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Between the Church and the State: Catholic and European Influences on Abortion Governance in Italy and Beyond 教会与国家之间：天主教和欧洲对意大利及其他国家堕胎管理的影响
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10107
Danielle Pullan, Payton Gannon

Supranational cultural institutions and communities play an interesting role in the development of abortion policy both historically and today. In this article we consider two such institutions: the Catholic Church and the European community. The church is famously antiabortion, and we describe the ways in which the Catholic position manifests itself in different countries. Conversely, almost all European countries have liberal laws that allow abortion on demand for twelve weeks of pregnancy. Italy sits at the intersection of European and Catholic identities. Italy adopted European-style liberal abortion laws early, but Italians continue to identify with the church in surveys, which is one of the causes of high levels of conscientious objection by medical professionals. Italy’s abortion policy pleases neither Catholics nor secularists. We explain this by understanding Italy’s abortion law as liberal de jure, but its culture is still heavily influenced by Catholicism, resulting in limited abortion access de facto.

无论是在历史上还是在今天，超国家的文化机构和团体在堕胎政策的发展中都扮演着令人感兴趣的角色。在本文中，我们将探讨两个这样的机构：天主教会和欧洲社会。天主教会以反对堕胎而闻名，我们将介绍天主教立场在不同国家的表现形式。相反，几乎所有欧洲国家都有自由的法律，允许在怀孕 12 周内按需堕胎。意大利是欧洲和天主教身份的交汇点。意大利很早就通过了欧洲式的自由堕胎法，但在调查中，意大利人仍然认同教会，这也是医疗专业人员出于良心反对堕胎的比例很高的原因之一。意大利的堕胎政策既不讨好天主教徒，也不讨好世俗主义者。我们对此的解释是，意大利的堕胎法在法律上是自由的，但其文化仍深受天主教的影响，导致事实上的堕胎机会有限。
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引用次数: 0
Orthodox Christians in Lithuania: Ethnicity, Language and Ethnoreligious Identity 立陶宛的东正教基督徒：种族、语言和民族宗教特性
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10106
Monika Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, Andrius Marcinkevičius

In this article we will examine how ethnicity (Russians and Russian speakers of mixed ethnic identities) and religion (Orthodoxy) interact and construct ethnoreligious identity in the case of Orthodox Christians in Lithuania. To investigate these aspects, the article will draw on data from qualitative fieldwork (2019–2021) and the analysis of articles from the official journal of the archdiocese of Vilnius and Lithuania. We argue that for the Orthodox community in Lithuania, the historically established close links of Orthodoxy with Russian Orthodox tradition and Russian identity are important today. However, a significant part of the Lithuanian Orthodox community identifies with the global (Byzantium) and/or local (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) Orthodox tradition and faces the challenge of including the Lithuanian language in religious education and practices.

在本文中，我们将以立陶宛的东正教基督徒为例，研究种族（俄罗斯人和讲俄语的混合种族身份）和宗教（东正教）如何相互作用并构建民族宗教身份。为了研究这些方面，文章将利用定性实地调查（2019-2021 年）的数据以及对维尔纽斯和立陶宛大主教管区官方期刊文章的分析。我们认为，对于立陶宛的东正教社区而言，东正教与俄罗斯东正教传统和俄罗斯身份之间历史上建立的密切联系在今天非常重要。然而，相当一部分立陶宛东正教团体认同全球（拜占庭）和/或地方（立陶宛大公国）东正教传统，并面临着将立陶宛语纳入宗教教育和实践的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Aspiring and Becoming 立志与成才
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10097
Maximilian Lasa
Research into Islamic higher education tends to focus primarily on the educational institution as the object of the analysis and neglects the perspectives of students. To tackle this research desideratum, this article investigates students’ educational paths in the field of Islamic higher education. Based on in-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork among German students and alumni from the International Theology Program (Uluslararası İlahiyat Programı) in Turkey, the article has a twofold aim. First, it unpacks the motivations and reasons for students to study Islamic theology. Second, it examines how studying Islamic theology comes to constitute a meaningful endeavor for the students. The analysis shows that students’ complex ways of aspiring to study Islamic theology simultaneously constituted relevant means of becoming. Thus, studying Islamic theology constituted a venue for interlocutors to explore sources of identity and processes of meaning-making.
