Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第9页

Sb doping facilitates particle refinement and improves transparent NIR insulation of CsxWO3 for energy-saving coating Sb的掺入促进了颗粒细化，提高了节能涂料用CsxWO3的近红外透明绝缘性

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114039

Qianyi Li , Yuxuan Zheng , Jingyao Zhang , Zhiyong Xiong , Haibo Jin , Yuefeng Su , Caihong Feng , Ning Li , Chengzhi Wang , Jingbo Li

Cesium tungsten bronze (Cs_xWO₃) is of significant interest due to its unique spectral selectivity, which is utilized in transparent thermal insulation coatings. However, the low-cost batch preparation of Cs_xWO₃ nanopowders remains a challenge. In this study, we performed an Sb doping modification of Cs_xWO₃. It was observed that Sb doping makes Cs_xWO₃ more prone to breakage, facilitating the preparation of nanoparticle Cs_xWO₃ through a simple solid-state reaction followed by mechanical milling. A 7 % Sb doping results in a small average particle size of 108 nm using moderate ball milling. Meanwhile, appropriate Sb doping enhances the transparent thermal insulation properties of Cs_xWO₃. A 3 % Sb doping raises the integrated visible light transmittance (T_lum, 380–780 nm) of Cs_xWO₃ from 61.7 % to 65.40 %, and improves the near-infrared shielding efficiency (Ψ_NIR, 780–2500 nm) from 61.20 % to 65.92 %, increasing by approximately 4 % and 5 %, respectively. The reasons for these property improvements are discussed based on experiments concerning bandgap (E_g) and oxygen vacancy concentrations induced by Sb doping. This study indicates that Sb doping of 1–3 at% can produce Cs_xWO₃ nanopowders with better performance in a low-cost method, which is of great significance for advancing the production and practical application of nano-sized tungsten bronze powder in energy-saving coatings.

铯钨青铜（CsxWO3）由于其独特的光谱选择性而备受关注，可用于透明隔热涂层。然而，低成本批量制备CsxWO3纳米粉体仍然是一个挑战。在这项研究中，我们对CsxWO3进行了Sb掺杂改性。观察到Sb的掺杂使CsxWO3更容易断裂，有利于通过简单的固相反应和机械铣削制备纳米CsxWO3。掺入7% Sb后，采用中等强度的球磨法制备了平均粒径为108 nm的小颗粒。同时，适当的Sb掺杂提高了CsxWO3的透明隔热性能。3% Sb的掺入使CsxWO3的可见光综合透射率（tum, 380 ~ 780 nm）从61.7%提高到65.40%，近红外屏蔽效率（ΨNIR, 780 ~ 2500 nm）从61.20%提高到65.92%，分别提高了约4%和5%。通过Sb掺杂引起的带隙（Eg）和氧空位浓度的实验，讨论了这些性能改善的原因。本研究表明，掺杂1-3 at%的Sb可以以低成本的方法制备出性能较好的CsxWO3纳米粉体，这对于推进纳米钨青铜粉在节能涂料中的生产和实际应用具有重要意义。

{"title":"Sb doping facilitates particle refinement and improves transparent NIR insulation of CsxWO3 for energy-saving coating","authors":"Qianyi Li , Yuxuan Zheng , Jingyao Zhang , Zhiyong Xiong , Haibo Jin , Yuefeng Su , Caihong Feng , Ning Li , Chengzhi Wang , Jingbo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cesium tungsten bronze (Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub>) is of significant interest due to its unique spectral selectivity, which is utilized in transparent thermal insulation coatings. However, the low-cost batch preparation of Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> nanopowders remains a challenge. In this study, we performed an Sb doping modification of Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub>. It was observed that Sb doping makes Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> more prone to breakage, facilitating the preparation of nanoparticle Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> through a simple solid-state reaction followed by mechanical milling. A 7 % Sb doping results in a small average particle size of 108 nm using moderate ball milling. Meanwhile, appropriate Sb doping enhances the transparent thermal insulation properties of Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub>. A 3 % Sb doping raises the integrated visible light transmittance (<em>T</em><sub>lum</sub>, 380–780 nm) of Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> from 61.7 % to 65.40 %, and improves the near-infrared shielding efficiency (<em>Ψ</em><sub>NIR</sub>, 780–2500 nm) from 61.20 % to 65.92 %, increasing by approximately 4 % and 5 %, respectively. The reasons for these property improvements are discussed based on experiments concerning bandgap (<em>E</em><sub>g</sub>) and oxygen vacancy concentrations induced by Sb doping. This study indicates that Sb doping of 1–3 at% can produce Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> nanopowders with better performance in a low-cost method, which is of great significance for advancing the production and practical application of nano-sized tungsten bronze powder in energy-saving coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 114039"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145414958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cell-to-module factors of perovskite/silicon tandem and silicon single junction mini modules for different module rear sides 不同模块背面的钙钛矿/硅串联和硅单结微型模块的电池-模块因素

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114027

T.L. Brockmann , S. Blankemeyer , S. Kirner , R. Peibst , T. Wietler , H. Schulte-Huxel

