Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-30-47
N. Filin, V. O. Koklikov, A. S. Khodunov
The article analyzes the perception of colonialism and anti-colonial struggle in modern Iran. The Iranian authorities attach particular importance to the anti-colonial struggle and condemnation of the colonial practices of the West, taking into account not only formal colonization, but also the actual subordination of formally independent states to the will of Western powers. In this regard, particular importance is attached to liberate the oppressed of the whole world. The purpose of the study is to examine the history of colonialism in Iran, the views of the spiritual leaders, presidents and senior officials of Iran on issues of colonialism and anti-colonial struggle, to identify historical events and personalities who played a key role in the anti-colonial movement in Iran. For this purpose, the materials of the Iranian agency IRNA and the speeches of Iranian spiritual leaders were analyzed. A statistical analysis of the most common terms on the subject of colonialism was also carried out. As a result, it was found that the Iranian discourse focuses on condemning the crimes of the West, especially the United States and Israel, against Muslims, as well as praising the resistance of the Iranian people to colonialism in the past and present, with an emphasis on the special role of Ayatollah Khomeini in the Iranian anti-colonial movement. Western colonialism in Iran is divided into several aspects: war crimes committed in the countries conquered by the West, preventing the free development of weaker countries, the struggle to change independent and patriotic regimes and impose rulers ineffective and obedient to Western elites on the peoples, and the imposition of destructive manifestations of Western culture. In addition, the Iranian policy in the Middle East is praised as being driven by noble motives and aiming to provide all possible assistance to the peoples of the region to achieve liberation from the colonialists. The case of Syria is cited as an important example of Iran’s anti-colonial struggle in the Middle East, when Iran helped the government of Bashar al-Assad to regain control of the country and to defeat the armed opposition.
{"title":"Understanding Colonialism and Decolonization in Iran’s Contemporary Socio-Political Discourse","authors":"N. Filin, V. O. Koklikov, A. S. Khodunov","doi":"10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-30-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-30-47","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the perception of colonialism and anti-colonial struggle in modern Iran. The Iranian authorities attach particular importance to the anti-colonial struggle and condemnation of the colonial practices of the West, taking into account not only formal colonization, but also the actual subordination of formally independent states to the will of Western powers. In this regard, particular importance is attached to liberate the oppressed of the whole world. The purpose of the study is to examine the history of colonialism in Iran, the views of the spiritual leaders, presidents and senior officials of Iran on issues of colonialism and anti-colonial struggle, to identify historical events and personalities who played a key role in the anti-colonial movement in Iran. For this purpose, the materials of the Iranian agency IRNA and the speeches of Iranian spiritual leaders were analyzed. A statistical analysis of the most common terms on the subject of colonialism was also carried out. As a result, it was found that the Iranian discourse focuses on condemning the crimes of the West, especially the United States and Israel, against Muslims, as well as praising the resistance of the Iranian people to colonialism in the past and present, with an emphasis on the special role of Ayatollah Khomeini in the Iranian anti-colonial movement. Western colonialism in Iran is divided into several aspects: war crimes committed in the countries conquered by the West, preventing the free development of weaker countries, the struggle to change independent and patriotic regimes and impose rulers ineffective and obedient to Western elites on the peoples, and the imposition of destructive manifestations of Western culture. In addition, the Iranian policy in the Middle East is praised as being driven by noble motives and aiming to provide all possible assistance to the peoples of the region to achieve liberation from the colonialists. The case of Syria is cited as an important example of Iran’s anti-colonial struggle in the Middle East, when Iran helped the government of Bashar al-Assad to regain control of the country and to defeat the armed opposition.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89753507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-7-11
S. Markedonov
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{"title":"History in Modern International Affairs: Teacher of Life, Light of Truth or Messenger of Antiquity?","authors":"S. Markedonov","doi":"10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-7-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-7-11","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>.</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75113847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-94-115
E. Entina, D. Prorocovic
The breakup of Yugoslavia has become one of the key events of the postbipolar world order and has occupied a special place in the discourse in both politicians of Serbia and Russia. However, interpretations of the crisis, its causes and main driving forces, as well as its use as a reference object in contemporary national and political discourse differ significantly in Serbia and Russia. One of the important subjects is that in both countries, at the level of both discourses, there is a convergence of radical versions, and in the changing structure of European international relations, the role of an external factor in the tragedy of disintegration acquires a special sound. In this article, a discourse analysis of narratives of the Yugoslav crisis in academic and political discourse in a cross-country perspective is conducted using a social constructivist approach. The study seeks to deconstruct the images of the “guilty ones” in the Yugoslav crisis and to consider the features of using peculiarities of the crisis image in contemporary political discourse. It explores how the formal discourse of academics further influenced the discourse of politicians in the Russian and Serbian cases.
