Pub Date : 2025-02-02DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137380
Lukas Dvylys , Rasa Keruckiene , Matas Guzauskas , Shi-Wei Chu , Juozas V. Grazulevicius
In this work, we present two very sensitive new heavy metal-free thianthrene-based oxygen analytes. Experimental results in combination with theoretical calculations, confirm that both the compounds display room-temperature phosphorescence, with a significant difference in intensity observed in air and oxygen-free environments. The compounds show long emission lifetimes reaching up to 27.08 ms. This indicates the involvement of oxygen-sensitive triplet emission which occur due to intersystem crossing. The compounds show record-high Stern-Volmer constants, reaching 1.57 × 10−2 ppm−1. These properties suggest that 2-(pentan-3-yl)-6-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-1,3(2 H)-dione and 4-(thianthren-1-yl)benzonitrile are perfect candidates for metal-free oxygen sensors with one of the highest sensitivity detection at low oxygen concentrations reported so far.
{"title":"Thianthrene-based heavy metal-free oxygen analytes exhibiting room temperature phosphorescence and high sensitivity for low oxygen concentration","authors":"Lukas Dvylys , Rasa Keruckiene , Matas Guzauskas , Shi-Wei Chu , Juozas V. Grazulevicius","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present two very sensitive new heavy metal-free thianthrene-based oxygen analytes. Experimental results in combination with theoretical calculations, confirm that both the compounds display room-temperature phosphorescence, with a significant difference in intensity observed in air and oxygen-free environments. The compounds show long emission lifetimes reaching up to 27.08 ms. This indicates the involvement of oxygen-sensitive triplet emission which occur due to intersystem crossing. The compounds show record-high Stern-Volmer constants, reaching 1.57 × 10<sup>−2</sup> ppm<sup>−1</sup>. These properties suggest that 2-(pentan-3-yl)-6-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-1,3(2 H)-dione and 4-(thianthren-1-yl)benzonitrile are perfect candidates for metal-free oxygen sensors with one of the highest sensitivity detection at low oxygen concentrations reported so far.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137380"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Doping metal oxides with proper polymers would be another effective strategy to address their gas sensing shortcomings, such as low sensitivity and unsatisfactory detection limits in certain applications. Herein, polyethyleneimine (PEI) with its high thermal stability and special functional groups was employed to dope In2O3 using a facile hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The resultant In2O3/PEI nanospheres (PIn) composites sensors exhibited improved selectivity and sensitivity to formaldehyde. Specifically, the PIn composite sensor with 5 wt% PEI (PIn‐5%) showed a high response value of 420.1 to 105 ppm formaldehyde at 110℃, which was about four times higher than that of bare In2O3 and twice that of the mixture of In2O3 and PEI. The composite sensor also demonstrated good response linearity, low detection limit and fast response. To demonstrate its potential application in food quality inspection, the composite sensor was employed in rapid detection of low concentrations of residual formaldehyde on vegetables, revealing that formaldehyde might be misused as a preservative in some cases. Finally, the gas sensing mechanism of PIn composites was discussed, and their improved formaldehyde sensing performance was attributed to the heterojunctions formed between PEI and In2O3, the specific selective interaction of PEI with formaldehyde, the increased oxygen vacancy, and the porous structure with an enlarged surface area and small In2O3 nanoparticle size. These results suggested a promising approach to enhancing the gas sensing performance of metals oxides using appropriate polymers.
