Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第9页

Analysis of thermoelectric coupling under parallel mismatch in triple-junction GaAs solar cells for satellites 卫星用三重结砷化镓太阳能电池平行失配下的热电耦合分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113197

Xinyue Cao , Wenqi Zhao , Depeng Jiang , Zhen Zhang , Ming Liu , Lei Wang , Zheng Wang , Jie Fan , Kaixin Shi

Triple-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells used in satellites can experience decreased reliability due to parallel mismatch during operation. This study presents a thermoelectric coupling model to calculate the temperature changes induced by parallel mismatch. The model's accuracy is verified using solar cell temperature data from space thermal environments and positive bias experimental conditions. The results indicate that when reverse current flows non-uniformly into the cell due to parallel mismatch, the temperature is higher compared to uniform current flow. The maximum relative error between the theoretically calculated temperature and the experimental result is 4.8 %. In space conditions, the on-orbit temperature data of the satellite solar cells during normal operation show a relative error of 5.69 %. When operating in space under 300 km orbital conditions, the cell temperature reaches 279 °C at a forward bias of 3.5 V with uniformly distributed reverse current, and 551 °C with non-uniformly distributed reverse current. With reasonable assumptions about local heat sources, the cell temperature can exceed 1000 °C under a current of 1.5 A, potentially causing permanent damage to the solar cell.

卫星使用的三结砷化镓（GaAs）太阳能电池在运行过程中可能会因平行失配而导致可靠性下降。本研究提出了一种热电耦合模型，用于计算平行失配引起的温度变化。利用太空热环境和正偏压实验条件下的太阳能电池温度数据验证了模型的准确性。结果表明，当平行失配导致反向电流不均匀地流入电池时，温度会比均匀电流高。理论计算温度与实验结果之间的最大相对误差为 4.8%。在太空条件下，卫星太阳能电池正常运行时的在轨温度数据显示相对误差为 5.69%。在 300 千米轨道条件下的太空中工作时，电池温度在正向偏置 3.5 V、反向电流均匀分布的情况下达到 279 ℃，在反向电流非均匀分布的情况下达到 551 ℃。根据对局部热源的合理假设，在电流为 1.5 A 的情况下，电池温度可超过 1000 °C，可能对太阳能电池造成永久性损坏。

{"title":"Analysis of thermoelectric coupling under parallel mismatch in triple-junction GaAs solar cells for satellites","authors":"Xinyue Cao , Wenqi Zhao , Depeng Jiang , Zhen Zhang , Ming Liu , Lei Wang , Zheng Wang , Jie Fan , Kaixin Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triple-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells used in satellites can experience decreased reliability due to parallel mismatch during operation. This study presents a thermoelectric coupling model to calculate the temperature changes induced by parallel mismatch. The model's accuracy is verified using solar cell temperature data from space thermal environments and positive bias experimental conditions. The results indicate that when reverse current flows non-uniformly into the cell due to parallel mismatch, the temperature is higher compared to uniform current flow. The maximum relative error between the theoretically calculated temperature and the experimental result is 4.8 %. In space conditions, the on-orbit temperature data of the satellite solar cells during normal operation show a relative error of 5.69 %. When operating in space under 300 km orbital conditions, the cell temperature reaches 279 °C at a forward bias of 3.5 V with uniformly distributed reverse current, and 551 °C with non-uniformly distributed reverse current. With reasonable assumptions about local heat sources, the cell temperature can exceed 1000 °C under a current of 1.5 A, potentially causing permanent damage to the solar cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extraordinarily fast response all-solid-state electrochromic devices 超快响应全固态电致变色器件

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113193

Kunrun Song , Zhenhu Cao , Shichen Weng , Wentao Chen , Ran Jiang , Alexandr Alexandrovich Rogachev , Maxim Anatolievich Yarmolenko , Jumei Zhou , Hongliang Zhang

Gel polymer electrolytes have been acknowledged as a promising candidate within the realm of electrochromic devices (ECDs) for addressing the safety concerns of liquid electrolytes and overcoming the poor ionic conductivity inherent in solid electrolytes. Herein, a novel strategy for the simple fabrication of in-situ UV-curable gel polymer electrolytes has been proposed to enhance ionic conductivity and promote interface interactions, thereby facilitating remarkably fast response times. After rapid photopolymerization, the electrolyte containing 10 wt% trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate exhibits the highest ionic conductivity (1.42 mS cm⁻¹), which is raised to a value of 1.79 mS cm⁻¹ by the incorporation of alumina inorganic nanoparticles. Additionally, the polymer electrolyte demonstrates high optical transmittance, relatively notable interface adhesive strength (26 KPa), and outstanding thermal stability, with only a 5 % weight loss observed up to 126 °C. These distinctive characteristics enable the fabrication of all-solid-state WO₃-NiO ECDs characterized by large optical modulation (50.82 %), super-short switching times (0.8 s for bleaching and 4.0 s for coloration), and exceptional cycling stability (95.7 % after 10,000 cycles, and 77.4 % after 15,000 cycles). This article effectively explores a straightforward method for fabricating high-performance all-solid-state ECDs, simplifying the process flow and enhancing the application prospects for ECDs.