Module integration is a crucial step to utilize the high power-conversion efficiencies demonstrated on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells in application. We experimentally investigate optical gains and losses when integrating industrial 2-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells into modules. We compare the optical impact of various module rear sides for perovskite/silicon tandem cells and determine their impact on the cell-to-module factors due to spectral and geometrical effects for the short current density J_sc and power-conversion efficiency. We show that the current mismatch between the two tandem subcells changes from cell to module level more strongly due to light scattering from the intercell regions than due to the altered optics in the cell areas. Since the generation in the bottom cell benefits more from light scattering from the intercell regions than the top cell, the current mismatch of our bottom-cell-limited tandems is significantly reduced upon module integration. For white backsheets as rear sides, we achieve cell-to-module gains in J_sc for perovskite/silicon tandems of up to +1.3 % _rel. Our tandem-adapted cell interconnection and encapsulation process yields low cell-to-module losses in power conversion efficiency down to −1.4 % _rel., enabling (test) module efficiencies up to 25.5 % ± 1 %. We benchmark the cell-to-module factors for perovskite/silicon tandem cells against a silicon hetero(single-)junction solar cell. The perovskite/silicon tandems outperform the silicon singlejunctions regarding cell-to-module factors by up to +2 % _rel. in J_sc and +5 % _rel. in efficiency with a white encapsulation material as the module rear.

组件集成是利用钙钛矿/硅串联太阳能电池在应用中所展示的高功率转换效率的关键一步。我们通过实验研究了将工业2端钙钛矿/硅串联太阳能电池集成到模块中的光学增益和损耗。我们比较了钙钛矿/硅串联电池的不同模块背面的光学影响，并确定了它们对电池到模块因素的影响，这是由于光谱和几何效应对短电流密度Jsc和功率转换效率的影响。我们表明，由于细胞间区域的光散射，而不是由于细胞区域的光学改变，两个串联亚细胞之间的电流不匹配从细胞到模块水平的变化更强烈。由于底层小区比顶层小区从小区间区域的光散射中获益更多，因此在模块集成后，我们的底层小区有限串联的电流不匹配显着减少。对于作为背面的白色背板，我们在Jsc中实现了钙钛矿/硅串联电池到组件的增益高达+ 1.3%。我们的串联电池互连和封装工艺使电池到组件的功率转换效率损失低至- 1.4%，使（测试）模块效率高达25.5%±1%。我们对钙钛矿/硅串联电池的电池-模块因素与硅异质（单）结太阳能电池进行了基准测试。钙钛矿/硅串联在电池到模块的因素方面优于硅单结，在Jsc中可提高+ 2%，在模块后部采用白色封装材料时，效率可提高+ 5%。

{"title":"Cell-to-module factors of perovskite/silicon tandem and silicon single junction mini modules for different module rear sides","authors":"T.L. Brockmann , S. Blankemeyer , S. Kirner , R. Peibst , T. Wietler , H. Schulte-Huxel","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Module integration is a crucial step to utilize the high power-conversion efficiencies demonstrated on perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells in application. We experimentally investigate optical gains and losses when integrating industrial 2-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells into modules. We compare the optical impact of various module rear sides for perovskite/silicon tandem cells and determine their impact on the cell-to-module factors due to spectral and geometrical effects for the short current density <em>J</em><sub><em>sc</em></sub> and power-conversion efficiency. We show that the current mismatch between the two tandem subcells changes from cell to module level more strongly due to light scattering from the intercell regions than due to the altered optics in the cell areas. Since the generation in the bottom cell benefits more from light scattering from the intercell regions than the top cell, the current mismatch of our bottom-cell-limited tandems is significantly reduced upon module integration. For white backsheets as rear sides, we achieve cell-to-module gains in <em>J</em><sub><em>sc</em></sub> for perovskite/silicon tandems of up to +1.3 % <sub>rel</sub>. Our tandem-adapted cell interconnection and encapsulation process yields low cell-to-module losses in power conversion efficiency down to −1.4 % <sub>rel.</sub>, enabling (test) module efficiencies up to 25.5 % ± 1 %. We benchmark the cell-to-module factors for perovskite/silicon tandem cells against a silicon hetero(single-)junction solar cell. The perovskite/silicon tandems outperform the silicon singlejunctions regarding cell-to-module factors by up to +2 % <sub>rel.</sub> in <em>J</em><sub><em>sc</em></sub> and +5 % <sub>rel.</sub> in efficiency with a white encapsulation material as the module rear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 114027"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145414959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Progress of research in molten carbonate properties and current applications: A review 熔融碳酸盐的性质及其应用研究进展

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114022

Liangjuan Gao

Molten carbonates have attracted great attention in area of sustainable and renewable energy since they can be used as electrolytes for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and as thermal storage medium and heat transfer fluids for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants due to their high-temperature stability, high heat capacity, non-toxicity, appropriate density, surface tension and viscosity at high temperature. The physicochemical properties of molten carbonates play an essential role in improving fuel energy-to-electricity and solar thermal energy-to-electricity efficiencies. However, the experimental determination of physicochemical properties of molten carbonates is difficult and time-consuming due to the high working temperature. Furthermore, single composition molten carbonate nor binary or ternary eutectics cannot provide suitable physicochemical properties for high performance at moderately high temperature. Therefore, alkaline earth carbonates are added to binary or ternary eutectics to adjust their physicochemical properties and reduce dissolution of MCFC electrodes into molten carbonates. Halide salts and hydroxides are commonly added to the mixture to modify its physicochemical properties to improve thermal energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency. In this review, the effect of additives on physicochemical properties of molten carbonates is addressed, as well as their use in the main applications of molten carbonate mixture. The commonly used methods and apparatus to measure physicochemical properties of molten carbonates are reviewed, together with advanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods to predict the thermodynamic and transport properties and understand the local microstructure of molten carbonates as it affects the physical properties. General recommendations for the direction of molten carbonates property research and development are presented.