{"title":"PEI doped In2O3 nanospheres based gas sensor for high-performance formaldehyde detection","authors":"Xiaoxue Ma, Degen Chen, Weichao Li, Lifang He, Ling Jin, Jian Zhang, Kui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Doping metal oxides with proper polymers would be another effective strategy to address their gas sensing shortcomings, such as low sensitivity and unsatisfactory detection limits in certain applications. Herein, polyethyleneimine (PEI) with its high thermal stability and special functional groups was employed to dope In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> using a facile hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The resultant In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PEI nanospheres (PIn) composites sensors exhibited improved selectivity and sensitivity to formaldehyde. Specifically, the PIn composite sensor with 5 wt% PEI (PIn‐5%) showed a high response value of 420.1 to 105 ppm formaldehyde at 110℃, which was about four times higher than that of bare In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and twice that of the mixture of In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and PEI. The composite sensor also demonstrated good response linearity, low detection limit and fast response. To demonstrate its potential application in food quality inspection, the composite sensor was employed in rapid detection of low concentrations of residual formaldehyde on vegetables, revealing that formaldehyde might be misused as a preservative in some cases. Finally, the gas sensing mechanism of PIn composites was discussed, and their improved formaldehyde sensing performance was attributed to the heterojunctions formed between PEI and In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, the specific selective interaction of PEI with formaldehyde, the increased oxygen vacancy, and the porous structure with an enlarged surface area and small In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticle size. These results suggested a promising approach to enhancing the gas sensing performance of metals oxides using appropriate polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"431 ","pages":"Article 137374"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137372
Xin Zhao , Weijing Liu , Runlian Qu , Xin Jiang , Jie Chen , Piaopiao Chen
A simple, efficient, and cost-effective method for identifying extremely low levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is crucial for the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Herein, we designed a label-free and one-pot assay for accurate detection of ctDNA with the combination of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a system, G-quadruplex (G4), and dual-signal reporters, polydopamine (PDA) and N-Methyl Mesoporphyrin IX (NMM). Without ctDNA extraction, CRISPR/Cas12a could directly recognize the target double-stranded ctDNA and activate the Cas12a protein. G4 could bind to NMM/K+ to enhance its fluorescence signal, and combine with hemin/K+ to form a complex that catalyzed dopamine to form PDA and exhibit an intense signal. When the target ctDNA was introduced, the trans-cleavage of G4 by activated Cas12a caused a significant signal decrease in NMM and PDA, acting as a signal amplifier. This assay could detect ctDNA as low as 4 aM in 40 min and distinguish single-base mutations. The CRISPR/Cas12a-G4 biosensor, validated on 48 samples, achieved a specificity of 100 %, a sensitivity of 92 %, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.983. These findings were consistently supported by clinical data (imaging results, pathological assessments), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data. The biosensor's robust performance and potential for application in low-resource settings make it a promising tool for advancing cancer diagnostics and management.
{"title":"Target-activated CRISPR/Cas12a recognize multifunctional G-quadruplex and dual fluorescent indicators enable rapid non-extraction analysis of circulating tumor DNA in breast cancer","authors":"Xin Zhao , Weijing Liu , Runlian Qu , Xin Jiang , Jie Chen , Piaopiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simple, efficient, and cost-effective method for identifying extremely low levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is crucial for the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Herein, we designed a label-free and one-pot assay for accurate detection of ctDNA with the combination of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a system, G-quadruplex (G4), and dual-signal reporters, polydopamine (PDA) and N-Methyl Mesoporphyrin IX (NMM). Without ctDNA extraction, CRISPR/Cas12a could directly recognize the target double-stranded ctDNA and activate the Cas12a protein. G4 could bind to NMM/K<sup>+</sup> to enhance its fluorescence signal, and combine with hemin/K<sup>+</sup> to form a complex that catalyzed dopamine to form PDA and exhibit an intense signal. When the target ctDNA was introduced, the trans-cleavage of G4 by activated Cas12a caused a significant signal decrease in NMM and PDA, acting as a signal amplifier. This assay could detect ctDNA as low as 4 aM in 40 min and distinguish single-base mutations. The CRISPR/Cas12a-G4 biosensor, validated on 48 samples, achieved a specificity of 100 %, a sensitivity of 92 %, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.983. These findings were consistently supported by clinical data (imaging results, pathological assessments), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data. The biosensor's robust performance and potential for application in low-resource settings make it a promising tool for advancing cancer diagnostics and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137372"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137369
Chenlu Hu , Rui Jiang , Yanxu Feng , Jie Huo , Bosen Zhang , Shuangming Wang , Jing Cao
The engineering surface strategy has been proven to be feasible and effective in elevating gas sensing performance of semiconductor sensing materials. However, how to properly engineer the surface of sensing materials still poses great challenges. Herein, different concentrations of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solutions are employed to solve this issue. The ZnCo2O4 microspheres treated by a 0.005 mol/L NaBH4 solution (ZCO-0.005) show significantly enhanced xylene gas selectivity and sensing response compared to untreated ZnCo2O4 microspheres. To explain this phenomenon, various experimental characterization techniques are carried out. The NaBH4 solution etches ZnCo2O4 surfaces building blocks, exposes more metal oxygen bonds and hydroxyl groups and increases specific surface area, which provides and acts as gas adsorption and reaction sites for xylene, and promotes xylene recognition and signal conversion.
