Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第8页

Investigation of coal gangue-based low-carbon phase-change composites for thermal energy storage

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113564

Yaxuan Xiong , Meichao Yin , Yuting Wu , Aitonglu Zhang , Jiancheng Wang , Jing Ren , Cancan Zhang , Xiaohui She , Yanan Su , Yanqi Zhao , Meng Li , Yulong Ding

Low-carbon phase change composites with low cost determines their potential in massive engineering applications. To decrease the cost and carbon emission of phase change composites during the production this work innovatively employs coal gangue as raw material for skeletal material production and NaNO₃ as phase change material to prepare phase change composites. Nine shape-stable phase change composites with diverse mass fractions of skeletal material and phase change material were fabricated through a cold compression-hot sintering method. An investigation was conducted into the crucial properties of the coal gangue-based shape-stable phase change composites, encompassing thermal storage capacity, microstructure, mechanical robustness, chemical compatibility, and economic feasibility. The findings revealed that a mass ratio of coal gangue to NaNO₃ at 4.5:5.5 (sample SC3) resulted in an optimization of various properties. Specifically, sample SC3 exhibited a mechanical strength of 49.33 MPa and an impressive thermal storage capacity of 399.29 J/g within a temperature range of 100 °C–335 °C, accompanied by a thermal conductivity of 1.484 W/(m⋅K). Notably, sample SC3 maintained excellent thermal storage performance, mechanical strength, and good appearance after enduring 1858 heating and cooling cycles. Furthermore, sample SC3 demonstrated favorable chemical compatibility between components evenly dispersed throughout the sample.

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引用次数: 0

The latest advances in solar still desalination systems: Analyzing different geometric configurations

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113573

Mohamed M.Z. Ahmed , Mohamed M. Younes , Swellam W. Sharshir , Mohamed Elashmawy

Every day, the availability of clean, freshwater sources continues to decline globally. Water supplies that are either untreated or contaminated pose significant health risks, leading to various waterborne diseases. It is crucial for people to purify water immediately while ensuring that the process does not harm the environment. One very clean distillation method for treating water is solar distillation. One method of water purification that creates drinkable water is the solar still (SS). Numerous studies have looked into the design of various SSs and the use of various materials to boost these SS’s production. The most well-known SS kinds were covered in this study, along with the various materials and adjustments that were thought to increase these systems' productivity. These SSs are Single slope SS, Double slope SS, Stepped SS, Wick SS, Pyramid SS, Tubular SS, and Hemispherical SS. Additionally, the price per liter of water generated by the desalination process and the cost of producing the prior systems were examined. Thus, this study compares the expense of water produced per liter and the different designs of SS, providing a tool that facilitates the selection of the optimal SS in terms of operating capacities and expected productivity. According to the findings, modified hemispherical SS (with baffles, reflectors, and Nano-PCM) had the lowest average cost per liter (0.0137 $). Additionally, both modified hemispherical SS and wick SS had the highest average production, 7.6 L.

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引用次数: 0

Polyaniline/WO2.86 composite film for dual-band electrochromic smart windows

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113568

Liangmiao Zhang , Hao Zeng , Jian Wu , Changzheng Pan , Fei Zeng , Yanfeng Gao

Dual-band electrochromic (EC) materials have gained significant attention in contemporary research due to their unique capacity to selectively manage near-infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) light spectra. Nevertheless, the endeavor to design and develop dual-band EC films poses a formidable challenge, primarily stemming from the limited availability of suitable high-performance materials. In our study, we have successfully synthesized polyaniline (PANI)/WO_2.86 dual-band EC films, which exhibit reversible color transitions across four distinct hues (light blue, yellow-green, dark blue, and dark green). These films were fabricated using PANI nanorods (NRs) and WO_2.86 nanowires (NWs) containing oxygen vacancy defects as the active EC components. Notably, the P-W5 film demonstrated good dual-band modulation capabilities in both VIS and NIR regions. Its swift switching dynamics (coloring/bleaching times of 10 s/13.5 s), high coloring efficacy (65.3 cm²C^-1), and robust cycling stability (retaining 72.2 % of its capacity after 3000 cycles) can be attributed to the electrode material's 3D porous nanostructure and efficient Li⁺ ion diffusion. Additionally, the EC smart window prototype, incorporating PANI/WO_2.86 dual-band EC materials, exhibited remarkable thermal insulation properties, resulting in a temperature reduction of 14.4 °C within a model room compared to traditional double-glazed windows. This investigation presents a viable strategy for the design of dual-band EC materials and paves the way for their application in smart windows and intelligent displays.