熔融碳酸盐具有高温稳定性、高热容量、无毒、适宜的密度、高温下的表面张力和粘度等特点，可作为熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（mcfc）的电解质，以及聚光太阳能（CSP）电站的蓄热介质和传热流体，在可持续能源和可再生能源领域受到广泛关注。熔融碳酸盐的物理化学性质在提高燃料能-电和太阳热能-电效率方面起着至关重要的作用。然而，由于工作温度高，用实验方法测定熔融碳酸盐的物理化学性质既困难又耗时。此外，单一组成的熔融碳酸盐或二元或三元共晶不能在中等高温下提供合适的物理化学性质以获得高性能。因此，在二元或三元共晶中加入碱土碳酸盐来调节其物理化学性质，减少MCFC电极在熔融碳酸盐中的溶解。卤化物盐和氢氧化物通常被添加到混合物中，以改变其物理化学性质，提高热能到电力的转换效率。本文综述了添加剂对熔融碳酸盐的物理化学性质的影响，以及它们在熔融碳酸盐混合物中的主要应用。综述了碳酸盐岩熔融物化学性质的常用测量方法和设备，以及先进的分子动力学（MD）模拟方法，以预测碳酸盐岩熔融物的热力学和输运性质，并了解其局部微观结构对物理性质的影响。对熔融碳酸盐性能研究和开发的方向提出了一般性建议。

{"title":"Progress of research in molten carbonate properties and current applications: A review","authors":"Liangjuan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten carbonates have attracted great attention in area of sustainable and renewable energy since they can be used as electrolytes for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and as thermal storage medium and heat transfer fluids for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants due to their high-temperature stability, high heat capacity, non-toxicity, appropriate density, surface tension and viscosity at high temperature. The physicochemical properties of molten carbonates play an essential role in improving fuel energy-to-electricity and solar thermal energy-to-electricity efficiencies. However, the experimental determination of physicochemical properties of molten carbonates is difficult and time-consuming due to the high working temperature. Furthermore, single composition molten carbonate nor binary or ternary eutectics cannot provide suitable physicochemical properties for high performance at moderately high temperature. Therefore, alkaline earth carbonates are added to binary or ternary eutectics to adjust their physicochemical properties and reduce dissolution of MCFC electrodes into molten carbonates. Halide salts and hydroxides are commonly added to the mixture to modify its physicochemical properties to improve thermal energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency. In this review, the effect of additives on physicochemical properties of molten carbonates is addressed, as well as their use in the main applications of molten carbonate mixture. The commonly used methods and apparatus to measure physicochemical properties of molten carbonates are reviewed, together with advanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods to predict the thermodynamic and transport properties and understand the local microstructure of molten carbonates as it affects the physical properties. General recommendations for the direction of molten carbonates property research and development are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 114022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Cd-diffusion strategy to prepare Cu2CdSnS4 thin films for solar cells 一种制备Cu2CdSnS4太阳能电池薄膜的cd扩散策略

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114026

Getinet Yenealem Ashebir , Chao Dong

We present a Cd-diffusion strategy to fabricate large-grained, phase-pure Cu₂CdSnS₄absorber films by sulfurizing a solution-processed bi-layer CdS/Cu₂SnS₃ films. The key novelty lies in using Cd diffusion from a thin underlying CdS layer to uniformly convert a Cu₂SnS₃ layers into Cu₂CdSnS₄, successfully eliminating the small-grained bottom layer that typically plagues solution-processed kesterite/stannite films. We demonstrate that the phase transformation to pure Cu₂CdSnS₄ is governed by the final Cd content in the film matrix, not by the Cd diffusion length. Optimized films, obtained at a sulfurization temperature of 550 °C, exhibit ideal optoelectronic properties with a band gap of ∼1.40 eV and a high absorption coefficient (>10⁵ cm⁻¹). Solar cells in a FTO/TiO₂/Cu₂CdSnS₄/P3HT/MoO₃/Ag configuration achieve a power conversion efficiency of 3.81 %, attributed to the high-quality, large-grained Cu₂CdSnS₄ absorber. This work provides a promising pathway for developing efficient thin-film solar cells with homogeneous morphology.

我们提出了一种cd扩散策略，通过硫化溶液处理的双层cd /Cu2SnS3膜来制备大晶粒，相纯cu2cdsns4吸收膜。关键的新颖之处在于，利用Cd从底层薄薄的CdS层扩散，将Cu2SnS3层均匀地转化为Cu2CdSnS4层，成功地消除了通常困扰溶液处理的kesterite/stannite薄膜的底层小晶粒层。结果表明，向纯Cu2CdSnS4的相变受薄膜基体中最终Cd含量的控制，而不受Cd扩散长度的影响。在550°C的硫化温度下获得的优化薄膜具有理想的光电性能，带隙为~ 1.40 eV，吸收系数高（>105 cm−1）。FTO/TiO2/Cu2CdSnS4/P3HT/MoO3/Ag结构的太阳能电池实现了3.81%的功率转换效率，这归功于高质量、大粒度的Cu2CdSnS4吸收剂。这项工作为开发具有均匀形态的高效薄膜太阳能电池提供了一条有希望的途径。