{"title":"Optimizing surface states to elevate xylene gas sensing characteristics in ZnCo2O4 microspheres","authors":"Chenlu Hu , Rui Jiang , Yanxu Feng , Jie Huo , Bosen Zhang , Shuangming Wang , Jing Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The engineering surface strategy has been proven to be feasible and effective in elevating gas sensing performance of semiconductor sensing materials. However, how to properly engineer the surface of sensing materials still poses great challenges. Herein, different concentrations of sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) solutions are employed to solve this issue. The ZnCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> microspheres treated by a 0.005 mol/L NaBH<sub>4</sub> solution (ZCO-0.005) show significantly enhanced xylene gas selectivity and sensing response compared to untreated ZnCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> microspheres. To explain this phenomenon, various experimental characterization techniques are carried out. The NaBH<sub>4</sub> solution etches ZnCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> surfaces building blocks, exposes more metal oxygen bonds and hydroxyl groups and increases specific surface area, which provides and acts as gas adsorption and reaction sites for xylene, and promotes xylene recognition and signal conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137369"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137285
Mohamed Sy , Sarah Aamir , Aamir Farooq
We present a straightforward yet powerful spectral feature engineering technique designed to improve multi-species detection in complex mixtures. By applying convolutions of first derivatives with the composite spectra of target species before feeding the data into a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, this method significantly enhances the detection of weak absorbers and overlapping spectral features. To validate the approach, we developed a laser-based sensor that integrates wavelength tuning with a 1-D CNN model. The system utilizes a distributed feedback inter-band cascade laser operating near , enabling selective and simultaneous measurement of hydrocarbons. Experiments were conducted at ambient conditions with a temporal resolution of 10 ms, while (intentionally) keeping the signal-to-noise ratio at relatively low levels. Gaseous mixtures contained methane, ethane, propane and propyne ranging in mole fraction values of 0%–1%, and ethylene mole fraction below 200 ppm. Ethylene was deliberately kept at very low levels to demonstrate the effectiveness of the feature engineering technique in detecting a weak absorbing species. The proposed method reduced the mean squared error by ten times compared to standard models. This demonstrates its potential for accurate detection in challenging environments.