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引用次数: 0

Corrosion behavior of different alloys in novel chloride molten salts for concentrating solar power plants

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113531

Junbing Xiao , Jiandi Ren , Sheng Xiao , Huan Zhang , Jianlin Chen , Yanjie Ren , Changhui Liu , Chuankun Jia

The molten salt thermal energy storage system is the most important composition of concentrating solar power plants, resulting in the corrosion behavior of alloys in molten salts is essential to be analyzed to ensure the long-term stability of the system. In this study, the corrosion behavior of TP347H stainless steel, Haynes230 and Inconel625 alloys was investigated in a self-developed novel molten chloride salt (24.5 wt% NaCl-8.2 wt% KCl-67.3 wt% CaCl₂). The corrosion mechanism of the alloy samples in molten chloride salts was analyzed through the microscopic characterization and elemental analysis tests. The evolution of alloy sample mass loss versus corrosion time and the main influential factors of the corrosion were analyzed. Corrosion pits appear on the surface of the alloy samples with the increasing corrosion time. Distinct corrosion cracks is observed that on the surface of the Inconel625 sample. Under the condition of 600 °C, the average corrosion rate of TP347H stainless steels is2383.628 μm·a⁻¹, and those of Haynes230 and Inconel625 are 487.639 μm·a⁻¹ and 5437.520 μm·a⁻¹. The protective oxide layer within TP347H stainless steels corrosion layer effectively inhibited further matrix corrosion. The superior corrosion resistance of Haynes230 can be attributed to its higher Ni and W content. These results are significant for optimizing the usage of novel molten salts and alloys to achieve long-term stability of the concentrating solar power plants.

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引用次数: 0

Improving the efficiency of solar thermal storage systems using TPMS: A pore-scale simulation

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113569

Yi Zhang , Xiaokai Zhang , Hongyang Li , Shuai Li , Zhaoda Zhang , Mingrui Sun , Yongchen Song

The thermal efficiency of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems based on phase change materials (PCMs) remains a significant barrier to their widespread adoption in solar energy and industrial processes. LHTES systems incorporating triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice within PCMs exhibited excellent heat storage performance. However, the influence of model height, a key structural parameter, on heat storage behavior of LHTES systems had not been quantitatively analyzed, hindering further optimization. This study used a simplified central column model to evaluate the heat storage behavior of two TPMS structures (I-WP and Primitive) at three heights (15, 30, and 45 mm), comparing them with traditional metal foams (BCC). The results revealed a significant reduction in thermal conduction with increasing model height, with I-WP exhibiting the largest decrease (49.4 % from 15 mm to 45 mm), followed by Primitive (46.2 %) and BCC (45.7 %). Convective heat transfer in both Primitive and BCC initially increased and then decreased with model height, whereas in I-WP, the effect of model height was less pronounced. Additionally, the study quantitatively analyzed how the performance advantage of the two TPMS structures over BCC changed with model height. I-WP's advantage over BCC decreased with increasing height (26.7 %–16.7 %), while Primitive showed an opposite trend, with its advantage increasing from 18.1 % to 21.4 %. At a model height of 15 mm, I-WP was the most efficient structure, whereas Primitive outperformed at 30 mm and 45 mm. These findings enhanced LHTES efficiency, supporting their application in solar thermal storage.

基于相变材料（PCMs）的潜热热能储存（LHTES）系统的热效率仍然是其在太阳能和工业过程中广泛应用的一大障碍。在 PCM 中加入三重周期性最小表面（TPMS）晶格的 LHTES 系统表现出卓越的储热性能。然而，模型高度这一关键结构参数对 LHTES 系统蓄热行为的影响尚未得到定量分析，从而阻碍了进一步优化。本研究使用简化的中心柱模型来评估两种 TPMS 结构（I-WP 和 Primitive）在三种高度（15、30 和 45 毫米）下的蓄热行为，并将它们与传统的金属泡沫（BCC）进行比较。结果表明，随着模型高度的增加，热传导明显减少，其中 I-WP 的减少幅度最大（从 15 毫米到 45 毫米减少了 49.4%），其次是 Primitive（46.2%）和 BCC（45.7%）。原始模型和 BCC 中的对流传热最初随模型高度的增加而增加，然后随模型高度的增加而减少，而在 I-WP 中，模型高度的影响不太明显。此外，研究还定量分析了两种 TPMS 结构相对于 BCC 的性能优势如何随模型高度而变化。与 BCC 相比，I-WP 的优势随着高度的增加而减小（26.7%-16.7%），而 Primitive 则呈现出相反的趋势，其优势从 18.1% 增加到 21.4%。在模型高度为 15 毫米时，I-WP 是效率最高的结构，而在 30 毫米和 45 毫米时，Primitive 的表现更胜一筹。这些发现提高了 LHTES 的效率，支持其在太阳能热存储中的应用。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical analysis of phase change material-based photovoltaic/thermal system with dual-parallel cooling channels

