Pub Date : 2022-04-10DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.100323
Ayusman Behera, Rajashree Das, Pranati Patnaik, J. Mohanty, G. Mohanty
Fish processing unit establishment is now seeing an increasing trend of interest and subsequent activities. Thus, as a collateral the accumulation of greater amount of fish waste (head, skin, frames, visceral parts, and scales) and underutilized (non-edible) fish presents a greater opportunity for further utilization if not accounted for at the right time. Fish waste obtained during fish catch and processing account for about 70% and therefore, if not treated and discarded properly becomes a threat to environment. Currently, efforts have been made for utilization of these waste in different ways that includes production of saleable products, like animal feed, biogas; isolation of valuable bioactive biomolecules and fractions; separation and extraction of free amino acids, peptides, enzymes, fats and oils; collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides. Isolated bioactive compounds and fractions further may be used in formulation and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This review precisely outlines the present understanding on fish waste as a source of high-value fish protein hydrolysates which can further be used for formulating different nutraceutical and therapeutic products such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive peptides, fish collagen and gelatin; and enzymes.
{"title":"A review on fish peptides isolated from fish waste with their potent bioactivities","authors":"Ayusman Behera, Rajashree Das, Pranati Patnaik, J. Mohanty, G. Mohanty","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.100323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.100323","url":null,"abstract":"Fish processing unit establishment is now seeing an increasing trend of interest and subsequent activities. Thus, as a collateral the accumulation of greater amount of fish waste (head, skin, frames, visceral parts, and scales) and underutilized (non-edible) fish presents a greater opportunity for further utilization if not accounted for at the right time. Fish waste obtained during fish catch and processing account for about 70% and therefore, if not treated and discarded properly becomes a threat to environment. Currently, efforts have been made for utilization of these waste in different ways that includes production of saleable products, like animal feed, biogas; isolation of valuable bioactive biomolecules and fractions; separation and extraction of free amino acids, peptides, enzymes, fats and oils; collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides. Isolated bioactive compounds and fractions further may be used in formulation and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This review precisely outlines the present understanding on fish waste as a source of high-value fish protein hydrolysates which can further be used for formulating different nutraceutical and therapeutic products such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive peptides, fish collagen and gelatin; and enzymes.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"28 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122504242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-10DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.100308
Ankita Salunke, Parth Pandya, A. Upadhyay, Pragna Parikh
The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic impact of four agrochemicals on Catla catla Hamilton 1822 Indian Catla catla gill cell line (ICG): insecticide [imidacloprid (IMI)], fungicide [curzate (CZ)], herbicide [pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (PE)], and fertilizer micronutrients (MN). The cytotoxic study was carried out by following the standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method for 96 hours and inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) values were determined. For further subacute studies, sublethal concentrations (1/20th of IC 50 as low dose, 1/10th of IC 50 as medium dose, and 1/5th of IC 50 as high dose) were selected. The ICG cells were exposed to all agrochemicals for 7 days and toxicity was analyzed with respect to untreated control. The morphological changes were observed and Trypan blue assay was used to understand the effect of agrochemicals on the ICG cells viability. The study reported a dose-dependent alteration in morphology and viability in ICG cells when exposed to agrochemicals. Furthermore, the expression of proliferative markers like proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin genes (cyclin E and A) were analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant decrease observed in gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin A, and cyclin E, which indicates the toxicity of agrochemicals IMI, CZ, PE, and MN, resulting in alterations in the cell cycle of the ICG cell line.