对伊斯兰高等教育的研究往往将教育机构作为主要分析对象，而忽视了学生的视角。为了解决这一研究难题，本文调查了学生在伊斯兰高等教育领域的求学之路。基于对土耳其国际神学课程（Uluslararası İlahiyat课程）的德国学生和校友进行的深入访谈和广泛的实地考察，文章具有双重目的。首先，文章分析了学生学习伊斯兰神学的动机和原因。其次，文章探讨了学习伊斯兰神学如何成为学生的一项有意义的活动。分析表明，学生渴望学习伊斯兰神学的复杂方式同时构成了相关的成为手段。因此，学习伊斯兰神学构成了对话者探索身份来源和意义生成过程的场所。
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引用次数: 0
Continuously Striving 不断努力
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10100
Maria Lindebæk Lyngsøe
Engagements in Islamic knowledge search have proved an important aspect of the religious path for Muslim women worldwide. This article testifies that that is also the case for pious Danish Muslim women. Based on extensive fieldwork, it describes how pious Danish Muslim women make an effort to find time for Islamic educational engagements in an everyday life of other obligations to maintain a continuous commitment to learning about Islam, and it describes the various routes to knowledge that the women employ. Throughout, it is argued that temporal and social aspects are key to consider if we are to understand the engagement of the women. First, I show that everyday commitments and time management in relation to such commitments are key for understanding how Danish Muslim women’s engagement in Islamic education unfolds. Second, I consider the engagement as shaped by the women’s social embeddedness in an everyday life of different commitments and ambitions and as cultivated through social bonds.
实践证明，参与伊斯兰知识搜索是全世界穆斯林妇女宗教道路上的一个重要方面。本文证明，虔诚的丹麦穆斯林妇女也是如此。在广泛的实地调查的基础上，文章描述了虔诚的丹麦穆斯林妇女如何在承担其他义务的日常生活中努力抽出时间参与伊斯兰教育，以保持对伊斯兰学习的持续承诺，并描述了这些妇女所采用的各种求知途径。文章自始至终都在论证，如果我们要理解妇女们的参与，时间和社会方面是我们需要考虑的关键。首先，我说明了日常承诺以及与这些承诺相关的时间管理是理解丹麦穆斯林妇女如何参与伊斯兰教育的关键。其次，我认为参与是由妇女在日常生活中的不同承诺和抱负所形成的社会嵌入，以及通过社会纽带所培养的。
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引用次数: 0
Corruption and Religion in Europe and Beyond 欧洲及其他地区的腐败与宗教
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10095
Carlo Berti
The concept of corruption is historically linked to religion, but research on the relationship between religion and corruption is scarce, coming mainly from the fields of economics and statistics, and partially from anthropology and cultural studies. This article aims to offer a critical review of the relevant international literature on religion, religiosity, and corruption, ranging from large, quantitative comparative studies to more focused and in-depth qualitative case studies. It critically reviews the main results and identifies knowledge gaps that could be addressed by future research. Moreover, it discusses the importance of further research in the European area in light of some features of religion and corruption in Europe, as well as recent changes in the religious panorama of the continent.
腐败的概念历来与宗教相关，但有关宗教与腐败关系的研究却很少，主要来自经济学和统计学领域，部分来自人类学和文化研究。本文旨在对宗教、宗教性与腐败的相关国际文献进行批判性回顾，其中既有大型的定量比较研究，也有重点突出的深入定性案例研究。文章批判性地回顾了主要研究成果，并指出了未来研究可以弥补的知识空白。此外，鉴于欧洲宗教和腐败的一些特点，以及欧洲大陆宗教全景的最新变化，本报告讨论了在欧洲地区开展进一步研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Event Religion 活动宗教
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10094
Sára Eszter Heidl
This article examines some of the changing forms of religion in contemporary Hungary, with a focus on a case study conducted at a mindfulness and lifestyle festival called Everness. The emerging need for an alternative kind of spirituality supplementing or opposed to traditional forms of religion has generated a new conceptual approach that I call event religion. In inductive empirical research, I used event religion to describe and interpret the participant experience in event-based settings through four dimensions: spatiotemporality, symbols, community, and inward experience. I show some characteristics of contemporary changing religiosity and spirituality through the examination of the four dimensions of experience.
本文探讨了当代匈牙利宗教形式的一些变化，重点是在一个名为 "Everness "的正念和生活方式节上进行的案例研究。新出现的对补充或反对传统宗教形式的另一种精神信仰的需求产生了一种新的概念方法，我称之为事件宗教。在归纳式实证研究中，我利用事件宗教通过四个维度来描述和解释参与者在基于事件的环境中的体验：时空性、象征、社区和内在体验。通过对这四个维度体验的研究，我展示了当代不断变化的宗教性和灵性的一些特征。
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引用次数: 0
Being/Having a Muslim Voice 成为/拥有穆斯林之声
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10098
Simon Stjernholm
This article investigates attempts at, and the implications of, speaking publicly for Islam in Denmark, with special attention to the notion of “voice.” First, I present a theoretical framework for an analytical focus on voice, and develop a distinction between “being” and “having” a voice. In the analysis that follows, I focus on three recent Danish podcast series produced by and featuring Muslims that to various extents all address issues related to Islam. Thereafter I discuss the effectiveness of the studied podcasts’ efforts to be and have a Muslim voice in light of the analytical concepts “recognition” and “resonance.”