凝胶聚合物电解质已被公认为是电致变色装置（ECD）领域中一种前景广阔的候选材料，它既能解决液态电解质的安全问题，又能克服固态电解质固有的离子传导性差的缺点。本文提出了一种简单制造原位紫外线固化凝胶聚合物电解质的新策略，以增强离子导电性和促进界面相互作用，从而缩短响应时间。经过快速光聚合后，含有 10 wt% 三羟甲基丙烷乙氧基化三丙烯酸酯的电解质显示出最高的离子电导率（1.42 mS cm-1），通过加入氧化铝无机纳米粒子，离子电导率提高到 1.79 mS cm-1。此外，这种聚合物电解质还具有很高的透光率、相对显著的界面粘合强度（26 千帕）和出色的热稳定性，在温度高达 126 °C 时仅有 5% 的重量损失。这些显著特点使得全固态 WO3-NiO ECD 的制造成为可能，这种 ECD 具有高光学调制率（50.82%）、超短切换时间（漂白 0.8 秒，着色 4.0 秒）和卓越的循环稳定性（10,000 次循环后 95.7%，15,000 次循环后 77.4%）。这篇文章有效地探索了制造高性能全固态 ECD 的简单方法，简化了工艺流程，提高了 ECD 的应用前景。

{"title":"Extraordinarily fast response all-solid-state electrochromic devices","authors":"Kunrun Song , Zhenhu Cao , Shichen Weng , Wentao Chen , Ran Jiang , Alexandr Alexandrovich Rogachev , Maxim Anatolievich Yarmolenko , Jumei Zhou , Hongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gel polymer electrolytes have been acknowledged as a promising candidate within the realm of electrochromic devices (ECDs) for addressing the safety concerns of liquid electrolytes and overcoming the poor ionic conductivity inherent in solid electrolytes. Herein, a novel strategy for the simple fabrication of <em>in-situ</em> UV-curable gel polymer electrolytes has been proposed to enhance ionic conductivity and promote interface interactions, thereby facilitating remarkably fast response times. After rapid photopolymerization, the electrolyte containing 10 wt% trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate exhibits the highest ionic conductivity (1.42 mS cm<sup>−1</sup>), which is raised to a value of 1.79 mS cm<sup>−1</sup> by the incorporation of alumina inorganic nanoparticles. Additionally, the polymer electrolyte demonstrates high optical transmittance, relatively notable interface adhesive strength (26 KPa), and outstanding thermal stability, with only a 5 % weight loss observed up to 126 °C. These distinctive characteristics enable the fabrication of all-solid-state WO<sub>3</sub>-NiO ECDs characterized by large optical modulation (50.82 %), super-short switching times (0.8 s for bleaching and 4.0 s for coloration), and exceptional cycling stability (95.7 % after 10,000 cycles, and 77.4 % after 15,000 cycles). This article effectively explores a straightforward method for fabricating high-performance all-solid-state ECDs, simplifying the process flow and enhancing the application prospects for ECDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113193"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Failure modes of silicon heterojunction photovoltaic modules in damp heat environment: Sodium and moisture effects 湿热环境下硅异质结光伏组件的失效模式：钠和湿气的影响

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113190

Lucie Pirot-Berson , Romain Couderc , Romain Bodeux , Julien Dupuis

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are expected to gain significant market share in the coming years. In the field, among identified degradation modes, moisture-induced degradation can be a significant concern for this solar cell technology and should be monitored. This work investigates the moisture-induced degradation mechanisms in SHJ cells encapsulated in different module configurations. Damp heat (DH) testing was performed under IEC 61215 standard conditions (85 °C and 85% relative humidity) for up to 2000 h. Different degradation mechanisms are identified after DH aging, due to moisture alone or in combination with sodium ions originating from photovoltaic glass leaching. Under the influence of moisture, these ions can migrate into the cell and degrade the cell passivation, resulting in massive power losses up to 57.6% of the initial value after 1500 h of DH aging. By using other types of glass, glass-glass module configurations show less than 3% of power losses after 2000 h of DH aging. The front side of the cell is much more sensitive than the rear side where the emitter of the cell is. After highlighting the impact of sodium, moisture alone was studied with a module configuration without glass. In that case, the degradation is characterized by increased series resistance without passivation losses.

硅异质结（SHJ）太阳能电池有望在未来几年内获得巨大的市场份额。在已确定的降解模式中，湿气引起的降解可能是这种太阳能电池技术的一个重要问题，应加以监测。这项研究调查了封装在不同模块配置中的 SHJ 电池的湿气诱导降解机制。在 IEC 61215 标准条件（85 °C，85% 相对湿度）下进行了长达 2000 小时的湿热（DH）测试。在 DH 老化后，确定了不同的降解机制，这些机制是由单独的湿气或与光伏玻璃沥滤产生的钠离子结合造成的。在湿气的影响下，这些离子会迁移到电池中，使电池钝化降解，从而导致大量功率损失，1500 小时的 DH 老化后，功率损失可达初始值的 57.6%。如果使用其他类型的玻璃，玻璃-玻璃模块配置在经过 2000 小时的 DH 老化后，功率损失不到 3%。电池正面比电池发射器所在的背面更为敏感。在强调了钠的影响之后，我们又对不含玻璃的模块配置进行了单独的湿度研究。在这种情况下，降解的特点是串联电阻增加，但没有钝化损失。