{"title":"Assessment of sublethal toxicity using proliferation markers in fish cell line-ICG exposed to agrochemicals","authors":"Ankita Salunke, Parth Pandya, A. Upadhyay, Pragna Parikh","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.100308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.100308","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic impact of four agrochemicals on Catla catla Hamilton 1822 Indian Catla catla gill cell line (ICG): insecticide [imidacloprid (IMI)], fungicide [curzate (CZ)], herbicide [pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (PE)], and fertilizer micronutrients (MN). The cytotoxic study was carried out by following the standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method for 96 hours and inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) values were determined. For further subacute studies, sublethal concentrations (1/20th of IC 50 as low dose, 1/10th of IC 50 as medium dose, and 1/5th of IC 50 as high dose) were selected. The ICG cells were exposed to all agrochemicals for 7 days and toxicity was analyzed with respect to untreated control. The morphological changes were observed and Trypan blue assay was used to understand the effect of agrochemicals on the ICG cells viability. The study reported a dose-dependent alteration in morphology and viability in ICG cells when exposed to agrochemicals. Furthermore, the expression of proliferative markers like proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin genes (cyclin E and A) were analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant decrease observed in gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin A, and cyclin E, which indicates the toxicity of agrochemicals IMI, CZ, PE, and MN, resulting in alterations in the cell cycle of the ICG cell line.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129242009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-10DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.100317
Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, Krishan Kumar, N. Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, D. Chauhan, P. Thakur, I. Sheikh
Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan L.) is an important perennial pulse from the family Fabaceae. It is one of the important underutilized pulses having high nutritional value and can be used as a basic ingredient for the preparation of value- added food products. The present investigation aimed to study the influence of soaking and germination on nutritional and anti-nutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of pigeon pea grains. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h. The results revealed that there was a 6.34% and 15.41% increase in protein contents during soaking and germination treatments, respectively. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in reducing power (91.46%) and metal chelating activity (64.16%) was observed in germinated pigeon pea. The phenolic components and antioxidant activity increased by 5.34 and 76.15% after 72 h of germination, respectively, but the anti-nutritional components like tannin contents and the phytic acids decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 57.97 and 63.05%, respectively after 72 h of germination. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents was observed after the soaking and germination treatments of pigeon pea grains. Therefore the soaking and germination processing of pigeon pea grains resulted in enhancing the nutritive value and bioactive potential with a reduction in anti-nutritional compounds.
{"title":"Influence of soaking and germination treatments on the nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)","authors":"Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, Krishan Kumar, N. Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, D. Chauhan, P. Thakur, I. Sheikh","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.100317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.100317","url":null,"abstract":"Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan L.) is an important perennial pulse from the family Fabaceae. It is one of the important underutilized pulses having high nutritional value and can be used as a basic ingredient for the preparation of value- added food products. The present investigation aimed to study the influence of soaking and germination on nutritional and anti-nutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of pigeon pea grains. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h. The results revealed that there was a 6.34% and 15.41% increase in protein contents during soaking and germination treatments, respectively. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in reducing power (91.46%) and metal chelating activity (64.16%) was observed in germinated pigeon pea. The phenolic components and antioxidant activity increased by 5.34 and 76.15% after 72 h of germination, respectively, but the anti-nutritional components like tannin contents and the phytic acids decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 57.97 and 63.05%, respectively after 72 h of germination. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents was observed after the soaking and germination treatments of pigeon pea grains. Therefore the soaking and germination processing of pigeon pea grains resulted in enhancing the nutritive value and bioactive potential with a reduction in anti-nutritional compounds.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127889116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-10DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.100313
P. Thakur, Krishan Kumar, N. Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, Sunil Kumar, Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, D. Chauhan, Sumaira Jan
Soybean ( Glycine max L.) is considered as an important and widely consumed legume due to its higher nutritional and bioactive potential as well as better functional characteristics. It is a rich source of numerous nutritional components such as essential amino acids, protein, and various dietary components which are suitable for all age groups. This research is aimed to assess the effect of soaking, germination, fermentation (natural and with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), and roasting on nutritional characteristics, anti-nutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of soybean. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h, while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h, fermentation for 12, 24, and 36 h interval, and roasting at a temperature of 180°C. The results revealed that the antioxidant activity increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 98.01% after 72 h of germination and 68% after the 36 h of fermentation with S. cerevisiae . Further, there was a 19.86 and 17.42% increase in the phenolic components during roasting and germination processes, respectively. The protein contents get increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 6.54, and 23% during germination and fermentation treatments, respectively. The anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and tannin contents declined significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) to the extent of 7.35, 27.94, and 58.82% and tannin contents as 8.70, 44.93, and 58.82%, after soaking, germination, and fermentation processes, respectively. There was a significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents after processing treatments of soybean. Therefore, the processing treatments were quite effective in increasing the nutritional value as well as the bioactive components and decreasing the antinutritional components.