本文探讨了丹麦伊斯兰教公开发言的尝试及其影响，并特别关注 "声音 "这一概念。首先，我提出了一个以声音为分析重点的理论框架，并对 "发出 "声音和 "拥有 "声音进行了区分。在接下来的分析中，我将重点关注最近由穆斯林制作并以其为主角的三个丹麦播客系列，它们在不同程度上都涉及与伊斯兰教有关的问题。之后，我将根据 "认可 "和 "共鸣 "这两个分析概念，讨论所研究的播客在 "成为 "和 "发出 "穆斯林声音方面所做努力的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
From the Religious Field to the Alternative Field 从宗教领域到另类领域
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10099
Loïc Bawidamann
This article examines the link between religion and conspiracy theories by focusing on religious agents operating two alternative media outlets in Switzerland, opposing perceived mainstream opinions. Informed by Bourdieu’s field theory, the article elaborates on the agents’ surpassing of field boundaries, spawning an alternative field that accommodates all agents expelled from their initial fields. Through web scraping and qualitative interviews with the content creators, the analysis elucidates the particular significance of religious agents in the production and distribution of conspiracy theories, as they inherently oppose social differentiation, enabling them to contend with dominant authorities convincingly. The article concludes by offering an understanding of the alternative field and, by extension, of conspiracy theories as a process of dedifferentiation, striving for a realignment of the current structure of society.
本文以瑞士两家另类媒体的宗教代理人为中心，探讨了宗教与阴谋论之间的联系，他们反对人们认为的主流观点。文章以布迪厄的场域理论为基础，阐述了代理人超越场域界限的行为，从而产生了一个替代场域，容纳了所有被逐出其最初场域的代理人。文章通过网络搜索和对内容创作者的定性访谈，阐明了宗教代理人在阴谋论的生产和传播中的特殊意义，因为他们从本质上反对社会分化，使他们能够令人信服地与主流权威抗衡。文章最后提出了对另类领域的理解，并进而将阴谋论理解为一个去差异化的过程，努力重新调整当前的社会结构。
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引用次数: 0
Two Decades of Church Management in the Context of Restitution Processes 二十年来教会在归还过程中的管理
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10090
Tereza Parks, Vilem Paril, Vojtech Mullner
Abstract This study examines the transformation of the economic relations between the state and church in the Czech Republic, focusing on changes since 2012 when a legislative framework for the separation of state and church was accepted. Our article aims to assess the changing financial relations between the church and state by emphasizing future development financial scenarios for churches in the Czech Republic based on two decades of financial data describing transfers from the public sector to the church regarding its current economic value and structure of sources. We confront quantitative results with the qualitative reflection of church representatives for whom this situation is very challenging.
本研究考察了捷克共和国国家与教会之间经济关系的转变，重点关注自2012年接受政教分离立法框架以来的变化。我们的文章旨在评估教会与国家之间不断变化的财务关系，根据二十年来描述从公共部门向教会转移的当前经济价值和来源结构的财务数据，强调捷克共和国教会未来发展的财务情景。我们面对定量结果和教会代表的定性反映，这种情况对他们来说非常具有挑战性。
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引用次数: 0
A Religiously Pluralistic Milieu in Austria during the Interwar Period 两次世界大战期间奥地利的宗教多元化环境
0 RELIGION
Journal of Religion in Europe
Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1163/18748929-bja10086
Karsten Lehmann
Abstract The article focuses on what the author describes as a religiously pluralistic milieu. It proposes that religious plurality is very much part and parcel of the recollections of the interwar period in Vienna, Austria. First, the article underlines the significance of sociocultural milieus, family upbringing, and school interaction for the constructions of religious plurality. Second, it raises the question of the social embeddedness of religious plurality in the memories of the interwar period in Vienna. The findings are based upon an oral history project, “Religiöse Vielfalt an Wiener Schulen der Zwischenkriegszeit” (ZwieKrie) (Religious plurality in Viennese schools during the interwar period). The project analyzed individual memories of religious plurality by a set of twenty-four contemporary witnesses attending Viennese schools during the 1920s and 1930s.
这篇文章的重点是作者所描述的一个宗教多元化的环境。它提出宗教多元性是奥地利维也纳两次世界大战之间的回忆的重要组成部分。首先，本文强调了社会文化环境、家庭教养和学校互动对宗教多元性建构的重要意义。其次，它提出了宗教多元性在两次世界大战期间维也纳记忆中的社会嵌入性问题。这些发现是基于一个口述历史项目，“Religiöse Vielfalt an Wiener Schulen der Zwischenkriegszeit”(两次世界大战期间维也纳学校的宗教多元化)。该项目分析了20世纪20年代和30年代在维也纳学校就读的24位当代目击者对宗教多元化的个人记忆。
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