{"title":"Failure modes of silicon heterojunction photovoltaic modules in damp heat environment: Sodium and moisture effects","authors":"Lucie Pirot-Berson , Romain Couderc , Romain Bodeux , Julien Dupuis","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are expected to gain significant market share in the coming years. In the field, among identified degradation modes, moisture-induced degradation can be a significant concern for this solar cell technology and should be monitored. This work investigates the moisture-induced degradation mechanisms in SHJ cells encapsulated in different module configurations. Damp heat (DH) testing was performed under IEC 61215 standard conditions (85 °C and 85% relative humidity) for up to 2000 h. Different degradation mechanisms are identified after DH aging, due to moisture alone or in combination with sodium ions originating from photovoltaic glass leaching. Under the influence of moisture, these ions can migrate into the cell and degrade the cell passivation, resulting in massive power losses up to 57.6% of the initial value after 1500 h of DH aging. By using other types of glass, glass-glass module configurations show less than 3% of power losses after 2000 h of DH aging. The front side of the cell is much more sensitive than the rear side where the emitter of the cell is. After highlighting the impact of sodium, moisture alone was studied with a module configuration without glass. In that case, the degradation is characterized by increased series resistance without passivation losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113190"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing electron transport layers for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells using impedance spectroscopy 利用阻抗光谱学优化高效率过氧化物太阳能电池的电子传输层

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113196

Marouan Khalifa , Marwa Dkhili , Selma Aouida , Hatem Ezzaouia

The best interface for a perovskite solar cell is designed to facilitate effective charge transport to achieve a high-power conversion efficiency. Tin dioxide (SnO₂) is widely recognized as an electron transport material for perovskite solar cells, offering advantages such as low hysteresis, low defect concentration, and low fabrication temperature. However, the low conduction band edge of SnO₂ restricts the built-in potential of the solar cell device. In this study, we designed a double layer of electron transport by applying zinc oxide (ZnO) on SnO₂ to improve the electron transport properties in perovskite solar cells. The bilayer of electron transport enhances the interfaces between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, leading to an improvement in the efficiency and stability of solar cell devices up to 11.71 % compared to a single SnO2 layer device with a PCE of 9.06 %. The introduction of ZnO reduces charge recombination, resulting in a lower recombination resistance (Rrec). Also, charge transfer resistance (Rct) of ZnO/SnO₂ increased to 16.6KΩ compared to a single SnO₂ layer device with a Rct of 5.29KΩ. Our findings provide valuable insights into the design of electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells and highlight the importance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in understanding the dynamic processes that govern their performance.

设计包晶太阳能电池的最佳界面是为了促进有效的电荷传输，从而实现高功率转换效率。二氧化锡（SnO2）具有低滞后、低缺陷浓度和低制造温度等优点，被公认为是一种用于包晶体太阳能电池的电子传输材料。然而，二氧化锡的低导带边限制了太阳能电池器件的内置潜力。在本研究中，我们通过在二氧化锡上涂覆氧化锌（ZnO）设计了双层电子传输层，以改善过氧化物太阳能电池的电子传输特性。双层电子传输层增强了过氧化物和电子传输层之间的界面，与 PCE 为 9.06% 的单层 SnO2 设备相比，太阳能电池设备的效率和稳定性提高了 11.71%。氧化锌的引入减少了电荷重组，从而降低了重组电阻（Rrec）。此外，ZnO/SnO2 器件的电荷转移电阻（Rct）增至 16.6KΩ，而单层 SnO2 器件的 Rct 为 5.29KΩ。我们的研究结果为设计过氧化物太阳能电池的电子传输层提供了宝贵的见解，并强调了电化学阻抗光谱在了解支配其性能的动态过程方面的重要性。

{"title":"Optimizing electron transport layers for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells using impedance spectroscopy","authors":"Marouan Khalifa , Marwa Dkhili , Selma Aouida , Hatem Ezzaouia","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The best interface for a perovskite solar cell is designed to facilitate effective charge transport to achieve a high-power conversion efficiency. Tin dioxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) is widely recognized as an electron transport material for perovskite solar cells, offering advantages such as low hysteresis, low defect concentration, and low fabrication temperature. However, the low conduction band edge of SnO<sub>2</sub> restricts the built-in potential of the solar cell device. In this study, we designed a double layer of electron transport by applying zinc oxide (ZnO) on SnO<sub>2</sub> to improve the electron transport properties in perovskite solar cells. The bilayer of electron transport enhances the interfaces between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, leading to an improvement in the efficiency and stability of solar cell devices up to 11.71 % compared to a single SnO2 layer device with a PCE of 9.06 %. The introduction of ZnO reduces charge recombination, resulting in a lower recombination resistance (Rrec). Also, charge transfer resistance (Rct) of ZnO/SnO<sub>2</sub> increased to 16.6KΩ compared to a single SnO<sub>2</sub> layer device with a Rct of 5.29KΩ. Our findings provide valuable insights into the design of electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells and highlight the importance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in understanding the dynamic processes that govern their performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compact multilayer selective absorbers based on amorphous carbon for solar-thermal conversion 基于非晶碳的紧凑型多层选择性吸收器，用于太阳能-热转换

