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Saving the SDGs? Strengthening partnership for achieving SDGs in the Post-Covid-19 Digital World 拯救可持续发展目标?在19世纪后的数字世界中加强实现可持续发展目标的伙伴关系
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-08
M. Larionova
The 2020, intended to give a good start to the Decade of Action to achieve SDGs by the target date of 2030, became a year of unprecedented health, social and economic crisis The COVID-19 pandemic plunged the world into the worst global recession since the Great Depression, reversed progress across the full range of the SDGs jeopardizing the Agenda 2030 implementation To build back better it is vital to assess the COVID-19 pandemic impact on economic growth and sustainable development and reflect on how to reenergize partnerships for saving the SDGs This article aims to assess the COVID-19 pandemic impact on economic growth and sustainable development and offer recommendations on international cooperation and partnerships for saving the SDGs It article reviews estimates of the triple crisis toll on the goals implementation It then looks at the key international institutions’ initiatives to support developing countries in their response to the pandemic and associated economic shocks The article concludes by outlining priorities for strengthening international cooperation on sustainable development which include incorporation of key components of digitalization into the SDGs as concrete targets and indicators and a comprehensive G20-led debt relief initiative providing for the released funds allocation to poverty and inequality eradication, health and education – related SDGs © 2020, International Organisations Research Journal All Rights Reserved
2020年旨在为到2030年实现可持续发展目标的行动十年开好头,成为前所未有的健康、社会和经济危机的一年。新冠肺炎大流行使世界陷入大萧条以来最严重的全球衰退,逆转了所有可持续发展目标的进展,危及《2030年议程》的实施。为了更好地重建,评估新冠肺炎疫情对经济增长和可持续发展的影响,并思考如何重振伙伴关系以拯救可持续发展目标至关重要关于拯救可持续发展目标的国际合作和伙伴关系的建议这篇文章回顾了对目标实施造成的三重危机损失的估计,然后审视了关键国际机构支持发展中国家应对疫情和相关经济冲击的举措。文章最后概述了加强的优先事项可持续发展国际合作,包括将数字化的关键组成部分作为具体目标和指标纳入可持续发展目标,以及二十国集团领导的全面债务减免倡议,为消除贫困和不平等、卫生和教育相关的可持续发展目标拨出资金©2020,国际组织研究期刊版权所有
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引用次数: 8
Что означает понятие «суверенитет» в цифровом мире? 在数字世界中,“主权”意味着什么?
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-03
Stéphane Couture, Sophie Toupin
Статья посвящена особенностям употребления понятия «суверенитет» в реалиях цифровизации. Рассматриваемое понятие все чаще используется для описания всевозможных форм независимости, контроля и автономии в отношении элементов цифровой инфраструктуры, технологий и данных. Представленный анализ основывается на результатах предшествующих и текущих исследований (с привлечением специалистов и экспертов), в рамках которых авторы обнаруживают примеры применения понятия «суверенитет» для описания технологических процессов, которые существенно отличаются от деятельности государств. Авторы рассматривают ряд публикаций, чтобы продемонстрировать разнообразие существующих подходов, принятых в рамках различных групп и объединений. Наглядно показано, что хотя в отдельных случаях понятие «суверенитет» используется для установления некой формы коллективного контроля над цифровой информацией и (или) инфраструктурой, возможны и совершенно иные подходы к определению рассматриваемого понятия.
这篇文章是关于在数字化现实中使用“主权”一词的特殊性。越来越多地使用这个概念来描述数字基础设施、技术和数据元素的各种形式的独立、控制和自治。提交的分析基于以前和现在的研究(包括专家和专家)的结果,提交人发现了使用“主权”来描述与国家活动截然不同的技术过程的例子。作者们正在研究一些出版物,以展示不同群体和协会采用的现有方法的多样性。虽然在某些情况下,“主权”一词被用来建立某种形式的对数字信息和(或)基础设施的集体控制,但定义这个概念的方法却截然不同。
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引用次数: 11
The Digital Divide in Developing Countries 发展中国家的数字鸿沟
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-06
Y. Subramaniam, T. A. Masron, N. Hadiyan, S. H. Hassan
Poverty has been a critical issue for a long time and continues to affect developing countries in the era of booming digitalization. This study investigates the contribution of digitalization to poverty alleviation, confirming that it can promote economic growth. However, utilizing a sample of 37 developing countries in 2014 and 2016, this study observes that the extremely poor are deprived of their share of the benefits that digitalization can offer. Therefore, while strategies to further promote digitalization are critical to economic development, support systems or policies meant to bring those in extreme poverty into mainstream development are badly needed.