{"title":"A Cd-diffusion strategy to prepare Cu2CdSnS4 thin films for solar cells","authors":"Getinet Yenealem Ashebir , Chao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a Cd-diffusion strategy to fabricate large-grained, phase-pure Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub>absorber films by sulfurizing a solution-processed bi-layer CdS/Cu<sub>2</sub>SnS<sub>3</sub> films. The key novelty lies in using Cd diffusion from a thin underlying CdS layer to uniformly convert a Cu<sub>2</sub>SnS<sub>3</sub> layers into Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub>, successfully eliminating the small-grained bottom layer that typically plagues solution-processed kesterite/stannite films. We demonstrate that the phase transformation to pure Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub> is governed by the final Cd content in the film matrix, not by the Cd diffusion length. Optimized films, obtained at a sulfurization temperature of 550 °C, exhibit ideal optoelectronic properties with a band gap of ∼1.40 eV and a high absorption coefficient (>10<sup>5</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>). Solar cells in a FTO/TiO<sub>2</sub>/Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub>/P3HT/MoO<sub>3</sub>/Ag configuration achieve a power conversion efficiency of 3.81 %, attributed to the high-quality, large-grained Cu<sub>2</sub>CdSnS<sub>4</sub> absorber. This work provides a promising pathway for developing efficient thin-film solar cells with homogeneous morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 114026"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Insight into cooling requirements for thermophotovoltaic devices 深入了解热光伏器件的冷却要求

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114023

Bhrigu Rishi Mishra , Alexis Vossier , Inès Revol , Guilhem Almuneau , Rodolphe Vaillon

Performance of thermophotovoltaic conversion devices depends on the operating temperature of the cell, and thus on how heat generated in the cell is dissipated. The present research examines the cooling requirements that allow the cell to operate at a specified temperature, based on the parameters influencing electrical power generation. A detailed balance approach and a simple thermal model involving an effective heat transfer coefficient are used. Key parameters, such as emitter temperature, view factor, in-band transmission and out-of-band transmission functions, and external radiative efficiency, are systematically varied to evaluate their influence on pairwise efficiency and power density, and on the required effective heat transfer coefficient to ensure that the cell operates at selected temperatures. Although thermophotovoltaic cells are typically presumed to function at close to ambient, our findings indicate that maintaining this operating temperature necessitates a cooling system with a substantially high effective heat transfer coefficient (

\sim 1 0^{3} - 1 0^{4}

Wm⁻²K⁻¹). The cooling challenge grows when the cell bandgap diminishes, due to the interplay of rising power density and decreasing pairwise efficiency. The cooling requirements increase with the temperature of the emitter and the view factor. Nevertheless, they can be mitigated by reducing both in-band and out-of-band transmission functions. They are underestimated, and the bandgap optimizing pairwise efficiency or power density is inadequately predicted when the cell is assumed to operate in the radiative limit. These insights into cooling requirements imply that they should be considered from the initial stages of thermophotovoltaic device design.

热光伏转换装置的性能取决于电池的工作温度，因此取决于电池中产生的热量如何消散。目前的研究基于影响发电的参数，检查了允许电池在特定温度下运行的冷却要求。采用了详细的平衡方法和包含有效传热系数的简单热模型。系统地改变关键参数，如发射器温度、视野因子、带内和带外传输函数以及外部辐射效率，以评估它们对成对效率和功率密度的影响，以及确保电池在选定温度下工作所需的有效传热系数的影响。虽然热光伏电池通常被认为是在接近环境的温度下工作，但我们的研究结果表明，维持这种工作温度需要一个具有相当高的有效传热系数（~ 103−104 Wm−2K−1）的冷却系统。当电池的带隙减小时，由于功率密度的增加和效率的降低的相互作用，冷却挑战也随之增加。冷却要求随着发射极温度和视场系数的增大而增大。然而，它们可以通过减少带内和带外传输功能来减轻。它们被低估了，当电池被假设在辐射极限下工作时，带隙优化的成对效率或功率密度是不充分的预测。这些对冷却要求的见解意味着它们应该从热光伏设备设计的初始阶段就被考虑。

{"title":"Insight into cooling requirements for thermophotovoltaic devices","authors":"Bhrigu Rishi Mishra , Alexis Vossier , Inès Revol , Guilhem Almuneau , Rodolphe Vaillon","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance of thermophotovoltaic conversion devices depends on the operating temperature of the cell, and thus on how heat generated in the cell is dissipated. The present research examines the cooling requirements that allow the cell to operate at a specified temperature, based on the parameters influencing electrical power generation. A detailed balance approach and a simple thermal model involving an effective heat transfer coefficient are used. Key parameters, such as emitter temperature, view factor, in-band transmission and out-of-band transmission functions, and external radiative efficiency, are systematically varied to evaluate their influence on pairwise efficiency and power density, and on the required effective heat transfer coefficient to ensure that the cell operates at selected temperatures. Although thermophotovoltaic cells are typically presumed to function at close to ambient, our findings indicate that maintaining this operating temperature necessitates a cooling system with a substantially high effective heat transfer coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> Wm<sup>−2</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>). The cooling challenge grows when the cell bandgap diminishes, due to the interplay of rising power density and decreasing pairwise efficiency. The cooling requirements increase with the temperature of the emitter and the view factor. Nevertheless, they can be mitigated by reducing both in-band and out-of-band transmission functions. They are underestimated, and the bandgap optimizing pairwise efficiency or power density is inadequately predicted when the cell is assumed to operate in the radiative limit. These insights into cooling requirements imply that they should be considered from the initial stages of thermophotovoltaic device design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 114023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of the performance differences in PV–PCM systems with numerical analysis of different phase change materials and structural designs 通过对不同相变材料和结构设计的数值分析来评估PV-PCM系统的性能差异