{"title":"Impact of diverse processing treatments on nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L.)","authors":"P. Thakur, Krishan Kumar, N. Ahmed, Ajar Nath Yadav, Sunil Kumar, Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, D. Chauhan, Sumaira Jan","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.100313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.100313","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean ( Glycine max L.) is considered as an important and widely consumed legume due to its higher nutritional and bioactive potential as well as better functional characteristics. It is a rich source of numerous nutritional components such as essential amino acids, protein, and various dietary components which are suitable for all age groups. This research is aimed to assess the effect of soaking, germination, fermentation (natural and with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), and roasting on nutritional characteristics, anti-nutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of soybean. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h, while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h, fermentation for 12, 24, and 36 h interval, and roasting at a temperature of 180°C. The results revealed that the antioxidant activity increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 98.01% after 72 h of germination and 68% after the 36 h of fermentation with S. cerevisiae . Further, there was a 19.86 and 17.42% increase in the phenolic components during roasting and germination processes, respectively. The protein contents get increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 6.54, and 23% during germination and fermentation treatments, respectively. The anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and tannin contents declined significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) to the extent of 7.35, 27.94, and 58.82% and tannin contents as 8.70, 44.93, and 58.82%, after soaking, germination, and fermentation processes, respectively. There was a significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents after processing treatments of soybean. Therefore, the processing treatments were quite effective in increasing the nutritional value as well as the bioactive components and decreasing the antinutritional components.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127894647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.10s103
D. Pandey, Ifra Zoomi, S. Chaturvedi, Kanhaiya Lal Chaudhary, H. Kehri
The presence of arsenic in water is linked not only to health concerns, but also to the socio-economic conditions of a huge population in poor countries. The severity of As-poisoning might be accelerated by poor health and nutritional status. Many people suffer from pre-cancerous skin keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and Arsenicosis, among other conditions. Long-term exposure can cause cancer. For in vitro screening of As tolerant plant, four plants viz., Triticum aestivum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum, were raised in As amended triple sterilized soil and sand mixture (1:1 ratio). L. esculentum and S. melongena could survive up to 100 ppm but extremely poor growth and biomass were recorded. The maximum tolerance was recorded in T. aestivum up to 150 ppm, whereas least survival was recorded for C. annuum.
{"title":"In vitro evaluation of arsenic accumulation and tolerance in some agricultural crops growing adjacent to the Ganga River","authors":"D. Pandey, Ifra Zoomi, S. Chaturvedi, Kanhaiya Lal Chaudhary, H. Kehri","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.10s103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.10s103","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of arsenic in water is linked not only to health concerns, but also to the socio-economic conditions of a huge population in poor countries. The severity of As-poisoning might be accelerated by poor health and nutritional status. Many people suffer from pre-cancerous skin keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and Arsenicosis, among other conditions. Long-term exposure can cause cancer. For in vitro screening of As tolerant plant, four plants viz., Triticum aestivum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum, were raised in As amended triple sterilized soil and sand mixture (1:1 ratio). L. esculentum and S. melongena could survive up to 100 ppm but extremely poor growth and biomass were recorded. The maximum tolerance was recorded in T. aestivum up to 150 ppm, whereas least survival was recorded for C. annuum.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117154690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.10s107
Sumaira Jan, Krishan Kumar Krishan Kumar, Ajar Nath Yadav, N. Ahmed, P. Thakur, D. Chauhan, Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, H. Dhaliwal
The finger millet ( Eleusine coracana L.) flour was subjected to lactic acid fermentation using two strains of Lactobacillus, that is, with Lactobacillus brevis (BF) and Lactobacillus plantarum (PF) , with yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) (YF) , and with yeast + ammonium sulfate used as fermentation activator (YAF) and combined treatment of yeast and L. brevis (CF) at an interval of 12, 24, and 36 h. The samples after drying were evaluated for their nutritional, anti-nutritional, minerals, and bioactive components. The total phenolic contents enhanced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during all fermentation treatments but the highest values were observed after PF treatment. Similarly, there was a significant ( P ≤ 0.05) enhancement in the antioxidant activity during all fermentation treatments, and the highest activity was observed during YAF treatment. Fermentation significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) enhanced the crude proteins content but decreased the crude fiber and fat contents. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral content such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was observed after all fermentation treatments. Anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and tannins were reduced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) and the greatest reductions were observed during treatment with L. brevis (BF). Similarly, the tannin contents get reduced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during all fermentation treatments. The present study, therefore, shows that fermentation could be the most effective method for improving the nutritional and bioactive components, as well as the antioxidant capacity of finger millet flour with a significant reduction in anti-nutritional components.