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113175

Junli Su , Dingquan Liu , Gang Chen , Chong Ma , Sheng Zhou , Xingyu Li , Kaixuan Wang , Qiuyu Zhang , Haihan Luo

In addressing the energy crisis and climate change, environmentally sustainable materials and structures with heightened absorption and enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency are urgently demanded. In this study, a series of ultrabroadband, omnidirectional, and near-perfect solar radiation absorbers based on amorphous carbon (a-C) were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. These absorbers, featuring 4, 6, and 8-layer compact multilayer thin film structures, exhibited measured absorption of 96.8 %, 96.5 %, and 96.6 % in the range of 300–2500 nm, respectively. The high absorption efficiency delves into the synergistic effects of intrinsic absorption of a-C and enhanced absorption through thin film interference. Through microstructure analysis, the reduced absorption compared to design originates from the optical thickness mismatch caused by the unstable growth rate of a-C. In addition, the absorbers show very slight variations in absorption within 40° and maintain a high absorption of more than 80 % in the incident angle of 60°. For samples with different air annealing temperatures from 100 to 250 °C, the microstructure, morphology, and optical properties were systematically investigated. The appearance of oxygen channels due to surface defects or voids leads to the oxidation reaction of the diffused Ti atoms at high temperature. Notably, the proposed absorber can be fabricated by a lithography-free method, paving a way for large-area application of a-C.

为应对能源危机和气候变化，迫切需要具有更强吸收能力和更高光热转换效率的环境可持续材料和结构。本研究采用磁控溅射技术制造了一系列基于非晶碳（a-C）的超宽带、全向和近乎完美的太阳辐射吸收器。这些吸收器具有 4 层、6 层和 8 层紧凑型多层薄膜结构，在 300-2500 纳米范围内的测量吸收率分别为 96.8%、96.5% 和 96.6%。这种高吸收效率研究了 a-C 的本征吸收和薄膜干涉增强吸收的协同效应。通过微观结构分析，与设计相比吸收率降低的原因在于 a-C 生长速率不稳定导致的光学厚度不匹配。此外，吸收体在 40° 范围内的吸收率变化非常微小，而在 60° 入射角内则保持了 80% 以上的高吸收率。我们对 100 至 250 °C 不同空气退火温度下的样品的微观结构、形态和光学特性进行了系统研究。由于表面缺陷或空隙造成的氧通道的出现，导致扩散的钛原子在高温下发生氧化反应。值得注意的是，所提出的吸收器可通过无光刻法制造，为 a-C 的大面积应用铺平了道路。

{"title":"Compact multilayer selective absorbers based on amorphous carbon for solar-thermal conversion","authors":"Junli Su , Dingquan Liu , Gang Chen , Chong Ma , Sheng Zhou , Xingyu Li , Kaixuan Wang , Qiuyu Zhang , Haihan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In addressing the energy crisis and climate change, environmentally sustainable materials and structures with heightened absorption and enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency are urgently demanded. In this study, a series of ultrabroadband, omnidirectional, and near-perfect solar radiation absorbers based on amorphous carbon (a-C) were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. These absorbers, featuring 4, 6, and 8-layer compact multilayer thin film structures, exhibited measured absorption of 96.8 %, 96.5 %, and 96.6 % in the range of 300–2500 nm, respectively. The high absorption efficiency delves into the synergistic effects of intrinsic absorption of a-C and enhanced absorption through thin film interference. Through microstructure analysis, the reduced absorption compared to design originates from the optical thickness mismatch caused by the unstable growth rate of a-C. In addition, the absorbers show very slight variations in absorption within 40° and maintain a high absorption of more than 80 % in the incident angle of 60°. For samples with different air annealing temperatures from 100 to 250 °C, the microstructure, morphology, and optical properties were systematically investigated. The appearance of oxygen channels due to surface defects or voids leads to the oxidation reaction of the diffused Ti atoms at high temperature. Notably, the proposed absorber can be fabricated by a lithography-free method, paving a way for large-area application of a-C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113175"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Weather resistant low-e coatings on polycarbonate substrates transparent to 5G signals 聚碳酸酯基板上的耐候性低辐射涂层对 5G 信号透明

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113181

Luqman Yunos, Kamil Zuber, Peter J. Murphy, Marta Llusca Jane

Low emissivity (low-e) windows contain a semi-transparent multilayer coating that consists of ultra-thin metallic and dielectric layers (nano-scale) which block the infrared (IR) radiation from the Sun. However, there are two major drawbacks in the technology: firstly, the lack of environmental stability due to the metallic content in the low-e coating. Secondly, the metallic layers attenuate modern-day telecommunications such as Fifth Generation (5G) signals. As there is an ever-increasing demand to reduce energy consumption plus having reliable interior-to-exterior signal coverage, a smarter design for low-e windows is required. In this study, low-e coatings, with the structure TiO₂/NiCr/Ag/NiCr/TiO₂, were deposited on polycarbonate (PC) substrates by magnetron sputtering. To improve environmental stability, a transparent siloxane resin was applied on top. To enhance the 5G signal transmittance, the Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) technique was applied, and hexagonal patterns were laser ablated from the Ag layers. The samples were characterised using spectrophotometry, signal attenuation measurements, salt spray tests, and both accelerated and outdoor weathering. This work demonstrates that the FSS patterning improves the low-e coating transmittance to 5G signals, and the top protective coating contributes to extend the lifetime of the coatings as demonstrated by aggressive durability tests.