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113563

Fuchun Yuan, Zhiqiang Yin, Ning Zhao, Yuyang Hu, Jiangjiang Wang

A novel photovoltaic-thermal system combining phase change materials and water cooling is proposed to cool photovoltaic panels and enhance overall performance. Based on experimental results, the thickness of the phase change material and the optimal flow rate are optimized using the control variable method. First, photovoltaic modules with and without water cooling are tested by varying the flow rate. At a mass flow rate of 0.023 kg/s, the thermal efficiency reached 45.83 %, electrical efficiency is 10.5 %, and comprehensive efficiency is 57.81 %. Comparison of these efficiencies with those at other flow rates indicates that the thermal, electrical, and comprehensive efficiencies are all superior at this flow rate. As a result, 0.023 kg/s is determined to be the optimal flow rate. Second, three-dimensional modeling and simulations are conducted, and the simulation results are compared with experimental data to verify the model's accuracy. The control variable method is used to analyze the impact of different phase change material thicknesses on system performance at the optimal cooling flow rate. Simulation results showed that at a phase change material thickness of 0.03 m, the photovoltaic efficiency reached 11.98 %, and overall efficiency reached 63.33 %, higher than those at other thicknesses. Compared to photovoltaic-thermal systems without phase change material, the proposed system demonstrated superior performance. The system significantly enhances photovoltaic utilization and waste heat storage.

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引用次数: 0

Tandem radiative cooling with latent thermal energy storage for enhanced passive cooling and thermal shock resistance

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113565

Zuoxin Hu, Xinru Yang, Yu Qiu

Radiative cooling and latent thermal energy storage, requiring no additional energy consumption, are recognized as promising strategies for thermal management. However, the limited theoretical cooling power and strict weather condition requirements of radiative cooling, coupled with the high solar energy absorption of latent thermal energy storage, hinder their practical applications in thermal shock resistance. Here, a tandem passive cooler, combining radiative cooling and latent thermal energy storage, is presented to achieve the dual functionalities of passive cooling and thermal shock resistance. Specifically, the radiative cooling performance of this cooler is enabled by its high solar reflectivity (0.928) and high infrared emissivity (0.947), while its efficient isothermal heat release and absorption ensure temperature stability and high thermal energy storage. Consequently, by overcoming the limitations of both radiative cooling and latent heat thermal energy storage, this tandem passive cooler achieves a maximum temperature reduction of 5.37 °C and an average passive cooling temperature of 3.01 °C, enabling effective radiative cooling. Furthermore, this cooler reduces the maximum temperature of a heated silicon wafer by 27.56 °C compared to radiative cooling alone under thermal shock situations, demonstrating superior thermal shock resistance. Upon cessation of the thermal shock, the solidified latent thermal energy storage materials release their stored energy, mitigating excess heat and preventing overcooling of electronic devices, thereby ensuring the stable operation of electronic systems. This strategy offers a promising path to efficient thermal management under extreme temperature fluctuations, significantly expanding the practical applications of radiative cooling and latent thermal energy storage technologies.