长期以来,贫困一直是一个关键问题,并在数字化蓬勃发展的时代继续影响着发展中国家。本研究调查了数字化对扶贫的贡献,证实了它可以促进经济增长。然而,本研究利用2014年和2016年37个发展中国家的样本,观察到极端贫困者被剥夺了数字化所能带来的好处。因此,尽管进一步促进数字化的战略对经济发展至关重要,但迫切需要旨在将极端贫困者纳入主流发展的支持系统或政策。
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引用次数: 3
Regional Perspective of Digitalization in BRICS 金砖国家数字化的区域视角
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-04
A. Morozkina
This article is aimed at evaluation of regional digital inequality in BRICS countries. Using the data for 2014-2018 on internet usage and access to fixed broadband author calculates inequality ratios, including coefficient of variation and Theil index. Also author analyzes rural/urban differences and their dynamics. On the base of this calculations author shows decrease of regional inequality in all five countries. Further analysis is devoted to national digitalization strategies, which are aimed at development of remote areas and bridging digital divide. Author shows that there are measures in each strategy aimed at bridging digital divide on all three levels (infrastructure, usage and results). In a final part of the article author suggests directions for cooperation in BRICS, including exchange of best practices in realization of national strategies, composition of best practices in integrated measures aimed at development of remote areas and joint financing using opportunities provided by the New Development Bank.
本文旨在评估金砖国家的区域数字不平等。利用2014-2018年的互联网使用和固定宽带接入数据,作者计算了不平等比率,包括变异系数和泰尔指数。作者还分析了城乡差异及其动态。在此计算的基础上,作者显示了所有五个国家的地区不平等程度的下降。进一步分析了旨在发展偏远地区和弥合数字鸿沟的国家数字化战略。作者指出,每个战略中都有旨在弥合三个层面(基础设施、使用和结果)的数字鸿沟的措施。在文章的最后一部分,作者提出了金砖国家合作的方向,包括在实现国家战略方面交流最佳实践,在针对偏远地区发展的综合措施中形成最佳实践,以及利用新开发银行提供的机会进行联合融资。
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引用次数: 4
Internet Governance: System Imbalances and Ways to Resolve Them 互联网治理:系统失衡及其解决之道
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-01
S. Vasilkovsky, A. Ignatov
The spread of digital technologies has led to the global digitalization of all types of public activities. The digital economy emerging during this process has become a leading factor in world economic growth and one of the criteria of national development. The digital economy is based on the Internet, which ensures the functioning of new business models, forms of social interaction and public diplomacy. The Internet governance system differs from other modern international systems of public and political relations in that the leading role in it is played by non-governmental organizations, in particular, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Society (ISOC). The activities of states are significantly limited by the basic properties of the system, which complicates the implementation of the state’s digital sovereignty. The aim of this article is to determine ways to resolve this discrepancy.Analyzing the current state of Internet governance, the authors outline the key characteristics that lead to potential conflict. These include decentralization, an insufficient evaluative level of accountability and lack of legitimacy. The authors analyze ICANN and ISOC toolkits and identify the key instruments that actually make organizations central to the Internet governance system. In conclusion, the authors provide recommendations for action by the international community to mitigate the identified imbalances.The article was written on the basis of the RANEPA state assignment research programme
数字技术的普及导致了各类公共活动的全球数字化。在此过程中产生的数字经济已经成为世界经济增长的主导因素和衡量一个国家发展的标准之一。数字经济以互联网为基础,为新的商业模式、社会互动形式和公共外交的运作提供了保障。互联网治理体系与其他现代国际公共关系和政治关系体系的不同之处在于,它由非政府组织发挥主导作用,特别是互联网名称与数字地址分配机构(ICANN)和互联网协会(ISOC)。国家的活动受到系统基本属性的极大限制,这使得国家数字主权的实施变得复杂。本文的目的是确定解决这种差异的方法。分析了互联网治理的现状,作者概述了导致潜在冲突的关键特征。这些问题包括权力下放、责任评估水平不足和缺乏合法性。作者分析了ICANN和ISOC的工具包,并确定了使组织成为互联网治理体系核心的关键工具。最后,作者为国际社会采取行动减轻已确定的失衡提供了建议。本文是在RANEPA国家任务研究计划的基础上编写的
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引用次数: 1
Towards to Digital: A Review of OECD Reports on the Development and Impact of Online Platforms 走向数字化:经合组织关于在线平台发展和影响的报告综述
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-04-10
S. Vasilkovsky
Online platforms assumed an important role in the economy and society. They have brought significant benefits to consumers, businesses and governments, for example, by helping them more efficiently interact with significant number of people, trading partners and clients as well as provide government services. In the review the author observes reports of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on the characteristics of digital platforms and their impact on the economy, society and politics. In addition, the author will touch upon the issues of labor market regulation, taxation, as well as the problems of ensuring the confidentiality of the collection, storage and use of data.