低辐射（low-e）窗户包含一层半透明的多层涂层，由超薄金属层和介电层（纳米级）组成，可以阻挡来自太阳的红外线（IR）辐射。然而，该技术有两大缺点：首先，由于低辐射涂层中含有金属成分，因此缺乏环境稳定性。其次，金属层会衰减第五代（5G）等现代通信信号。由于人们对降低能耗和实现可靠的室内外信号覆盖的需求日益增长，因此需要对低辐射窗户进行更智能的设计。在这项研究中，采用磁控溅射技术在聚碳酸酯（PC）基板上沉积了结构为 TiO2/NiCr/Ag/NiCr/TiO2 的低辐射涂层。为了提高环境稳定性，还在上面涂上了透明的硅氧烷树脂。为了提高 5G 信号的透射率，采用了频率选择性表面 (FSS) 技术，并用激光从银层上烧蚀出六边形图案。利用分光光度法、信号衰减测量、盐雾测试以及加速和户外老化对样品进行了表征。这项工作表明，FSS 图案设计提高了低辐射涂层对 5G 信号的透射率，而顶部保护涂层则有助于延长涂层的使用寿命，这一点已在侵蚀性耐久性测试中得到证实。

{"title":"Weather resistant low-e coatings on polycarbonate substrates transparent to 5G signals","authors":"Luqman Yunos, Kamil Zuber, Peter J. Murphy, Marta Llusca Jane","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low emissivity (low-e) windows contain a semi-transparent multilayer coating that consists of ultra-thin metallic and dielectric layers (nano-scale) which block the infrared (IR) radiation from the Sun. However, there are two major drawbacks in the technology: firstly, the lack of environmental stability due to the metallic content in the low-e coating. Secondly, the metallic layers attenuate modern-day telecommunications such as Fifth Generation (5G) signals. As there is an ever-increasing demand to reduce energy consumption plus having reliable interior-to-exterior signal coverage, a smarter design for low-e windows is required. In this study, low-e coatings, with the structure TiO<sub>2</sub>/NiCr/Ag/NiCr/TiO<sub>2</sub>, were deposited on polycarbonate (PC) substrates by magnetron sputtering. To improve environmental stability, a transparent siloxane resin was applied on top. To enhance the 5G signal transmittance, the Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) technique was applied, and hexagonal patterns were laser ablated from the Ag layers. The samples were characterised using spectrophotometry, signal attenuation measurements, salt spray tests, and both accelerated and outdoor weathering. This work demonstrates that the FSS patterning improves the low-e coating transmittance to 5G signals, and the top protective coating contributes to extend the lifetime of the coatings as demonstrated by aggressive durability tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing strategy of bifacial TOPCon solar cells with front-side local passivation contact realized by numerical simulation 通过数值模拟实现具有正面局部钝化接触的双面 TOPCon 太阳能电池的优化策略

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113189

Zixiao Zhou , Qian Kang , Zhaoqing Sun , Yongcai He , Jingjie Li , Chang Sun , Chaowei Xue , Minghao Qu , Xiaoqing Chen , Zilong Zheng , Bo Wang , Hui Yan , Xixiang Xu , Yongzhe Zhang

The tunnelling oxide passivation contact (TOPCon) solar cells have been impressive in the global photovoltaic (PV) market originating from their high efficiency and stability. However, it exhibits significant recombination losses due to its boron diffusion, laser damage and metal-semiconductor contact on front side. The bifacial TOPCon structure demonstrates massive potential in the improvement of passivation and contact performance with the premise that it can solve the parasitic absorption of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si). In this study, the localized poly finger structure with excellent optics and passivation performance is designed in the front side of bifacial solar cells to compare with traditional TOPCon and full-area poly passivation devices. The theoretical efficiency and detailed power loss analysis in our simulation reveal that suppressing the recombination of FSF (front surface field) and the contact area is the crucial strategy to improve device performance, with optimized efficiency of 26.62 % and FF of 85.16 %. These results indicate that the route of BJ (back junction) structure containing localized selective contact and full coverage high-quality passivation holds potential in realizing both high J_sc and V_oc for FBC (front and back contact) solar cells, featuring great instructive significance for future industrialization of PV production.

隧穿氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池因其高效率和高稳定性而在全球光伏（PV）市场上大放异彩。然而，由于硼扩散、激光损伤和正面的金属半导体接触，它表现出显著的重组损耗。双面 TOPCon 结构在改善钝化和接触性能方面具有巨大潜力，前提是它能解决多晶硅（Poly-Si）的寄生吸收问题。本研究在双面太阳能电池的正面设计了具有优异光学和钝化性能的局部多晶指结构，并与传统的 TOPCon 和全面积多晶钝化器件进行了比较。模拟的理论效率和详细的功率损耗分析表明，抑制 FSF（前表面场）和接触面积的重组是提高器件性能的关键策略，优化后的效率为 26.62%，FF 为 85.16%。这些结果表明，包含局部选择性接触和全覆盖高质量钝化的 BJ（后结）结构路线在实现 FBC（前后接触）太阳能电池的高 Jsc 和 Voc 方面具有潜力，对未来光伏生产的工业化具有重要的指导意义。