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引用次数: 0

“Beyond material recovery: Exergy and environmental analysis of silicon solar panel recycling”

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113561

Šimon Jech , Neill Bartie , Gulsah Tas , Kati Miettunen , Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero , Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio

The recycling of silicon solar panels is vital to ensure critical material recovery and to sustain the manufacturing of new panels in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. While various recycling methods based on thermal, chemical, or mechanical separation of the solar panel layers have been studied, a comprehensive thermodynamic and environmental analysis is required to allow holistic comparison within the circular economy framework. Here, such an analysis is performed for four different silicon solar panel recycling processes. First, the processes were simulated in HSC chemistry^TM to analyse the flows of exergy. Subsequently, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to understand the environmental benefits and drawbacks of each method. Combined Exergy-LCA analysis showed that a slightly less exergy-efficient process, namely pyrolysis can ultimately has the lowest environmental impact out of the four processes. In contrast chemical treatment of the encapsulant exhibited comparably worse performance due to its increased resource consumption. On the material level, high-value material recovery, if realized, could be thermodynamically and environmentally advantageous. The recovery methods presented here could be further improved if heat integration or the use of natural solvents would be considered. These unique findings demonstrate that weighing exergy - Life Cycle Analysis trade-offs across different recycling approaches could navigate future developments towards more sustainable solar panel recycling. Therefore, such an approach is recommended over solely focusing on material recovery.

{"title":"“Beyond material recovery: Exergy and environmental analysis of silicon solar panel recycling”","authors":"Šimon Jech , Neill Bartie , Gulsah Tas , Kati Miettunen , Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero , Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of silicon solar panels is vital to ensure critical material recovery and to sustain the manufacturing of new panels in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. While various recycling methods based on thermal, chemical, or mechanical separation of the solar panel layers have been studied, a comprehensive thermodynamic and environmental analysis is required to allow holistic comparison within the circular economy framework. Here, such an analysis is performed for four different silicon solar panel recycling processes. First, the processes were simulated in HSC chemistry<sup>TM</sup> to analyse the flows of exergy. Subsequently, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to understand the environmental benefits and drawbacks of each method. Combined Exergy-LCA analysis showed that a slightly less exergy-efficient process, namely pyrolysis can ultimately has the lowest environmental impact out of the four processes. In contrast chemical treatment of the encapsulant exhibited comparably worse performance due to its increased resource consumption. On the material level, high-value material recovery, if realized, could be thermodynamically and environmentally advantageous. The recovery methods presented here could be further improved if heat integration or the use of natural solvents would be considered. These unique findings demonstrate that weighing exergy - Life Cycle Analysis trade-offs across different recycling approaches could navigate future developments towards more sustainable solar panel recycling. Therefore, such an approach is recommended over solely focusing on material recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113561"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mitigating contaminant-induced surface degradation in TOPCon solar cells: Mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113558

Hongbo Tong , Xinyuan Wu , Xutao Wang , Xinxing Xu , Menglong Guo , Baochen Liao , Sheng Ma , Zhenguo Li , Bram Hoex

The tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cell has become the dominant technology for high-efficiency silicon photovoltaics. Despite its success, TOPCon solar cells face significant reliability challenges under environmental stresses such as damp heat (DH) exposure. In this study, we investigate the degradation mechanisms affecting TOPCon cells, particularly focusing on contamination-induced surface passivation loss, which varies between the front and rear surfaces. Our results show that the rear side of TOPCon cells, in particular the silicon nitride (SiN_x) layer, is prone to chemical degradation under exposure to sodium-based salts, resulting in a significant loss of open-circuit voltage (V_oc). Sodium acetate and sodium chloride are found to accelerate surface passivation degradation through enhanced surface oxidation and diffusion of contaminants. We propose a novel approach utilizing a 10 nm aluminum oxide (AlO_x) barrier layer, deposited through atomic layer deposition (ALD), to mitigate these degradation pathways effectively. Accelerated DH testing demonstrates that this barrier improves the long-term stability of TOPCon solar cells, reducing degradation and maintaining performance over extended periods. This study highlights the importance of surface protection to enhance the durability and operational lifetime of TOPCon solar cells in harsh environments.