{"title":"Multi-component gas sensing via spectral feature engineering","authors":"Mohamed Sy , Sarah Aamir , Aamir Farooq","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a straightforward yet powerful spectral feature engineering technique designed to improve multi-species detection in complex mixtures. By applying convolutions of first derivatives with the composite spectra of target species before feeding the data into a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, this method significantly enhances the detection of weak absorbers and overlapping spectral features. To validate the approach, we developed a laser-based sensor that integrates wavelength tuning with a 1-D CNN model. The system utilizes a distributed feedback inter-band cascade laser operating near <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>34</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, enabling selective and simultaneous measurement of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> hydrocarbons. Experiments were conducted at ambient conditions with a temporal resolution of 10 ms, while (intentionally) keeping the signal-to-noise ratio at relatively low levels. Gaseous mixtures contained methane, ethane, propane and propyne ranging in mole fraction values of 0%–1%, and ethylene mole fraction below 200 ppm. Ethylene was deliberately kept at very low levels to demonstrate the effectiveness of the feature engineering technique in detecting a weak absorbing species. The proposed method reduced the mean squared error by ten times compared to standard models. This demonstrates its potential for accurate detection in challenging environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137285"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137371
Yu Liu , Deyang Kong , Junzheng Song , Zhao Wang , Yurong Guo , Lei Yu , Xing Gao , Yen Leng Pak , Jibin Song , Juyoung Yoon
Understanding glutathione (GSH)-related pathophysiological mechanisms requires their effective visualization. Current fluorescence probes for GSH visualization that operate in the visible and near-infrared (NIR-I) windows suffer from limited penetration in tissue and significant tissue autofluorescence. As part of this study, a GSH-activatable second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent probe (denoted as T2S2) was developed to visualize GSH in vivo in a highly sensitive and selective manner. T2S2 contains an anionic polymethylcyanide framework coupled to a 3,4-dimethoxybenzenethiol fluorescence quenching moiety specifically activated by GSH. In response to this activation, the NIR-II fluorescence is significantly enhanced, enabling the effective discrimination of GSH from similar biothiols with low molecular weight. The GSH detection limit of T2S2 was established to be 90 nM, accompanied by a color change from blue-green to yellow-green. Notably, the T2S2 probe was found to be highly selective and sensitive to GSH in vivo. Hence, this study presents a promising approach for developing activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes to image GSH and other biomarkers in vivo.
{"title":"Anionic heptamethine cyanine as reactive sulfur species-activated probe: Application of NIR-II fluorescence imaging for in vivo visualization of glutathione","authors":"Yu Liu , Deyang Kong , Junzheng Song , Zhao Wang , Yurong Guo , Lei Yu , Xing Gao , Yen Leng Pak , Jibin Song , Juyoung Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding glutathione (GSH)-related pathophysiological mechanisms requires their effective visualization. Current fluorescence probes for GSH visualization that operate in the visible and near-infrared (NIR-I) windows suffer from limited penetration in tissue and significant tissue autofluorescence. As part of this study, a GSH-activatable second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent probe (denoted as <strong>T2S2</strong>) was developed to visualize GSH <em>in vivo</em> in a highly sensitive and selective manner. <strong>T2S2</strong> contains an anionic polymethylcyanide framework coupled to a 3,4-dimethoxybenzenethiol fluorescence quenching moiety specifically activated by GSH. In response to this activation, the NIR-II fluorescence is significantly enhanced, enabling the effective discrimination of GSH from similar biothiols with low molecular weight. The GSH detection limit of <strong>T2S2</strong> was established to be 90 nM, accompanied by a color change from blue-green to yellow-green. Notably, the <strong>T2S2</strong> probe was found to be highly selective and sensitive to GSH <em>in vivo</em>. Hence, this study presents a promising approach for developing activatable NIR-II fluorescent probes to image GSH and other biomarkers <em>in vivo</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137371"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137377
Haruna Kozuki , Koki Yoshida , Hiroki Yasuga , Yuta Kurashina
Soft actuators, which integrate stimuli-responsive hydrogels with flexible polymers, have been extensively studied to develop in vivo soft robots for drug delivery systems and non-invasive treatments. However, conventional bilayer actuators, consisting of hydrogel and polymer layers, pose a challenge: the necessity for chemical modification to connect the two layers imposes limitations on the selection of usable materials. This study presents a hydrogel-polymer hybrid actuator comprising a stimuli-responsive hydrogel layer and a hydrogel-polymer hybrid layer with a three-dimensional (3D) porous polymer “soft lattice skeleton.” The soft lattice skeleton improves connectivity between layers through a mechanical interlock, eliminating the need for chemical modification. A temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel was used as the driving source of the actuator. The soft lattice skeleton was fabricated using multi-directional photolithography. Connectivity improvement was demonstrated by comparing the hybrid actuator to a conventional bilayer actuator after thermal deformation cycles. Specifically, the hybrid actuator maintained connectivity even after multiple cycles, while the bilayer actuator showed complete exfoliation. Deformation behavior was controlled by adjusting the design of the soft lattice skeleton, specifically the width of its constituent micropillars. Curved actuators with various pillar widths exhibited distinct deformation patterns, including bending in the same or opposite direction as the preset curve or twisting. This hybrid actuator design offers improved durability and programmable deformation without chemical modification. It will enable the selection of various hydrogel materials for implementing diverse functions, including pH and glucose sensing. Future research should explore additional structural parameters of the soft lattice skeleton to further control deformation behavior.