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114019

Singgih Dwi Prasetyo , Yuki Trisnoaji , Zainal Arifin , Aditya Rio Prabowo

Photovoltaic (PV) systems experience significant efficiency losses due to elevated surface temperatures under prolonged solar exposure, particularly in tropical environments. Integrating phase change materials (PCM) has emerged as a practical passive cooling approach to mitigate thermal degradation. However, the combined influence of PCM type and fin geometry on electrical and thermal efficiency remains underexplored. This study investigates the performance of PV–PCM systems using three types of PCMs—Paraffin–ZnO (nanoparticle-enhanced), Lauric Acid (organic), and Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate, Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O (inorganic)—combined with two fin geometries (diamond and honeycomb), each designed in hollow and non-hollow configurations. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to analyze temperature distribution, PCM melting behavior, and efficiency characteristics. The model validation through MAPE (<10 %) and mesh independence tests confirmed high numerical accuracy. Results show that Paraffin–ZnO achieved the highest electrical efficiency of 12.62 % in the diamond fin without a cavity. In comparison, Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O exhibited the best thermal efficiency of 11.01 % in the diamond fin with cavity. Lauric Acid demonstrated moderate but stable performance with an average electrical efficiency of 12.31 % and thermal efficiency of 7.04 %. ANOVA analysis revealed that PCM type significantly affects both electrical (F = 70.406, p < 0.05) and thermal performance (F = 37,823.39, p < 0.05), whereas fin geometry showed no statistically significant influence. These findings highlight the critical role of PCM material selection in achieving optimal PV–PCM performance and demonstrate that simple fin geometries combined with high–latent heat PCMs can provide cost-effective, scalable, and energy-efficient cooling solutions for PV applications in hot climates.

在长时间的太阳照射下，特别是在热带环境中，由于表面温度升高，光伏（PV）系统的效率损失很大。集成相变材料（PCM）已成为一种实用的被动冷却方法，以减轻热降解。然而，PCM类型和翅片几何形状对电效率和热效率的综合影响仍未得到充分探讨。本研究使用三种类型的pcm -石蜡- zno（纳米颗粒增强），月桂酸（有机）和四水合硝酸钙，Ca(NO3)2·4H2O（无机）-结合两种几何形状的鳍（菱形和蜂窝形），分别设计为空心和非空心构型，研究PV-PCM系统的性能。利用ANSYS Fluent软件进行三维数值模拟，分析了温度分布、PCM熔化行为和效率特性。通过MAPE （< 10%）和网格独立性测试验证了模型具有较高的数值精度。结果表明，石蜡- zno在无空腔的金刚石翅片中电效率最高，达到12.62%。相比之下，Ca(NO3)2·4H2O在带腔的金刚石翅片中的热效率最高，为11.01%。月桂酸表现出中等但稳定的性能，平均电效率为12.31%，热效率为7.04%。方差分析显示，PCM类型对电学性能（F = 70.406, p < 0.05）和热学性能（F = 37,823.39, p < 0.05）均有显著影响，而翅片几何形状对其影响无统计学意义。这些发现强调了PCM材料选择在实现最佳PV - PCM性能方面的关键作用，并证明了简单的翅片几何形状与高潜热PCM相结合可以为炎热气候下的PV应用提供经济、可扩展和节能的冷却解决方案。

{"title":"Assessment of the performance differences in PV–PCM systems with numerical analysis of different phase change materials and structural designs","authors":"Singgih Dwi Prasetyo , Yuki Trisnoaji , Zainal Arifin , Aditya Rio Prabowo","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic (PV) systems experience significant efficiency losses due to elevated surface temperatures under prolonged solar exposure, particularly in tropical environments. Integrating phase change materials (PCM) has emerged as a practical passive cooling approach to mitigate thermal degradation. However, the combined influence of PCM type and fin geometry on electrical and thermal efficiency remains underexplored. This study investigates the performance of PV–PCM systems using three types of PCMs—Paraffin–ZnO (nanoparticle-enhanced), Lauric Acid (organic), and Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate, Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O (inorganic)—combined with two fin geometries (diamond and honeycomb), each designed in hollow and non-hollow configurations. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to analyze temperature distribution, PCM melting behavior, and efficiency characteristics. The model validation through MAPE (<10 %) and mesh independence tests confirmed high numerical accuracy. Results show that Paraffin–ZnO achieved the highest electrical efficiency of 12.62 % in the diamond fin without a cavity. In comparison, Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited the best thermal efficiency of 11.01 % in the diamond fin with cavity. Lauric Acid demonstrated moderate but stable performance with an average electrical efficiency of 12.31 % and thermal efficiency of 7.04 %. ANOVA analysis revealed that PCM type significantly affects both electrical (F = 70.406, p < 0.05) and thermal performance (F = 37,823.39, p < 0.05), whereas fin geometry showed no statistically significant influence. These findings highlight the critical role of PCM material selection in achieving optimal PV–PCM performance and demonstrate that simple fin geometries combined with high–latent heat PCMs can provide cost-effective, scalable, and energy-efficient cooling solutions for PV applications in hot climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114019"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Al–Ce Co-modified for enhanced long-cycle performance of CaCO3-Based thermochemical energy storage materials Al-Ce共改性增强caco3基热化学储能材料长周期性能