手指小米(Eleusine coracana l .)面粉受到乳酸发酵利用两株乳酸菌,也就是说,与短乳(BF)和乳杆菌(PF),用酵母(酿酒酵母l .) (YF)和酵母发酵+硫酸铵作为活化剂(YAF)和综合治疗的酵母和l .短(CF)的间隔12日24日和36 h。干燥后的样品进行评估的营养,anti-nutritional,矿物质,以及生物活性成分。各发酵处理的总酚含量均显著提高(P≤0.05)，以PF处理最高。同样，各发酵处理的抗氧化活性均显著(P≤0.05)提高，其中YAF处理的抗氧化活性最高。发酵显著(P≤0.05)提高了粗蛋白质含量，降低了粗纤维和粗脂肪含量。各发酵处理均显著(P≤0.05)提高了铜、铁、锰、锌等矿质元素含量。抗营养物质如植酸和单宁含量显著降低(P≤0.05)，其中以短乳杆菌(L. brevis, BF)处理降低幅度最大。各发酵处理单宁含量均显著降低(P≤0.05)。因此，本研究表明，发酵是提高小米粉营养和生物活性成分以及抗氧化能力的最有效方法，可显著降低其抗营养成分。
{"title":"Effect of diverse fermentation treatments on nutritional composition, bioactive components, and anti-nutritional factors of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)","authors":"Sumaira Jan, Krishan Kumar Krishan Kumar, Ajar Nath Yadav, N. Ahmed, P. Thakur, D. Chauhan, Qurat-Ul-Eain Hyder Rizvi, H. Dhaliwal","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.10s107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.10s107","url":null,"abstract":"The finger millet ( Eleusine coracana L.) flour was subjected to lactic acid fermentation using two strains of Lactobacillus, that is, with Lactobacillus brevis (BF) and Lactobacillus plantarum (PF) , with yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) (YF) , and with yeast + ammonium sulfate used as fermentation activator (YAF) and combined treatment of yeast and L. brevis (CF) at an interval of 12, 24, and 36 h. The samples after drying were evaluated for their nutritional, anti-nutritional, minerals, and bioactive components. The total phenolic contents enhanced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during all fermentation treatments but the highest values were observed after PF treatment. Similarly, there was a significant ( P ≤ 0.05) enhancement in the antioxidant activity during all fermentation treatments, and the highest activity was observed during YAF treatment. Fermentation significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) enhanced the crude proteins content but decreased the crude fiber and fat contents. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral content such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was observed after all fermentation treatments. Anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and tannins were reduced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) and the greatest reductions were observed during treatment with L. brevis (BF). Similarly, the tannin contents get reduced significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during all fermentation treatments. The present study, therefore, shows that fermentation could be the most effective method for improving the nutritional and bioactive components, as well as the antioxidant capacity of finger millet flour with a significant reduction in anti-nutritional components.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125491962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.10s102
N. Thakur, P. Tomar, Simranjeet Kaur, P. Kumari
In the present investigation, the bio-efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was evaluated against the third and fourth instar larvae of major lepidopteran insect pests, viz. pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), tabacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), and cutworm (Agrotis segetum). Lepidopteran insect pests are responsible for causing high damage to agricultural and horticultural crops every year and it is becoming difficult to control these pests in the fields. The persistent use of chemical pesticides against these insect pests has resulted in development of resistance along with degradation of soil and human health. The two larval stages were exposed to 50, 100, 150, and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) for different time intervals and they all achieved high mortality after 120 hours. The results from the present laboratory experiment revealed that against H. armigera, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of third instar larvae was 60.14 IJs/larvae and fourth instar larvae was 57.90 IJs/larvae, respectively. The LC50 values of S. litura observed were 59.95 and 50.91 IJs/larvae in third and fourth instar larvae, respectively, after 120 hours of exposure. The pathogenic effect of H. bacteriophora against the third and fourth instar larvae of A. segetum showed LC50 = 54.86 and 57.90 IJs/larvae, after 120 hours. It was further evaluated that there was an increase in mortality with the advancement of larval instars. The present findings indicate that native species of EPNs show high virulence against the local insect pest of tomatoes under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against major lepidopteran insect species of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","authors":"N. Thakur, P. Tomar, Simranjeet Kaur, P. Kumari","doi":"10.7324/jabb.2022.10s102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7324/jabb.2022.10s102","url":null,"abstract":"In the present investigation, the bio-efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was evaluated against the third and fourth instar larvae of major lepidopteran insect pests, viz. pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), tabacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), and cutworm (Agrotis segetum). Lepidopteran insect pests are responsible for causing high damage to agricultural and horticultural crops every year and it is becoming difficult to control these pests in the fields. The persistent use of chemical pesticides against these insect pests has resulted in development of resistance along with degradation of soil and human health. The two larval stages were exposed to 50, 100, 150, and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) for different time intervals and they all achieved high mortality after 