{"title":"Hydrogel-polymer hybrid actuator with soft lattice skeleton for excellent connectivity","authors":"Haruna Kozuki , Koki Yoshida , Hiroki Yasuga , Yuta Kurashina","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft actuators, which integrate stimuli-responsive hydrogels with flexible polymers, have been extensively studied to develop <em>in vivo</em> soft robots for drug delivery systems and non-invasive treatments. However, conventional bilayer actuators, consisting of hydrogel and polymer layers, pose a challenge: the necessity for chemical modification to connect the two layers imposes limitations on the selection of usable materials. This study presents a hydrogel-polymer hybrid actuator comprising a stimuli-responsive hydrogel layer and a hydrogel-polymer hybrid layer with a three-dimensional (3D) porous polymer “soft lattice skeleton.” The soft lattice skeleton improves connectivity between layers through a mechanical interlock, eliminating the need for chemical modification. A temperature-responsive poly(<em>N</em>-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel was used as the driving source of the actuator. The soft lattice skeleton was fabricated using multi-directional photolithography. Connectivity improvement was demonstrated by comparing the hybrid actuator to a conventional bilayer actuator after thermal deformation cycles. Specifically, the hybrid actuator maintained connectivity even after multiple cycles, while the bilayer actuator showed complete exfoliation. Deformation behavior was controlled by adjusting the design of the soft lattice skeleton, specifically the width of its constituent micropillars. Curved actuators with various pillar widths exhibited distinct deformation patterns, including bending in the same or opposite direction as the preset curve or twisting. This hybrid actuator design offers improved durability and programmable deformation without chemical modification. It will enable the selection of various hydrogel materials for implementing diverse functions, including pH and glucose sensing. Future research should explore additional structural parameters of the soft lattice skeleton to further control deformation behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137377"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137367
Xinge Wang , Wenjian Zhang , Haiqing Jiang , Xukun Wang , Zhen Miao , Wei Wei , Yuhao Zhang , Yuan Lin , Tianyu Wu , Guo Liu , Meixia Su , Yan Ding , Kun Tao , Jinyuan Zhou , Erqing Xie , Juan Li , Zhenxing Zhang
The imperative to detect acetone (CH3COCH3) in the absence of humidity interference is underscored by its expansive utility in environmental and healthcare contexts. To address this, a novel sensor comprising Ag-decorated Ta-doped CeO2 (STC) hollow nanofibers has been engineered through a meticulous process of electrospinning, followed by the decoration of Ag nanoparticles via UV irradiation. The fabricated STC-2 sensor (1 mol% Ag @ Ta-doped CeO2) presents a remarkable response of 36.6 to 100 ppm acetone at 170℃, 15.3-fold superior to that of its pristine CeO2 counterpart, fast response time (19.53 s), exceptional selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. Impressively, the STC-2 sensor maintains a considerable response of 2.0 to acetone even at a minimal level of 0.5 ppm, with the theoretical lowest of detection limit of 9.9 ppb. In addition, the STC-2 sensor is resistant to moisture, attributed to the hydrophobic Ag (110) nanoparticles and the innovative "U-shaped" groove heterojunction which forms a potential barrier between CeO2 and Ag as well as Ta2O5 and Ag. Meanwhile, density functional theory calculations affirm the STC sensors' predilection for high O2 and acetone adsorption energy while maintaining low affinity to H2O molecules. These findings herald the potential of "U-shaped" groove heterojunction in advancing humidity-resistant gas sensors.