{"title":"Optimizing strategy of bifacial TOPCon solar cells with front-side local passivation contact realized by numerical simulation","authors":"Zixiao Zhou , Qian Kang , Zhaoqing Sun , Yongcai He , Jingjie Li , Chang Sun , Chaowei Xue , Minghao Qu , Xiaoqing Chen , Zilong Zheng , Bo Wang , Hui Yan , Xixiang Xu , Yongzhe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tunnelling oxide passivation contact (TOPCon) solar cells have been impressive in the global photovoltaic (PV) market originating from their high efficiency and stability. However, it exhibits significant recombination losses due to its boron diffusion, laser damage and metal-semiconductor contact on front side. The bifacial TOPCon structure demonstrates massive potential in the improvement of passivation and contact performance with the premise that it can solve the parasitic absorption of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si). In this study, the localized poly finger structure with excellent optics and passivation performance is designed in the front side of bifacial solar cells to compare with traditional TOPCon and full-area poly passivation devices. The theoretical efficiency and detailed power loss analysis in our simulation reveal that suppressing the recombination of FSF (front surface field) and the contact area is the crucial strategy to improve device performance, with optimized efficiency of 26.62 % and <em>FF</em> of 85.16 %. These results indicate that the route of BJ (back junction) structure containing localized selective contact and full coverage high-quality passivation holds potential in realizing both high <em>J</em><sub>sc</sub> and <em>V</em><sub>oc</sub> for FBC (front and back contact) solar cells, featuring great instructive significance for future industrialization of PV production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unveiling the origin of metal contact failures in TOPCon solar cells through accelerated damp-heat testing 通过加速湿热测试揭示 TOPCon 太阳能电池金属触点故障的根源

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113188

Xinyuan Wu , Chandany Sen , Xutao Wang , Yuhao Cheng , Ruirui Lv , Hao Song , Yuanjie Yu , Baochen Liao , Sheng Ma , Muhammad Umair Khan , Alison Ciesla , Bram Hoex

Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are expected to dominate the global photovoltaic market in the coming decade thanks to rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, there are concerns about the reliability of TOPCon modules, particularly in hot and humid conditions. The current module-level fundamental analysis strategies for TOPCon solar cells provide too slow feedback for rapid process development. This study explores the degradation of metal contacts in TOPCon solar cells under accelerated testing conditions of 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (DH85). The degradation was induced by two commonly used sodium-related salts, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and sodium chloride (NaCl), in the testing of the solar cells. When applied to the front side, NaHCO₃ caused a ∼5%_rel PCE reduction after 100-h DH85 exposure, while NaCl leads to a more significant ∼92%_rel PCE reduction. The primary cause of degradation is a considerable increase in series resistance (R_s), likely due to electrochemical reactions within the Ag/Al paste. When the salts are applied to the rear of the TOPCon solar cell, the degradation becomes more complex. NaHCO₃ increases recombination and results in a deterioration of the contact, resulting in a ∼16%_rel PCE reduction after 100-h DH85 testing. Conversely, NaCl primarily causes a decline in open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and a ∼4%_rel PCE loss. This manuscript primarily investigates degradation mechanisms related on the rear side, with a focus on significant oxidation occurring at the interface between Ag and Si. These findings highlight the susceptibility of TOPCon solar cells to contact corrosion, emphasizing the electrochemical reactivity of metallisation as a potential risk for long-term TOPCon module operation. This study provides crucial insights into TOPCon cell degradation mechanisms, which are essential for optimising performance and enhancing the long-term reliability of TOPCon modules.

由于功率转换效率（PCE）的快速发展，隧道氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池有望在未来十年内主导全球光伏市场。然而，人们对 TOPCon 组件的可靠性表示担忧，尤其是在炎热潮湿的条件下。目前针对 TOPCon 太阳能电池的模块级基本分析策略提供的反馈太慢，不利于快速工艺开发。本研究探讨了 TOPCon 太阳能电池中的金属触点在 85 °C 和 85 % 相对湿度 (DH85) 的加速测试条件下的降解情况。在太阳能电池测试中，两种常用的钠盐（碳酸氢钠 (NaHCO3) 和氯化钠 (NaCl)）诱发了降解。在正面使用 NaHCO3 时，经过 100 小时的 DH85 暴露后，NaHCO3 导致的 PCE 降低了 5%，而 NaCl 导致的 PCE 降低更为显著，达到 92%。降解的主要原因是串联电阻 (Rs) 显著增加，这可能是由于银/铝浆内的电化学反应造成的。当盐类应用于 TOPCon 太阳能电池的背面时，降解变得更加复杂。NaHCO3 会增加重组，导致接触恶化，在 100 小时的 DH85 测试后，PCE 下降了 16%。相反，NaCl 则主要导致开路电压（Voc）下降，PCE 下降 4%。本手稿主要研究与背面有关的降解机制，重点是 Ag 和 Si 之间的界面发生的显著氧化。这些发现凸显了 TOPCon 太阳能电池对接触腐蚀的敏感性，强调了金属化的电化学反应性是 TOPCon 模块长期运行的潜在风险。这项研究提供了有关 TOPCon 电池降解机制的重要见解，这对于优化 TOPCon 组件的性能和提高其长期可靠性至关重要。