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114020

Zhiqiang Zhu , Qi Xu , Xiang Li , Shengdi Zhang , Chunxi Hai , Yuan Zhou

Ca-looping-driven thermochemical energy storage (TCES) materials are highly promising options for next-generation concentrated solar power (CSP) applications. However, the heat storage performance of pure Ca-based materials largely deteriorates after repeated cycles, reducing the operational lifespan of CSP plants. To improve the cycling stability of TCES materials, a sol–gel-based strategy is developed that introduces Al and Ce into CaCO₃ powders. After 50 cycles, the conversion rates of CaCO₃-based composites exceed 80 % and the heat storage densities reach 1600 kJ/kg, with the composite with a Ca:Al:Ce molar ratio of 100:10:2.5 exhibiting exceptional stability. This high performance is attributed to oxygen vacancies generated by Ce³⁺ and the porous structure preserved by Al³⁺ throughout the cycling process. Furthermore, the adsorption energies of the CaO-based composites (pertaining to the (002) plane) are calculated using density functional theory. The results showed that the N-10 M ratio can decrease the adsorption energy of CaO for CO₂ from −1.5006 to −1.6718 eV and shorten the bond length between C_CO2 and O_CaO from 1.41 to 1.38 Å. Furthermore, PDOS curves of C and O on N-10 exhibit a significant shift toward lower energy regions. These results demonstrate that the addition of Al and Ce can enhance the CO₂-capture capacity. Alongside presenting a new doping strategy, this study elucidates the microscopic physical mechanism by which Al and Ce improve the properties of CaO-based materials, offering valuable guidance for developing high-performance TCES materials for CSP applications.

钙环驱动的热化学储能（TCES）材料是下一代聚光太阳能（CSP）应用中非常有前途的选择。然而，在重复循环后，纯ca基材料的储热性能在很大程度上恶化，减少了CSP工厂的运行寿命。为了提高TCES材料的循环稳定性，开发了一种溶胶-凝胶策略，将Al和Ce引入CaCO3粉末中。经过50次循环后，caco3基复合材料的转化率超过80%，储热密度达到1600 kJ/kg，且Ca:Al:Ce摩尔比为100:10:2.5的复合材料表现出优异的稳定性。这种高性能归因于Ce3+产生的氧空位和Al3+在整个循环过程中保留的多孔结构。此外，利用密度泛函理论计算了cao基复合材料（属于（002）平面）的吸附能。结果表明，N-10 M比可使CaO对CO2的吸附能从- 1.5006 eV降低到- 1.6718 eV，使CCO2与OCaO的键长从1.41缩短到1.38 Å。此外，N-10上C和O的PDOS曲线向低能区明显偏移。这些结果表明，Al和Ce的加入可以增强co2的捕获能力。本研究在提出一种新的掺杂策略的同时，阐明了Al和Ce改善cao基材料性能的微观物理机制，为开发用于CSP应用的高性能TCES材料提供了有价值的指导。

{"title":"Al–Ce Co-modified for enhanced long-cycle performance of CaCO3-Based thermochemical energy storage materials","authors":"Zhiqiang Zhu , Qi Xu , Xiang Li , Shengdi Zhang , Chunxi Hai , Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ca-looping-driven thermochemical energy storage (TCES) materials are highly promising options for next-generation concentrated solar power (CSP) applications. However, the heat storage performance of pure Ca-based materials largely deteriorates after repeated cycles, reducing the operational lifespan of CSP plants. To improve the cycling stability of TCES materials, a sol–gel-based strategy is developed that introduces Al and Ce into CaCO<sub>3</sub> powders. After 50 cycles, the conversion rates of CaCO<sub>3</sub>-based composites exceed 80 % and the heat storage densities reach 1600 kJ/kg, with the composite with a Ca:Al:Ce molar ratio of 100:10:2.5 exhibiting exceptional stability. This high performance is attributed to oxygen vacancies generated by Ce<sup>3+</sup> and the porous structure preserved by Al<sup>3+</sup> throughout the cycling process. Furthermore, the adsorption energies of the CaO-based composites (pertaining to the (002) plane) are calculated using density functional theory. The results showed that the N-10 M ratio can decrease the adsorption energy of CaO for CO<sub>2</sub> from −1.5006 to −1.6718 eV and shorten the bond length between C<sub>CO2</sub> and O<sub>CaO</sub> from 1.41 to 1.38 Å. Furthermore, PDOS curves of C and O on N-10 exhibit a significant shift toward lower energy regions. These results demonstrate that the addition of Al and Ce can enhance the CO<sub>2</sub>-capture capacity. Alongside presenting a new doping strategy, this study elucidates the microscopic physical mechanism by which Al and Ce improve the properties of CaO-based materials, offering valuable guidance for developing high-performance TCES materials for CSP applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of proton radiation on the performance of single-junction perovskite solar cells for space applications 质子辐射对空间应用单结钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114015

Harini Srikanth Rao , Wei-Hao Chiu , Shih-Hsuan Chen , Ming-Chung Wu , Kun-Mu Lee

The operational stability of the single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under space conditions remains a concern. This review systematically analyzes the effects of proton irradiation on PSCs, correlating the observed degradation with displacement damage and electronic ionization mechanisms. The penetration depth of protons and the associated vacancy profiles across PSC layers are assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Proton irradiation generates defects in the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced carrier mobility and device performance. Substrate analysis shows that cerium-doped glass, fused quartz, and silica retain optical clarity better than soda lime glass and flexible substrates. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) like Indium-tin oxide (ITO) exhibit strong radiation stability compared to other TCOs. For charge transport layers (CTLs), inorganic CTLs demonstrated better radiation resistance compared to their organic counterparts. The phenomenon of self-recovery in PSCs is also explored, which is attributed to defect recovery, relaxation of ion migration, and thermal annealing. By integrating experimental findings with simulation-based insights, this review maps the vulnerability of each device layer and addresses the proton irradiation relevant for space environments.