{"title":"Mitigating contaminant-induced surface degradation in TOPCon solar cells: Mechanisms, impacts, and mitigation","authors":"Hongbo Tong , Xinyuan Wu , Xutao Wang , Xinxing Xu , Menglong Guo , Baochen Liao , Sheng Ma , Zhenguo Li , Bram Hoex","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cell has become the dominant technology for high-efficiency silicon photovoltaics. Despite its success, TOPCon solar cells face significant reliability challenges under environmental stresses such as damp heat (DH) exposure. In this study, we investigate the degradation mechanisms affecting TOPCon cells, particularly focusing on contamination-induced surface passivation loss, which varies between the front and rear surfaces. Our results show that the rear side of TOPCon cells, in particular the silicon nitride (SiN<sub>x</sub>) layer, is prone to chemical degradation under exposure to sodium-based salts, resulting in a significant loss of open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>). Sodium acetate and sodium chloride are found to accelerate surface passivation degradation through enhanced surface oxidation and diffusion of contaminants. We propose a novel approach utilizing a 10 nm aluminum oxide (AlO<sub>x</sub>) barrier layer, deposited through atomic layer deposition (ALD), to mitigate these degradation pathways effectively. Accelerated DH testing demonstrates that this barrier improves the long-term stability of TOPCon solar cells, reducing degradation and maintaining performance over extended periods. This study highlights the importance of surface protection to enhance the durability and operational lifetime of TOPCon solar cells in harsh environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113558"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recoverable degradation of FAPbBr3 perovskite solar cells under reverse-bias: A combined electro-optical investigation

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113547

Noah Tormena , Alessandro Caria , Matteo Buffolo , Carlo De Santi , Andrea Cester , Gaudenzio Meneghesso , Enrico Zanoni , Fabio Matteocci , Aldo Di Carlo , Nicola Trivellin , Matteo Meneghini

Reverse-bias stability in PV devices is critical to guarantee adequate reliability during sporadic shading instances or when deliberately applying reverse-bias in photodetection applications. Testing reverse-bias stability on PSCs is crucial in providing characterizing insights both into the current state and performance of such devices and also towards their iterative improvement. This paper describes reverse-bias stability testing of semi-transparent FAPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells. Stability against reverse-bias was extensively evaluated through both reverse-bias step-stress (RBSS) tests and constant-bias stress (CBS) tests at different voltage bias intensities. During a series of 10 ks tests, cells were revealed to be stable when operated down to −1.5 V (corresponding to approximately 20 % of the breakdown voltage threshold), whereas at −3 V the observed degradation mainly consists in a decrease in open-circuit voltage (from ∼1.5 ÷ 1.6 V to as low as 0.3 V) and parallel resistance (from ∼10⁸ Ω to as low as ∼10² Ω), occurring after ∼100 s; a complete recovery is observed, if cells are left in resting conditions after removing the reverse-bias. The observed degradation is ascribed to a temporary shunt-like mechanism, triggered by ion and vacancy displacement and relocation, which causes a drastic energy-band distortion and internal potential compensation. Additional open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) testing before and after stress reinforces this hypothesis. Reverse-bias step-stress testing until failure confirms that the mechanism occurs across the whole cell, leading to reverse-current magnitudes of over 300 mA/cm².

{"title":"Recoverable degradation of FAPbBr3 perovskite solar cells under reverse-bias: A combined electro-optical investigation","authors":"Noah Tormena , Alessandro Caria , Matteo Buffolo , Carlo De Santi , Andrea Cester , Gaudenzio Meneghesso , Enrico Zanoni , Fabio Matteocci , Aldo Di Carlo , Nicola Trivellin , Matteo Meneghini","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reverse-bias stability in PV devices is critical to guarantee adequate reliability during sporadic shading instances or when deliberately applying reverse-bias in photodetection applications. Testing reverse-bias stability on PSCs is crucial in providing characterizing insights both into the current state and performance of such devices and also towards their iterative improvement. This paper describes reverse-bias stability testing of semi-transparent FAPbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells. Stability against reverse-bias was extensively evaluated through both reverse-bias step-stress (RBSS) tests and constant-bias stress (CBS) tests at different voltage bias intensities. During a series of 10 ks tests, cells were revealed to be stable when operated down to −1.5 V (corresponding to approximately 20 % of the breakdown voltage threshold), whereas at −3 V the observed degradation mainly consists in a decrease in open-circuit voltage (from ∼1.5 ÷ 1.6 V to as low as 0.3 V) and parallel resistance (from ∼10<sup>8</sup> Ω to as low as ∼10<sup>2</sup> Ω), occurring after ∼100 s; a complete recovery is observed, if cells are left in resting conditions after removing the reverse-bias. The observed degradation is ascribed to a temporary shunt-like mechanism, triggered by ion and vacancy displacement and relocation, which causes a drastic energy-band distortion and internal potential compensation. Additional open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) testing before and after stress reinforces this hypothesis. Reverse-bias step-stress testing until failure confirms that the mechanism occurs across the whole cell, leading to reverse-current magnitudes of over 300 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113547"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0