{"title":"Unveiling the origin of metal contact failures in TOPCon solar cells through accelerated damp-heat testing","authors":"Xinyuan Wu , Chandany Sen , Xutao Wang , Yuhao Cheng , Ruirui Lv , Hao Song , Yuanjie Yu , Baochen Liao , Sheng Ma , Muhammad Umair Khan , Alison Ciesla , Bram Hoex","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells are expected to dominate the global photovoltaic market in the coming decade thanks to rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency (<em>PCE</em>). However, there are concerns about the reliability of TOPCon modules, particularly in hot and humid conditions. The current module-level fundamental analysis strategies for TOPCon solar cells provide too slow feedback for rapid process development. This study explores the degradation of metal contacts in TOPCon solar cells under accelerated testing conditions of 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity (DH85). The degradation was induced by two commonly used sodium-related salts, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) and sodium chloride (NaCl), in the testing of the solar cells. When applied to the front side, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> caused a ∼5%<sub>rel</sub> <em>PCE</em> reduction after 100-h DH85 exposure, while NaCl leads to a more significant ∼92%<sub>rel</sub> <em>PCE</em> reduction. The primary cause of degradation is a considerable increase in series resistance (<em>R</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>), likely due to electrochemical reactions within the Ag/Al paste. When the salts are applied to the rear of the TOPCon solar cell, the degradation becomes more complex. NaHCO<sub>3</sub> increases recombination and results in a deterioration of the contact, resulting in a ∼16%<sub>rel</sub> <em>PCE</em> reduction after 100-h DH85 testing. Conversely, NaCl primarily causes a decline in open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub><em>oc</em></sub>) and a ∼4%<sub>rel</sub> <em>PCE</em> loss. This manuscript primarily investigates degradation mechanisms related on the rear side, with a focus on significant oxidation occurring at the interface between Ag and Si. These findings highlight the susceptibility of TOPCon solar cells to contact corrosion, emphasizing the electrochemical reactivity of metallisation as a potential risk for long-term TOPCon module operation. This study provides crucial insights into TOPCon cell degradation mechanisms, which are essential for optimising performance and enhancing the long-term reliability of TOPCon modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113188"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improved electrical contact properties in Indium-free silicon heterojunction solar cells with amorphous SnO2 TCO layers 利用非晶态二氧化锡 TCO 层改善无铟硅异质结太阳能电池的电接触特性

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113191

Hitoshi Sai, Takashi Koida, Takuya Matsui

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are recognized as one of the most efficient architectures in silicon-based photovoltaic devices. However, the reliance on indium (In)-based transparent conductive oxides (TCO) is anticipated to constrain their production capacity due to the critical and economically volatile nature of In. Recently, low-temperature-grown amorphous SnO₂ (a-SnO₂) films have been explored as an earth-abundant alternative TCO material. In this study, we examine the electrical contact properties of a-SnO₂ layers employed as TCO layers in SHJ cells, focusing on their interaction with the underlying carrier selective contact layers. Our findings indicate that a stack of doped amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and a-SnO₂ exhibits relatively high specific contact resistivity, leading to a significant reduction in the device's fill factor. To address this issue, we propose two approaches: the insertion of a thin ZnO-based TCO layer between a-Si:H and a-SnO₂, and the use of nanocrystalline silicon layers in place of a-Si:H. Both approaches effectively reduce the contact resistivity, resulting in improvements in fill factor and conversion efficiency comparable to those of benchmark device with In-based TCOs. Based on these findings, we demonstrate a high-efficiency, In-free, SnO₂-based SHJ cell.

硅异质结（SHJ）太阳能电池是公认的硅基光伏设备中最高效的结构之一。然而，由于铟（In）的临界和经济不稳定性，对铟（In）基透明导电氧化物（TCO）的依赖预计会限制其生产能力。最近，低温生长的非晶二氧化锡（a-SnO2）薄膜作为一种富含地球的替代 TCO 材料受到了探索。在本研究中，我们研究了在 SHJ 电池中用作 TCO 层的 a-SnO2 层的电接触特性，重点是它们与底层载流子选择性接触层的相互作用。我们的研究结果表明，掺杂非晶硅（a-Si:H）和二氧化锰（a-SnO2）的叠层表现出相对较高的比接触电阻率，导致器件的填充因子显著降低。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了两种方法：在 a-Si:H 和 a-SnO2 之间插入氧化锌基 TCO 薄层，以及使用纳米晶硅层代替 a-Si:H。这两种方法都有效地降低了接触电阻率，从而提高了填充因子和转换效率，与使用铟基 TCO 的基准器件不相上下。基于这些发现，我们展示了一种高效、无铟、基于二氧化锡的 SHJ 电池。