单结钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）在空间条件下的运行稳定性仍然是一个值得关注的问题。本文系统分析了质子辐照对PSCs的影响，并将其降解与位移损伤和电子电离机制联系起来。利用蒙特卡罗模拟评估了质子的穿透深度和相关的PSC层空位分布。质子辐照会在钙钛矿晶格中产生缺陷，导致载流子迁移率和器件性能降低。衬底分析表明，掺铈玻璃、熔融石英和二氧化硅比钠石灰玻璃和柔性衬底保持更好的光学清晰度。与其他导电氧化物相比，铟锡氧化物（ITO）等透明导电氧化物（tco）具有较强的辐射稳定性。对于电荷传输层（ctl），无机ctl比有机ctl表现出更好的抗辐射能力。还探讨了PSCs中的自恢复现象，这归因于缺陷恢复，离子迁移弛豫和热退火。通过将实验结果与基于模拟的见解相结合，本综述绘制了每个设备层的脆弱性，并解决了与空间环境相关的质子辐照问题。

{"title":"Impact of proton radiation on the performance of single-junction perovskite solar cells for space applications","authors":"Harini Srikanth Rao , Wei-Hao Chiu , Shih-Hsuan Chen , Ming-Chung Wu , Kun-Mu Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operational stability of the single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under space conditions remains a concern. This review systematically analyzes the effects of proton irradiation on PSCs, correlating the observed degradation with displacement damage and electronic ionization mechanisms. The penetration depth of protons and the associated vacancy profiles across PSC layers are assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Proton irradiation generates defects in the perovskite lattice, leading to reduced carrier mobility and device performance. Substrate analysis shows that cerium-doped glass, fused quartz, and silica retain optical clarity better than soda lime glass and flexible substrates. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) like Indium-tin oxide (ITO) exhibit strong radiation stability compared to other TCOs. For charge transport layers (CTLs), inorganic CTLs demonstrated better radiation resistance compared to their organic counterparts. The phenomenon of self-recovery in PSCs is also explored, which is attributed to defect recovery, relaxation of ion migration, and thermal annealing. By integrating experimental findings with simulation-based insights, this review maps the vulnerability of each device layer and addresses the proton irradiation relevant for space environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lead-free perovskite materials for optoelectronic and solar energy applications 光电和太阳能应用无铅钙钛矿材料

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114025

Mohammed K.M. Ali , Ahmed A. Mohsen , Nageh K. Allam

Lead-free halide perovskites have attracted growing attention as sustainable alternatives to their lead-containing counterparts, offering reduced toxicity and potentially improved long-term stability for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. However, the field remains fragmented, with widely varying synthesis strategies, stability benchmarks, and performance metrics, making it difficult to identify consistent design principles. This review provides a critical and integrative evaluation of the most recent advances in lead-free perovskite materials, highlighting structure-property-stability correlations across different perovskite families including Sn-, Bi-, Ge-, and Sb-based systems, as well as double and vacancy-ordered perovskites. Unlike previous reviews, this article introduces a comparative analysis that connects chemical composition, crystal dimensionality, and electronic structure with experimentally observed photovoltaic performance and degradation pathways. It also compiles and evaluates emerging trends in interface modification, defect passivation, and compositional engineering aimed at mitigating oxidation and moisture sensitivity. In addition, the review surveys recent computational and data-driven screening strategies that enable predictive design of stable, efficient lead-free perovskites. By critically mapping both progress and persisting challenges, this work provides a coherent framework for future materials development and device integration, positioning lead-free perovskites as key candidates for sustainable next-generation solar energy technologies.

作为含铅卤化物钙钛矿的可持续替代品，无铅卤化物钙钛矿引起了越来越多的关注，因为它降低了毒性，并有可能提高光伏和光电子应用的长期稳定性。然而，该领域仍然分散，合成策略、稳定性基准和性能指标各不相同，因此很难确定一致的设计原则。本文综述了无铅钙钛矿材料的最新进展，重点介绍了不同钙钛矿家族之间的结构-性能-稳定性相关性，包括锡基、铋基、锗基和铋基体系，以及双有序和空位有序钙钛矿。与之前的综述不同，本文介绍了化学成分、晶体尺寸和电子结构与实验观察到的光伏性能和降解途径之间的比较分析。它还汇编和评估了界面改性、缺陷钝化和旨在减轻氧化和湿气敏感性的组合工程方面的新兴趋势。此外，该综述调查了最近的计算和数据驱动筛选策略，这些策略能够预测设计稳定、高效的无铅钙钛矿。通过批判性地描绘进展和持续的挑战，这项工作为未来材料开发和设备集成提供了一个连贯的框架，将无铅钙钛矿定位为可持续的下一代太阳能技术的关键候选者。