120 hours. The results from the present laboratory experiment revealed that against H. armigera, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of third instar larvae was 60.14 IJs/larvae and fourth instar larvae was 57.90 IJs/larvae, respectively. The LC50 values of S. litura observed were 59.95 and 50.91 IJs/larvae in third and fourth instar larvae, respectively, after 120 hours of exposure. The pathogenic effect of H. bacteriophora against the third and fourth instar larvae of A. segetum showed LC50 = 54.86 and 57.90 IJs/larvae, after 120 hours. It was further evaluated that there was an increase in mortality with the advancement of larval instars. The present findings indicate that native species of EPNs show high virulence against the local insect pest of tomatoes under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":423079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130252175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.10s106
D. Pandey, Harbans Kaur Kehri, Ifra Zoomi, S. Chaturvedi, Kanhaiya Lal Chaudhary
The seasonal variations were closely linked to climatic factors such as air temperature, rainfall, humidity, and other factors, all of which had a significant impact on soil characteristics, organic matter, and microbial population. The nutritional and physicochemical characteristics of their environment have an impact on soil microbe survival and dissemination. Heavy metal deposition in soil and plants, both edible and non-edible components, is linked to the consumption of heavy metal contaminated foods and the substantial health risks they provide. Seasonal diversity of soil fungi, as well as the screening of arsenic-resistant fungi and their ability to play a substantial role in bioremediation, was investigated in this work. The highest number of fungal species (17) was likewise found in the winter season, while the lowest number of species (11) was found in the summer. There were seven Aspergillus species, four Penicillium species, two Alternaria species, and single species of other fungi found. During the monsoon and winter seasons, the population of Aspergillus niger was at its peak. The genus Penicillium, on the other hand, reaches its peak number during the summer. Five fungi, Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger, Aspergillus sp. isolate HKK4, Aspergillus sp., and Penicillium sp., were found as arsenic tolerant. Aspergillus sp. isolate HKK4, which was isolated as arsenic tolerant and could tolerate more than 500 ppm of arsenic, outperformed all other fungus in terms of P-solubilization and arsenic removal.
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Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.7324/jabb.2022.10s105
Tassnapa Wongsnansilp, W. Phinrub
To evaluate the suitability of wastewater on the growth of alga Spirulina, reclaimed wastewaters, fishpond wastewater, industrial wastewater and mariculture water were used to culture Spirulina subsalsa and Spirulina platensis. S. subsalsa showed better adaptability to fishpond wastewater and higher specific growth rate than that of S. platensis. Thus, effects of factors such as the amount of baking soda, inoculation, and sodium nitrate on the growth, biomass and protein content of S. subsalsa were evaluated through the single factors design. Results showed that S. subsalsa had good growth under conditions of 4–12 g/L baking soda, 1–2 g/L NaNO3, 25–40°C, and 6000–12000 lux illumination. The maximum dry biomass and protein content were 3.48 g/L and 33.08%, respectively, suggesting that it was feasible to culture S. subsalsa in freshwater aquaculture wastewater. Wongsnansilp and Phinrub: Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 2022;10(2):33-38 34 feasibility of actually cultivating Spirulina using wastewater to guide the further outdoor large scale microalgae cultivation. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Wastewater Collection Seven kinds of local common wastewaters in Sikao District, Trang Province, Thailand were collected for the test. Details were shown in Table 1. The reclaimed water was taken from the local sewage treatment plant. The domestic sewage was anaerobic fermented and then flowed into the three-stage series purification tank. The purified water of each stage was used as the water source for alga cultivation, recorded as reclaimed water 1, 2 and 3. Freshwater aquaculture wastewater was taken from the local fishpond in the fishing off season. Industrial wastewater was also taken from the outlet of the local sewage treatment plant. The sewage from the local industrial plant was treated by purification tank and then used for alga cultivation. The mariculture water was taken from the local mariculture plant. The seawater was mixed with fresh water with a ratio of 3:1, and then processed by primary and secondary sedimentation removing some heavy metal ions. 2.2. Microalgae culture S. subsalsa and S. platensis were provided by Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya. Two algae were cultured in Zarrouk medium to logarithmic growth stage as inoculation mother solution [12]. Different baking soda (2, 4, 8 and 12 g/L) were added into seven collected local wastewaters respectively, then using 1 mol/L NaOH to adjust pH value of all solution to 9. All solution were stood overnight and then filtered by 300 mesh cloth sieves; 200 mL filtered water was taken into a 500 mL flask, and then inoculated by mother algal solution. The initial OD550 values of all treatments were around 0.06; the temperature was 30°C; the light illumination was 10000 lux; the light-dark cycle was 12 h: 12 h. All cultures were shaken regularly 3 times per day for 5 min each time, and recorded the color variance and OD550 value
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