在线平台在经济和社会中发挥着重要作用。例如,它们为消费者、企业和政府带来了重大利益,帮助他们更有效地与大量人员、贸易伙伴和客户互动,并提供政府服务。在这篇综述中,作者观察了经济合作与发展组织关于数字平台的特点及其对经济、社会和政治的影响的报告。此外,作者还将谈到劳动力市场监管、税收以及确保数据收集、存储和使用保密性的问题。
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引用次数: 2
The Monroe Doctrine 2.0 and U.S.-China-Latin America Trilateral Relations 门罗主义2.0与美中拉三边关系
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-03-08
M. Pires, L. Nascimento
The election of Donald Trump caused a change in the direction of U.S. foreign policy for Latin America with the imposition of new sanctions on the Cuban government (starting a new cold war with the island) and the attempted regime changes in Venezuela and Nicaragua, whose governments are seen as a threat by Washington’s elite. In September 2018, during a speech at the opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Donald Trump took up the principles of the Monroe Doctrine as formal a U.S. policy and rejected the alleged interference of foreign states in the western hemisphere and in the internal affairs of the United States — a direct allusion to China and Russia. This change in U.S. policy toward Latin America has had a great impact on Sino-Latin American relations in the context of political pressures and aggressive rhetoric seeking to curb the Chinese presence there. This article explores the motivation behind the new attitude of the United States in its relations with Latin America and how it impacts Sino-Latin American relations.
唐纳德·特朗普的当选改变了美国对拉丁美洲的外交政策方向,对古巴政府实施了新的制裁(开始了与这个岛屿的新冷战),并试图改变委内瑞拉和尼加拉瓜的政权,这两个国家的政府被华盛顿的精英视为威胁。2018年9月,特朗普在纽约联合国大会开幕式上发表演讲,将门罗主义的原则作为美国的正式政策,反对所谓的外国干涉西半球和美国内政,直接暗指中国和俄罗斯。在政治压力和试图遏制中国在拉美存在的激进言论的背景下,美国对拉美政策的这一变化对中拉关系产生了巨大影响。本文探讨了美国对拉美关系新态度背后的动机及其对中拉关系的影响。
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引用次数: 4
E-commerce Trade and Data Localization: A Developing Country Perspective 电子商务贸易与数据本地化:一个发展中国家的视角
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-03-06
A. Mukhopadhyay
This article explores the issue of data localization by capturing all relevant debates and discussion around it It investigates issues related to data management, storage, and ownership, followed by the data safety and security concerns of developing countries in a rapidly changing digital world Storing data locally can be an effective way to tackle these concerns Data localization can bring the data storing market price down It can inject sufficient incentive to spur technological innovation in the system If workable templates of data safety and privacy frameworks can be built locally, consumers’ rights will also be protected Data localization also has the potential to positively contribute to effective redressal of damages in developing countries related to data leakage The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably sharpened existing conflicts in the e-commerce ecosystem Treating this crisis as an opportunity and pushing for digital data safety and security by means of data localization is the ideal strategy for developing and emerging economies to adopt © 2020
本文通过捕捉围绕数据本地化的所有相关辩论和讨论来探讨数据本地化问题。它调查了与数据管理、存储和所有权相关的问题,其次是发展中国家在快速变化的数字世界中对数据安全和安全的担忧在本地存储数据可能是解决这些担忧的有效方法数据本地化可以降低数据存储市场价格它可以为刺激系统的技术创新注入足够的动力如果可以建立可行的数据安全和隐私框架模板局部地,消费者的权利也将得到保护数据本地化也有可能为发展中国家有效补救与数据泄露有关的损害做出积极贡献新冠肺炎疫情大大加剧了电子商务生态系统中现有的冲突将这场危机视为一个机会,通过数据推动数字数据安全本地化是发展中国家和新兴经济体采用的理想战略©2020