{"title":"Lead-free perovskite materials for optoelectronic and solar energy applications","authors":"Mohammed K.M. Ali , Ahmed A. Mohsen , Nageh K. Allam","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead-free halide perovskites have attracted growing attention as sustainable alternatives to their lead-containing counterparts, offering reduced toxicity and potentially improved long-term stability for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. However, the field remains fragmented, with widely varying synthesis strategies, stability benchmarks, and performance metrics, making it difficult to identify consistent design principles. This review provides a critical and integrative evaluation of the most recent advances in lead-free perovskite materials, highlighting structure-property-stability correlations across different perovskite families including Sn-, Bi-, Ge-, and Sb-based systems, as well as double and vacancy-ordered perovskites. Unlike previous reviews, this article introduces a comparative analysis that connects chemical composition, crystal dimensionality, and electronic structure with experimentally observed photovoltaic performance and degradation pathways. It also compiles and evaluates emerging trends in interface modification, defect passivation, and compositional engineering aimed at mitigating oxidation and moisture sensitivity. In addition, the review surveys recent computational and data-driven screening strategies that enable predictive design of stable, efficient lead-free perovskites. By critically mapping both progress and persisting challenges, this work provides a coherent framework for future materials development and device integration, positioning lead-free perovskites as key candidates for sustainable next-generation solar energy technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of the nitrite impurity on Solar Salt: Thermophysical properties and structural analysis 亚硝酸盐杂质对太阳盐的影响：热物理性质及结构分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114017

Yannan Kang , Yuan Zhong , Huaiyou Wang , Yue zhang , Xinghong Duo , Jinli Li

Solar Salt is the most widely used heat transfer and storage medium in concentrated solar power plants. However, the performance of Solar Salt and its economic viability in industrial applications is influenced by NO₂⁻, an impurity whose effect on the thermal properties of Solar Salt remains underexplored. This study involved a systematic investigation of the effects of this impurity (0.5–6.0 wt%) on the thermophysical properties (including the melting point, decomposition temperature, specific heat capacity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and density) and the thermal stability of Solar Salt, and the influence of NO₂⁻ on the microstructure of the molten salt is elucidated. NO₂⁻ significantly affects the melting point, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, but has negligible effects on the decomposition temperature, viscosity, density, and thermal stability. Notably, the thermal conductivity, which exhibits the highest sensitivity to NO₂⁻, decreases by 23.1 %, even at a low NO₂⁻ concentration of 0.5 wt%. For impurity concentrations greater than 2.0 wt%, the melting point and specific heat capacity decline significantly, for instance by 21 °C and 26.1 %, respectively, at 6.0 wt% NO₂⁻. Advanced characterization (X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) reveals that NO₂⁻ induces significant microstructural reorganization within the molten salt system. Based on these findings, we recommend maintaining a NO₂⁻ concentration of <2.0 wt% to ensure optimal stability in terms of the thermophysical properties.

太阳能盐是聚光太阳能电站中应用最广泛的传热储热介质。然而，太阳盐的性能及其在工业应用中的经济可行性受到NO2−的影响，NO2−是一种对太阳盐热性能的影响尚未得到充分研究的杂质。本研究系统地研究了NO2−对太阳盐热物理性质（包括熔点、分解温度、比热容、粘度、导热系数和密度）和热稳定性的影响，并阐明了NO2−对熔盐微观结构的影响。NO2−显著影响熔点、比热容和导热系数，但对分解温度、粘度、密度和热稳定性的影响可以忽略不计。值得注意的是，即使在NO2−浓度为0.5 wt%的情况下，对NO2−最敏感的导热系数也降低了23.1%。当杂质浓度大于2.0 wt%时，熔点和比热容显著下降，例如，在6.0 wt% NO2−时，熔点和比热容分别下降21°C和26.1%。高级表征（x射线衍射、拉曼和傅里叶变换红外光谱以及扫描电镜）表明，NO2−在熔盐体系中诱导了显著的微观结构重组。基于这些发现，我们建议将NO2−浓度维持在2.0 wt%，以确保热物理性质的最佳稳定性。

{"title":"Influence of the nitrite impurity on Solar Salt: Thermophysical properties and structural analysis","authors":"Yannan Kang , Yuan Zhong , Huaiyou Wang , Yue zhang , Xinghong Duo , Jinli Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar Salt is the most widely used heat transfer and storage medium in concentrated solar power plants. However, the performance of Solar Salt and its economic viability in industrial applications is influenced by NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, an impurity whose effect on the thermal properties of Solar Salt remains underexplored. This study involved a systematic investigation of the effects of this impurity (0.5–6.0 wt%) on the thermophysical properties (including the melting point, decomposition temperature, specific heat capacity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and density) and the thermal stability of Solar Salt, and the influence of NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> on the microstructure of the molten salt is elucidated. NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> significantly affects the melting point, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, but has negligible effects on the decomposition temperature, viscosity, density, and thermal stability. Notably, the thermal conductivity, which exhibits the highest sensitivity to NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, decreases by 23.1 %, even at a low NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> concentration of 0.5 wt%. For impurity concentrations greater than 2.0 wt%, the melting point and specific heat capacity decline significantly, for instance by 21 °C and 26.1 %, respectively, at 6.0 wt% NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. Advanced characterization (X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) reveals that NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> induces significant microstructural reorganization within the molten salt system. Based on these findings, we recommend maintaining a NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> concentration of <2.0 wt% to ensure optimal stability in terms of the thermophysical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 114017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0