{"title":"The Breakup of Yugoslavia in the Research and Political Discourses of Russia and Serbia","authors":"E. Entina, D. Prorocovic","doi":"10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-94-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-94-115","url":null,"abstract":"The breakup of Yugoslavia has become one of the key events of the postbipolar world order and has occupied a special place in the discourse in both politicians of Serbia and Russia. However, interpretations of the crisis, its causes and main driving forces, as well as its use as a reference object in contemporary national and political discourse differ significantly in Serbia and Russia. One of the important subjects is that in both countries, at the level of both discourses, there is a convergence of radical versions, and in the changing structure of European international relations, the role of an external factor in the tragedy of disintegration acquires a special sound. In this article, a discourse analysis of narratives of the Yugoslav crisis in academic and political discourse in a cross-country perspective is conducted using a social constructivist approach. The study seeks to deconstruct the images of the “guilty ones” in the Yugoslav crisis and to consider the features of using peculiarities of the crisis image in contemporary political discourse. It explores how the formal discourse of academics further influenced the discourse of politicians in the Russian and Serbian cases.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78929613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Missing data is universal complexity for most part of the research fields which introduces the part of uncertainty into data analysis. We can take place due to many types of motives such as samples mishandling, unable to collect an observation, measurement errors, aberrant value deleted, or merely be short of study. The nourishment area is not an exemption to the difficulty of data missing. Most frequently, this difficulty is determined by manipulative means or medians from the existing datasets which need improvements. The paper proposed hybrid schemes of MICE and ANN known as extended ANN to search and analyze the missing values and perform imputations in the given dataset. The proposed mechanism is efficiently able to analyze the blank entries and fill them with proper examining their neighboring records in order to improve the accuracy of the dataset. In order to validate the proposed scheme, the extended ANN is further compared against various recent algorithms or mechanisms to analyze the efficiency as well as the accuracy of the results.
{"title":"Futuristic Prediction of Missing Value Imputation Methods Using Extended ANN","authors":"A. Tripathi","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292055","url":null,"abstract":"Missing data is universal complexity for most part of the research fields which introduces the part of uncertainty into data analysis. We can take place due to many types of motives such as samples mishandling, unable to collect an observation, measurement errors, aberrant value deleted, or merely be short of study. The nourishment area is not an exemption to the difficulty of data missing. Most frequently, this difficulty is determined by manipulative means or medians from the existing datasets which need improvements. The paper proposed hybrid schemes of MICE and ANN known as extended ANN to search and analyze the missing values and perform imputations in the given dataset. The proposed mechanism is efficiently able to analyze the blank entries and fill them with proper examining their neighboring records in order to improve the accuracy of the dataset. In order to validate the proposed scheme, the extended ANN is further compared against various recent algorithms or mechanisms to analyze the efficiency as well as the accuracy of the results.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42335116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a data analytics framework that aims to analyze topics and sentiments associated with COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in social media. A total of 40,359 tweets related to COVID-19 vaccination were collected between January 2021 and March 2021. Misinformation was detected using multiple predictive machine learning models. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was used to identify dominant topics in COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Sentiment orientation of misinformation was analyzed using a lexicon-based approach. An independent-samples t-test was performed to compare the number of replies, retweets, and likes of misinformation with different sentiment orientations. Based on the data sample, the results show that COVID-19 vaccine misinformation included 21 major topics. Across all misinformation topics, the average number of replies, retweets, and likes of tweets with negative sentiment was 2.26, 2.68, and 3.29 times higher, respectively, than those with positive sentiment.
{"title":"Analyzing Sentiments and Diffusion Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation Topics in Social Media","authors":"M. Daradkeh","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292056","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a data analytics framework that aims to analyze topics and sentiments associated with COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in social media. A total of 40,359 tweets related to COVID-19 vaccination were collected between January 2021 and March 2021. Misinformation was detected using multiple predictive machine learning models. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was used to identify dominant topics in COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Sentiment orientation of misinformation was analyzed using a lexicon-based approach. An independent-samples t-test was performed to compare the number of replies, retweets, and likes of misinformation with different sentiment orientations. Based on the data sample, the results show that COVID-19 vaccine misinformation included 21 major topics. Across all misinformation topics, the average number of replies, retweets, and likes of tweets with negative sentiment was 2.26, 2.68, and 3.29 times higher, respectively, than those with positive sentiment.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44548556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Healthcare and medicine are key areas where machine learning algorithms are widely used. The medical decision support systems thus created are accurate enough, however, they suffer from the lack of transparency in decision making and shows a black box behavior. However, transparency and trust are significant in the field of health and medicine and hence, a black box system is sub optimal in terms of widespread applicability and reach. Hence, the explainablility of the research make the system reliable and understandable, thereby enhancing its social acceptability. The presented work explores a thyroid disease diagnosis system. SHAP, a popular method based on coalition game theory is used for interpretability of results. The work explains the system behavior both locally and globally and shows how machine leaning can be used to ascertain the causality of the disease and support doctors to suggest the most effective treatment of the disease. The work not only demonstrates the results of machine learning algorithms but also explains related feature importance and model insights.