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引用次数: 1
Векторы цифровой трансформации 数字转换向量
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-03-01
Angela Attrey, Anne Carblanc, David Gierten, Dirk Pilat, Andrew W. Wyckoff, Brian Kahin
Фокусом настоящего доклада является оценка многочисленных вызовов, которые цифровая трансформация бросает существующей политической практике. В подавляющем большинстве своем, политические меры сегодня вырабатываются, исходя из того, что продукты и активы материальны; что географические границы и локации являются фиксированными; что существуют транзакционные издержки, ограничивающие масштабы и охват взаимодействий и продуктовых предложений; и что спрос и предложения формируются в условиях ограниченности ресурсов. Цифровая трансформация радикальным образом воздействует на все эти факторы и эффективность основывающейся на их анализе политики. Концентрируясь, скорее, на природе обусловленных цифровой трансформацией перемен, а не на технологиях самих по себе, доклад является попыткой предложить всеобъемлющий взгляд на происходящие изменения для достижения понимания на более фундаментальном уровне того, где при выработке политики будут возникать точки напряжения. Авторы стремятся раскрыть последствия цифровой трансформации для политики в различных сферах, с тем чтобы выработать аргументы в пользу целостного, кросс-секторального подхода к разработке последовательных и взаимно усиливающих друг друга политических мер. Цель доклада состоит в том, чтобы дать старт разработке чек-листа, с которым можно было бы сопоставлять действующие и вновь разрабатываемые политические меры для оценки их целесообразности и соответствия требованиям цифровой эпохи. В докладе рассматриваются три ключевые направления, по которым цифровая трансформация воздействует на модели функционирования экономики и общества, а именно: i) масштаб, охват и скорость; ii) собственность, активы и экономическая ценность; и iii) отношения, рынки и экосистемы. Эти три направления рассматриваются через призму семи «векторов» цифровой трансформации, пронизывающих практически все области политики. Изменения в масштабе, охвате и скорости являются результатом конверсии информации в цифровые биты, которые могут обрабатываться и анализироваться компьютерами. Удешевление и ускорение оцифровки информации, экспоненциально нараставшие в последние 50 лет, влияют на природу активов, которые генерируют ценность, а также на то, как распределяются права собственности и где создается ценность. В свою очередь, эти изменения, подкрепленные появлением цифровых платформ, воздействуют на структуру и функционирование рынков и тем самым создают новые экосистемы предложения, спроса и обмена. А уже эти сдвиги влияют на то, как развиваются, поддерживаются и локализуются отношения, как экономические, так и социальные. Для каждого из семи векторов цифровой трансформации в докладе приводятся примеры последствий для политики, а в ряде случаев описываются возможные подходы к адаптации политики. Будучи иллюстративными, эти примеры позволяют сформировать дополнительную точку зрения на векторы цифровой трансформации. Значимую роль при разработке настоящего доклада сыграли комментарии Комитета ОЭСР по политике в сфере цифровой эконо
