening. This calls for effective land management to enhance the resilience of vulnerable ecosystems to rising moisture stress for ensuring food security and sustainability.
{"title":"Increased moisture stress and weakened resilience to aridity limit global greening","authors":"Rahul Kashyap, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The “Greening Earth” and rising aridity are both climate change signatures. We investigate the response of global photosynthesis to moisture stress (higher demand and lower availability of moisture) in current (2000−2021) and future climate scenarios (until 2100). We employ a suite of statistical and machine learning (ML) techniques on satellite remote sensing, reanalyses and climate projection data for robust findings. Remote sensing based high resolution indicators of global photosynthesis in Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) are utilised. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD, 39.76%) influences global photosynthesis more than Soil Moisture (SM, 31.44%) and Climatic Water Deficit (CWD, 28.8%), reveals Random Forest (RF). VPD exhibits a direct causal relationship with photosynthesis across biomes and land cover types, unlike SM and CWD. In absence of direct causal association, SM and CWD influence photosynthesis through VPD. Enhanced land (CWD, 16.7%) and atmospheric (VPD, 4.3%) evaporative demands reduce SM (−2.2%) in recent decade (2010–2019) from the previous (2000–2009). Concurrently, global photosynthesis exhibits enhanced cumulative growth rates (CGR), with a slowdown/reversal of global greening (−2.8% CGR), notably in grasses and tropical biomes due to rising moisture stress. Cropland, and temperate and arid biomes exhibit high sensitivity and low resilience to dryness stress. Global photosynthesis has gained resilience against land evaporative (CWD, 6.7%) and atmospheric aridity (VPD, 4.1%), conversely lost resilience against SM drying (−0.5%) in recent decade from previous. In moisture-stressed ecosystems, gain in resilience facilitates photosynthesis and decline in resilience results in slowdown or reversal of greening. This calls for effective land management to enhance the resilience of vulnerable ecosystems to rising moisture stress for ensuring food security and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Article 181416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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