{"title":"Developing an Explainable Machine Learning-Based Thyroid Disease Prediction Model","authors":"A. Rathore","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292058","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare and medicine are key areas where machine learning algorithms are widely used. The medical decision support systems thus created are accurate enough, however, they suffer from the lack of transparency in decision making and shows a black box behavior. However, transparency and trust are significant in the field of health and medicine and hence, a black box system is sub optimal in terms of widespread applicability and reach. Hence, the explainablility of the research make the system reliable and understandable, thereby enhancing its social acceptability. The presented work explores a thyroid disease diagnosis system. SHAP, a popular method based on coalition game theory is used for interpretability of results. The work explains the system behavior both locally and globally and shows how machine leaning can be used to ascertain the causality of the disease and support doctors to suggest the most effective treatment of the disease. The work not only demonstrates the results of machine learning algorithms but also explains related feature importance and model insights.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44423958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the work done on recommendations of healthcare related journal papers by understanding the semantics of terms from the papers referred by users in past. In other words, user profiles based on user interest within the healthcare domain are constructed from the kind of journal papers read by the users. Multiple user profiles are constructed for each user based on different categories of papers read by the users. The proposed approach goes to the granular level of extrinsic and intrinsic relationship between terms and clusters highly semantically related relevant domain terms where each cluster represents a user interest area. The semantic analysis of terms is done starting from co-occurrence analysis to extract the intra-couplings between terms and then the inter-couplings are extracted from the intra-couplings and then finally clusters of highly related terms are formed. The experiments showed improved precision for the proposed approach as compared to the state-of-the-art technique with a mean reciprocal rank of 0.76.
{"title":"A Framework for Feature Selection using Natural Language Processing for User Profile Learning for Recommendations of Healthcare Related Content","authors":"Mona Tanwar","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292059","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the work done on recommendations of healthcare related journal papers by understanding the semantics of terms from the papers referred by users in past. In other words, user profiles based on user interest within the healthcare domain are constructed from the kind of journal papers read by the users. Multiple user profiles are constructed for each user based on different categories of papers read by the users. The proposed approach goes to the granular level of extrinsic and intrinsic relationship between terms and clusters highly semantically related relevant domain terms where each cluster represents a user interest area. The semantic analysis of terms is done starting from co-occurrence analysis to extract the intra-couplings between terms and then the inter-couplings are extracted from the intra-couplings and then finally clusters of highly related terms are formed. The experiments showed improved precision for the proposed approach as compared to the state-of-the-art technique with a mean reciprocal rank of 0.76.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41834435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cardiotocography (CTG) is the widely used cost-effective, non-invasive technique to monitor the fetal heart and mother’s uterine contraction pressure to assess the wellbeing of the fetus. The most important parameters of fetal heart is the baseline upon which the other parameters viz. acceleration, deceleration and variability depend. Accurate classification of the baseline into either normal, bradycardia or tachycardia is thus important to assess the fetal-health. Since visual estimation has its limitations, the authors use various Machine Learning Algorithms to classify the baseline. 110 CTG traces from CTU-UHB dataset, were divided into three subsets using stratified sampling to ensure that the sample is the accurate depiction of the population. The results were analyzed using various statistical methods and compared with the visual estimation by three obstetricians. FURIA provided greatest accuracy of 98.11%. From the analysis of Bland-Altman Plot FURIA was also found to have best agreement with physicians’ estimation.
{"title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify the Fetal Heart Rate Baseline from Cardiotocograph","authors":"Sahana Das","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292060","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiotocography (CTG) is the widely used cost-effective, non-invasive technique to monitor the fetal heart and mother’s uterine contraction pressure to assess the wellbeing of the fetus. The most important parameters of fetal heart is the baseline upon which the other parameters viz. acceleration, deceleration and variability depend. Accurate classification of the baseline into either normal, bradycardia or tachycardia is thus important to assess the fetal-health. Since visual estimation has its limitations, the authors use various Machine Learning Algorithms to classify the baseline. 110 CTG traces from CTU-UHB dataset, were divided into three subsets using stratified sampling to ensure that the sample is the accurate depiction of the population. The results were analyzed using various statistical methods and compared with the visual estimation by three obstetricians. FURIA provided greatest accuracy of 98.11%. From the analysis of Bland-Altman Plot FURIA was also found to have best agreement with physicians’ estimation.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43895805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acceptance of tele-robotics and teleoperations through networked control system (NCS) is increasing day-by-day. NCS involves the feedback control loop system wherein the control components such as actuators and sensors are controlled and allowed to share their feedback over real time network with distributed users spread geographically. The performance and surgical complications majorly depend upon time delay, packet dropout and jitter induced in the system. The delay of data packet to the receiving side not only causes instability but also affect the performance of the system. In this article, author designed and simulate the functionality of a model-based Smith predictive controller. The model and randomized error estimations are employed through Markov approach and Kalman techniques. The simulation results show a delay of 49.926ms from master controller to slave controller and 79.497ms of delay from sensor to controller results to a total delay of 129.423ms. This reduced delay improve the surgical accuracy and eliminate the risk factors to criticality of patients’ health.