{"title":"Harnessing Ag-decorated electrospun Ta-doped CeO2 nanofibers for superior acetone detection with unparalleled humidity resistance","authors":"Xinge Wang , Wenjian Zhang , Haiqing Jiang , Xukun Wang , Zhen Miao , Wei Wei , Yuhao Zhang , Yuan Lin , Tianyu Wu , Guo Liu , Meixia Su , Yan Ding , Kun Tao , Jinyuan Zhou , Erqing Xie , Juan Li , Zhenxing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The imperative to detect acetone (CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>) in the absence of humidity interference is underscored by its expansive utility in environmental and healthcare contexts. To address this, a novel sensor comprising Ag-decorated Ta-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> (STC) hollow nanofibers has been engineered through a meticulous process of electrospinning, followed by the decoration of Ag nanoparticles via UV irradiation. The fabricated STC-2 sensor (1 mol% Ag @ Ta-doped CeO<sub>2</sub>) presents a remarkable response of 36.6 to 100 ppm acetone at 170℃, 15.3-fold superior to that of its pristine CeO<sub>2</sub> counterpart, fast response time (19.53 s), exceptional selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. Impressively, the STC-2 sensor maintains a considerable response of 2.0 to acetone even at a minimal level of 0.5 ppm, with the theoretical lowest of detection limit of 9.9 ppb. In addition, the STC-2 sensor is resistant to moisture, attributed to the hydrophobic Ag (110) nanoparticles and the innovative \"U-shaped\" groove heterojunction which forms a potential barrier between CeO<sub>2</sub> and Ag as well as Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and Ag. Meanwhile, density functional theory calculations affirm the STC sensors' predilection for high O<sub>2</sub> and acetone adsorption energy while maintaining low affinity to H<sub>2</sub>O molecules. These findings herald the potential of \"U-shaped\" groove heterojunction in advancing humidity-resistant gas sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137367"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this manuscript, a miniaturized current type gas sensor based on the membrane electrode assemble (MEA) composed of Nafion and Pt-Pd/C sensing electrode has been developed to realize the effective detection of H2 at room temperature. The newly designed sensor is significantly smaller than current common gas sensors, and the structure of the sensor and test fixture has been redesigned. The miniature sensor is easy to carry, install and apply to other devices on a daily basis, the manufacturing cost is greatly reduced, and precious metals can be used in the selection of gas-sensitive materials. In the experiment, we used Pt and Pd bimetallic stretcher loaded on carbon as sensing material, both noble metals are sensitive to H2 and have high catalytic activity, which enables efficient detection of H2 gas. The sensor could detect H2 at levels as low as 3 ppm with a −0.163 nA response and had a good linear relationship in range of 30–6000 ppm H2. In addition, this amperometric H2 sensor displayed fast response-recovery rate as well as excellent selectivity and stability. Within the explosive limits of H2, our sensors enable fast and accurate detection. Such a miniaturized device has a good application prospect due to its advantages.