{"title":"Improved electrical contact properties in Indium-free silicon heterojunction solar cells with amorphous SnO2 TCO layers","authors":"Hitoshi Sai, Takashi Koida, Takuya Matsui","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells are recognized as one of the most efficient architectures in silicon-based photovoltaic devices. However, the reliance on indium (In)-based transparent conductive oxides (TCO) is anticipated to constrain their production capacity due to the critical and economically volatile nature of In. Recently, low-temperature-grown amorphous SnO<sub>2</sub> (a-SnO<sub>2</sub>) films have been explored as an earth-abundant alternative TCO material. In this study, we examine the electrical contact properties of a-SnO<sub>2</sub> layers employed as TCO layers in SHJ cells, focusing on their interaction with the underlying carrier selective contact layers. Our findings indicate that a stack of doped amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and a-SnO<sub>2</sub> exhibits relatively high specific contact resistivity, leading to a significant reduction in the device's fill factor. To address this issue, we propose two approaches: the insertion of a thin ZnO-based TCO layer between a-Si:H and a-SnO<sub>2</sub>, and the use of nanocrystalline silicon layers in place of a-Si:H. Both approaches effectively reduce the contact resistivity, resulting in improvements in fill factor and conversion efficiency comparable to those of benchmark device with In-based TCOs. Based on these findings, we demonstrate a high-efficiency, In-free, SnO<sub>2</sub>-based SHJ cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113191"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the growth kinetics of Ag3Sn alloy layer and fatigue lifetime prediction of PV interconnection Ag3Sn 合金层的生长动力学研究与光伏互连的疲劳寿命预测

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113186

Jun Chen, Yan Li, Chentong Zhang, Liuqing Huang, Xuetao Luo

The electrical conductivity and reliability performances of modules remains a challenge for extending the life-cycling in the widely practical crystalline silicon photovoltaic. Photovoltaic module reliability is severely destroyed by the stress accumulation resulted from the non-stop growth of Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds at the solder joint. The growth behavior and microstructural evolution of Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds during continuous aging was thoroughly investigated, which provided a method for predicting the fatigue life of solder joints. The results indicated that the Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds at the solder joint were formed by continuous diffusion between the brazing material and the Ag electrode in a porous silver electrode, which was significantly affected by temperature and time. When the stress of Ag₃Sn intermetallic compounds was less than 26.7 MPa, the equivalent Ag₃Sn thickness was greater than 1.67 μm. During the soldering process, a reasonable soldering force of 1.44 N was required, corresponding to an initial Ag₃Sn thickness of 1.67–3.02 μm. Moreover, the growth of the intermetallic compounds layer was found to be logarithmic with respect to time and exponential with temperature. Based on the dynamic model of Ag₃Sn and outdoor temperature data of typical cities in Munich, Taizhou, and Sydney with variable latitudes, the fatigue life of solder joints was accurately predicted through finite element analysis. The work provides a theoretical foundation for the precise categorization of photovoltaic modules in diverse applications.

在广泛实用的晶体硅光伏技术中，组件的导电性和可靠性能仍然是延长使用寿命的一个挑战。由于 Ag3Sn 金属间化合物在焊点处不断生长，导致应力累积，严重破坏了光伏组件的可靠性。对 Ag3Sn 金属间化合物在连续老化过程中的生长行为和微结构演变进行了深入研究，为预测焊点的疲劳寿命提供了一种方法。结果表明，焊点处的 Ag3Sn 金属间化合物是在多孔银电极中通过钎料和银电极之间的持续扩散形成的，受温度和时间的影响很大。当 Ag3Sn 金属间化合物的应力小于 26.7 MPa 时，等效 Ag3Sn 厚度大于 1.67 μm。在焊接过程中，需要 1.44 N 的合理焊接力，对应的初始 Ag3Sn 厚度为 1.67-3.02 μm。此外，还发现金属间化合物层的增长与时间呈对数关系，与温度呈指数关系。根据 Ag3Sn 的动态模型以及慕尼黑、台州和悉尼等典型城市不同纬度的室外温度数据，通过有限元分析准确预测了焊点的疲劳寿命。这项研究为光伏组件在不同应用领域的精确分类提供了理论基础。

{"title":"Study on the growth kinetics of Ag3Sn alloy layer and fatigue lifetime prediction of PV interconnection","authors":"Jun Chen, Yan Li, Chentong Zhang, Liuqing Huang, Xuetao Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrical conductivity and reliability performances of modules remains a challenge for extending the life-cycling in the widely practical crystalline silicon photovoltaic. Photovoltaic module reliability is severely destroyed by the stress accumulation resulted from the non-stop growth of Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn intermetallic compounds at the solder joint. The growth behavior and microstructural evolution of Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn intermetallic compounds during continuous aging was thoroughly investigated, which provided a method for predicting the fatigue life of solder joints. The results indicated that the Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn intermetallic compounds at the solder joint were formed by continuous diffusion between the brazing material and the Ag electrode in a porous silver electrode, which was significantly affected by temperature and time. When the stress of Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn intermetallic compounds was less than 26.7 MPa, the equivalent Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn thickness was greater than 1.67 μm. During the soldering process, a reasonable soldering force of 1.44 N was required, corresponding to an initial Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn thickness of 1.67–3.02 μm. Moreover, the growth of the intermetallic compounds layer was found to be logarithmic with respect to time and exponential with temperature. Based on the dynamic model of Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn and outdoor temperature data of typical cities in Munich, Taizhou, and Sydney with variable latitudes, the fatigue life of solder joints was accurately predicted through finite element analysis. The work provides a theoretical foundation for the precise categorization of photovoltaic modules in diverse applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 113186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0