{"title":"Alleviation of Delay in Tele-Surgical Operations using Markov Approach based Smith Predictor","authors":"Ratish Kumar","doi":"10.4018/ijban.292057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijban.292057","url":null,"abstract":"The acceptance of tele-robotics and teleoperations through networked control system (NCS) is increasing day-by-day. NCS involves the feedback control loop system wherein the control components such as actuators and sensors are controlled and allowed to share their feedback over real time network with distributed users spread geographically. The performance and surgical complications majorly depend upon time delay, packet dropout and jitter induced in the system. The delay of data packet to the receiving side not only causes instability but also affect the performance of the system. In this article, author designed and simulate the functionality of a model-based Smith predictive controller. The model and randomized error estimations are employed through Markov approach and Kalman techniques. The simulation results show a delay of 49.926ms from master controller to slave controller and 79.497ms of delay from sensor to controller results to a total delay of 129.423ms. This reduced delay improve the surgical accuracy and eliminate the risk factors to criticality of patients’ health.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70451284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-2-107-133
M. Nebolsina
The period of rapid growth and development of the phenomenon, that is presently characterized as private military and security companies (PMSCs), coincided with the two processes of modern history of international relations: the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the U.S. Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Afghanistan. At the same time state attitude towards violence and transformation of warfare has been changing as well. Two diff erent approaches to the history of the private security market’ rise unveil the fact, that, in one way or another, the originators of the private security services were associated with the defense industry and armed forces. Non-state security actors look back on a history, that stretches to the middle and the second half of the 20th century – the period of national liberation movements across the world. Meanwhile, the 90-s of the 20th century marked the fast growth in the number of PMSCs and in the development and enlargement of the private security services’ market. Its growth is ongoing to date with gaining more new states that are interested in utilizing its capacity as an instrument of politics. Against the backdrop of the world political processes the private security market experienced technological growth and enhancement. Together with that, both the normative regulation and the approaches of the international community to the phenomenon of private military and security companies have been evolving and changing. Despite its functionality, fl exibility and technological advantages, the market of private security can challenge human rights as well as bare responsibility for the facts of corruption and improper fulfi llment of contractual obligations. Still the episodes of revealed grieve violations rarely reach courts, with infrequent cases of sentencing the perpetrators to punishment. These and other problems occurring in the private security industry require close attention by the states and international community, which has been making eff orts for elaboration of the applicable normative mechanisms to regulate private military and security activity for more than fi fteen years.
{"title":"Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in the Modern International Processes","authors":"M. Nebolsina","doi":"10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-2-107-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-2-107-133","url":null,"abstract":"The period of rapid growth and development of the phenomenon, that is presently characterized as private military and security companies (PMSCs), coincided with the two processes of modern history of international relations: the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the U.S. Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Afghanistan. At the same time state attitude towards violence and transformation of warfare has been changing as well. Two diff erent approaches to the history of the private security market’ rise unveil the fact, that, in one way or another, the originators of the private security services were associated with the defense industry and armed forces. Non-state security actors look back on a history, that stretches to the middle and the second half of the 20th century – the period of national liberation movements across the world. Meanwhile, the 90-s of the 20th century marked the fast growth in the number of PMSCs and in the development and enlargement of the private security services’ market. Its growth is ongoing to date with gaining more new states that are interested in utilizing its capacity as an instrument of politics. Against the backdrop of the world political processes the private security market experienced technological growth and enhancement. Together with that, both the normative regulation and the approaches of the international community to the phenomenon of private military and security companies have been evolving and changing. Despite its functionality, fl exibility and technological advantages, the market of private security can challenge human rights as well as bare responsibility for the facts of corruption and improper fulfi llment of contractual obligations. Still the episodes of revealed grieve violations rarely reach courts, with infrequent cases of sentencing the perpetrators to punishment. These and other problems occurring in the private security industry require close attention by the states and international community, which has been making eff orts for elaboration of the applicable normative mechanisms to regulate private military and security activity for more than fi fteen years.","PeriodicalId":42590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Business Analytics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83208349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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