本报告的重点是评估数字转型给现有政治实践带来的许多挑战。绝大多数情况下,目前的政策措施是基于产品和资产是物质的;地理边界和位置是固定的;有交易成本限制了相互作用和粮食供应的规模和范围;需求和供应是在资源有限的情况下形成的。数字转型在很大程度上影响了所有这些因素,以及基于政策分析的效率。报告关注的是数字变革的本质,而不是技术本身,它试图提供一个全面的视角来理解正在发生的变化,在一个更基本的层面上,政策制定将产生压力。作者们试图揭露数字转型对不同政策的影响,以便为制定连贯、跨部门的政策制定连贯、相互加强的政策制定制定全面的论据。报告的目的是开始起草一张支票表,以便与目前和正在制定的政策措施进行比较,以评估其有效性和符合数字时代的要求。报告列出了数字转型影响经济和社会运作模式的三个关键方面,即规模、范围和速度;二)财产、资产和经济价值;第三,关系,市场和生态系统。这三个方向是通过7个“向量”数字转型的棱镜观察的,几乎贯穿了所有政策领域。规模、范围和速度的变化是信息转换成数字位的结果,可以由计算机处理和分析。在过去50年里,信息的廉价和加速数字化成倍增长,会影响产生价值的资产的性质,以及所有权的分布以及价值的创造。反过来,数字平台带来的这些变化影响了市场的结构和功能,从而创造了新的供给、需求和交换生态系统。这些变化已经影响了经济和社会关系的发展、维持和定位。报告列出了对政策影响的七个数字转型向量,在某些情况下描述了可能的政策调整方法。通过插图,这些例子可以为数字转换向量形成额外的观点。经合组织数字经济政策委员会、指导委员会和专家顾问小组“数字过渡”(经合组织计划)的评论在起草本报告方面发挥了重要作用。•国家圆桌会议在“数字过渡”项目下取得的成果,以及经合组织14个关键委员会参与“数字过渡”项目的问卷问题的答案。
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引用次数: 3
China’s Path Selection in Global Governance Reform 全球治理改革中的中国路径选择
IF 0.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-30 DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2020-03-10
Jiejin Zhu
With the rise of China, reforming the global governance institutions has become an important part of China’s diplomacy. Based on whether to build new international rules or reinterpret or redeploy the existing ones, we can divide the rising power’s paths in global governance reform into four types: displacement, layering, conversion and avoidance. Why does China adopt different paths toward reforming the existing international institutions which are dominated by the U.S.? Building on the theory of “gradual institutional change” in historical institutionalism, this article argues that the veto capability of the established power and the flexibility of the existing international institution are two determinants of the rising power’s path selection in global governance reform. It applies this theoretical framework to explain China’s behaviour in four issue areas: sovereign credit rating, the international monetary system, free trade agreements and multilateral development banks. In sovereign credit rating, the strong veto capability of the U.S. and the low flexibility of the existing international credit rating institution make China adopt the path of avoidance. In the international monetary system, the strong veto capability of the U.S. and the high flexibility of the International Monetary Fund’s special drawing rights make China adopt the path of layering. In free trade agreements, the weak veto capability of the U.S. and low flexibility of the Trans-Pacific Partnership make China adopt the path of displacement. In multilateral development banks, the weak veto capability of the U.S. and high flexibility of World Bank rules make China adopt the path of conversion.
随着中国的崛起,全球治理体制改革已成为中国外交的重要组成部分。基于是构建新的国际规则,还是对现有规则进行重新解释或重新部署,我们可以将新兴大国在全球治理改革中的路径划分为四种类型:位移、分层、转换和规避。为什么中国在改革由美国主导的现有国际机构方面采取不同的道路。?本文以历史制度主义中的“渐进制度变迁”理论为基础,认为既定大国的否决权和现有国际制度的灵活性是新兴大国在全球治理改革中路径选择的两个决定因素。它运用这一理论框架来解释中国在四个问题领域的行为:主权信用评级、国际货币体系、自由贸易协定和多边开发银行。在主权信用评级方面,美国的否决能力较强,而现有国际信用评级机构的灵活性较低,使中国走上了回避的道路。在国际货币体系中,美国强大的否决能力和国际货币基金组织特别提款权的高度灵活性使中国走上了分层的道路。在自由贸易协定中,美国的否决能力较弱,跨太平洋伙伴关系的灵活性较低,使中国走上了流离失所的道路。在多边开发银行中,美国的否决能力较弱,世界银行规则的灵活性较高,使中国走上了转换的道路。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Vestnik Mezhdunarodnykh Organizatsii-International Organisations Research Journal
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