{"title":"Development of a miniaturized current type H2 gas sensor based on Nafion and Pt-Pd/C sensing electrode","authors":"Hongcan Zhang, Lingchu Huang, Yuanlin Li, Yongshun Liu, Xishuang Liang, Geyu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this manuscript, a miniaturized current type gas sensor based on the membrane electrode assemble (MEA) composed of Nafion and Pt-Pd/C sensing electrode has been developed to realize the effective detection of H<sub>2</sub> at room temperature. The newly designed sensor is significantly smaller than current common gas sensors, and the structure of the sensor and test fixture has been redesigned. The miniature sensor is easy to carry, install and apply to other devices on a daily basis, the manufacturing cost is greatly reduced, and precious metals can be used in the selection of gas-sensitive materials. In the experiment, we used Pt and Pd bimetallic stretcher loaded on carbon as sensing material, both noble metals are sensitive to H<sub>2</sub> and have high catalytic activity, which enables efficient detection of H<sub>2</sub> gas. The sensor could detect H<sub>2</sub> at levels as low as 3 ppm with a −0.163 nA response and had a good linear relationship in range of 30–6000 ppm H<sub>2</sub>. In addition, this amperometric H<sub>2</sub> sensor displayed fast response-recovery rate as well as excellent selectivity and stability. Within the explosive limits of H<sub>2</sub>, our sensors enable fast and accurate detection. Such a miniaturized device has a good application prospect due to its advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"430 ","pages":"Article 137366"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2025.137379
Mengchao Jin , Shaomin Liu , Han Wang , Youjiang Liu , Jianhui Ji , Jie Sheng , Shenglai Zhen , Chilai Chen
A compact photoelectric effect ionization source for high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) based on UV-LED was proposed in this paper. Ambient air and three electronegative compounds (SF6, NO2, and SO2) were selected as samples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the effects of the emission electrode material, light source, relative humidity, repeller voltage, and flow rate of carrier gas were investigated. Distinctive fingerprint spectra were successfully obtained for the air background and the three compounds, exhibiting the method's discrimination capability. The silver (Ag) was identified as the optimal material for the emission electrodes, capable of generating an ion signal intensity of −77.8 pA in an air background. The repeller voltage and flow rate have a significant impact on ionization efficiency. An increased flow rate was associated with enhanced ionization efficiency, necessitating a corresponding increase in the repeller voltage. When the flow rate of carrier gas is 5 L/min, the optimal repeller voltages for the three samples (SF6, NO2, and SO2) were −2 V, −0.5 V, and −1 V, respectively, which roughly corresponded to their ion mobility. With increasing concentration of the samples, the ion signal intensity linearly increases at first and then levels off. Different samples show significant differences in the growth rates in the linear region, and the detection limits for the three substances, SF6, NO2, and SO2, were 0.028 ppm, 0.014 ppm, and 0.033 ppm, respectively.
{"title":"Development of a compact and efficient FAIMS ionization source based on UV-LED photoelectric effect","authors":"Mengchao Jin , Shaomin Liu , Han Wang , Youjiang Liu , Jianhui Ji , Jie Sheng , Shenglai Zhen , Chilai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.137379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A compact photoelectric effect ionization source for high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) based on UV-LED was proposed in this paper. Ambient air and three electronegative compounds (SF<sub>6</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were selected as samples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the effects of the emission electrode material, light source, relative humidity, repeller voltage, and flow rate of carrier gas were investigated. Distinctive fingerprint spectra were successfully obtained for the air background and the three compounds, exhibiting the method's discrimination capability. The silver (Ag) was identified as the optimal material for the emission electrodes, capable of generating an ion signal intensity of −77.8 pA in an air background. The repeller voltage and flow rate have a significant impact on ionization efficiency. An increased flow rate was associated with enhanced ionization efficiency, necessitating a corresponding increase in the repeller voltage. When the flow rate of carrier gas is 5 L/min, the optimal repeller voltages for the three samples (SF<sub>6</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were −2 V, −0.5 V, and −1 V, respectively, which roughly corresponded to their ion mobility. With increasing concentration of the samples, the ion signal intensity linearly increases at first and then levels off. Different samples show significant differences in the growth rates in the linear region, and the detection limits for the three substances, SF<sub>6</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>, were 0.028 ppm, 0.014 ppm, and 0.033 ppm, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"431 ","pages":"Article 137379"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143072763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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