Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.344.2
S. Mehrabani, M. Nikpour, L. Moslemi
Background: To the best of our knowledge, limited studies explored gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and hepatopancreatic involvement in children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) infection. Objectives: This review study aimed to evaluate the GI symptoms and abnormal liver and pancreas function in children with COVID-19 infection. Methods: In this review study, databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched using the relevant keywords of “COVID-19,” “children,” “gastrointestinal,” “liver,” and “pancreas.” Descriptive and cross-sectional studies were reviewed in the current study, with the main focus on GI symptoms and elevated liver enzymes in children with COVID-19 infection. Results: Overall, 27 studies from countries of Iran, Spain, Turkey, Italy, and the United States were selected. Although the prevalence of GI symptoms varied in different studies, our review showed that most children with COVID-19 infection experienced GI symptoms. In addition to GI symptoms, there is the possibility of elevated liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase in children with COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection may present various GI, hepatic, and pancreatic manifestations in children. The difference in the prevalence of these symptoms can probably be attributed to the geographical region of the study and the history of the disease.
背景:据我们所知，有限的研究探讨了2019冠状病毒病(COVID- 19)感染儿童的胃肠道(GI)症状和肝胰腺的损害。目的:本回顾性研究旨在评估COVID-19感染儿童的胃肠道症状和肝胰功能异常。方法:以“COVID-19”、“儿童”、“胃肠道”、“肝脏”、“胰腺”等相关关键词检索Scopus、PubMed、谷歌Scholar和Web of Science数据库。本研究回顾了描述性和横断面研究，主要关注COVID-19感染儿童的胃肠道症状和肝酶升高。结果:总的来说，来自伊朗、西班牙、土耳其、意大利和美国的27项研究被选中。尽管胃肠道症状的患病率在不同的研究中有所不同，但我们的综述显示，大多数感染COVID-19的儿童都出现了胃肠道症状。除了胃肠道症状外，COVID-19感染儿童还可能出现肝酶升高，如丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸磷酸激酶。结论:儿童COVID-19感染可能出现多种胃肠道、肝脏和胰腺表现。这些症状患病率的差异可能归因于研究的地理区域和疾病史。
{"title":"Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Hepatopancreatic Involvement in COVID-19 Children: A Narrative Review","authors":"S. Mehrabani, M. Nikpour, L. Moslemi","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.344.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.344.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: To the best of our knowledge, limited studies explored gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and hepatopancreatic involvement in children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) infection. Objectives: This review study aimed to evaluate the GI symptoms and abnormal liver and pancreas function in children with COVID-19 infection. Methods: In this review study, databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched using the relevant keywords of “COVID-19,” “children,” “gastrointestinal,” “liver,” and “pancreas.” Descriptive and cross-sectional studies were reviewed in the current study, with the main focus on GI symptoms and elevated liver enzymes in children with COVID-19 infection. Results: Overall, 27 studies from countries of Iran, Spain, Turkey, Italy, and the United States were selected. Although the prevalence of GI symptoms varied in different studies, our review showed that most children with COVID-19 infection experienced GI symptoms. In addition to GI symptoms, there is the possibility of elevated liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase in children with COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection may present various GI, hepatic, and pancreatic manifestations in children. The difference in the prevalence of these symptoms can probably be attributed to the geographical region of the study and the history of the disease.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41593556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.935.1
M. Abedini, P. Ataei, M. Ghaderi, Avat Karimi, Farima Zakaryaei
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in December 2019. The disease can manifest in various respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms and clinical findings. The signs and symptoms of this disease in children are not entirely known yet. Ground-glass opacity and pleural effusion in the chest computed tomography scan have been reported in infected patients. The pleural effusion has been reported in a few cases. The present case report describes a pediatric patient with the chief complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting who presented to an emergency department with a differential diagnosis of a gastrointestinal infection. However, he was diagnosed with COVID-19, which was complicated by respiratory distress and pleural effusion.
{"title":"Pleural Effusion in a Child With COVID-19: A Case Report","authors":"M. Abedini, P. Ataei, M. Ghaderi, Avat Karimi, Farima Zakaryaei","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.935.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.935.1","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in December 2019. The disease can manifest in various respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms and clinical findings. The signs and symptoms of this disease in children are not entirely known yet. Ground-glass opacity and pleural effusion in the chest computed tomography scan have been reported in infected patients. The pleural effusion has been reported in a few cases. The present case report describes a pediatric patient with the chief complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting who presented to an emergency department with a differential diagnosis of a gastrointestinal infection. However, he was diagnosed with COVID-19, which was complicated by respiratory distress and pleural effusion.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44390661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.309.1
F. Masiha, Abbas Dabbaghzadeh, Negar Ghaffari, J. Ghaffari
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19, the seventh coronavirus) is a new infectious disease that spread worldwide and rapidly became a pandemic. COVID‐19 is rare in children and often asymptomatic. The respiratory system is mainly involved in COVID-19 infection. Objectives: This study aimed to review respiratory manifestations in children with COVID-19. Methods: We searched for studies published from January 2020 to January 2021 in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus in English. The search words were “2019-nCoV,” “novel coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,” “children,” “child,” “infant,” “teenager,” “adolescent,” “pediatric,” and “neonate.” Results: Cough was a common symptom in our study (18.8%-100%, mean=64%). Pneumonia prevalence in children with COVID-19 is 11%-67% (mean=46%). Mild respiratory symptoms (14% - 60%) and severe respiratory distress syndromes (14%) were reported in some studies. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was reported in 4 studies ranging from 11.1% to 34.4% (mean=24.1%). Ground-glass opacities (GGO) was reported in 12.2% to 81% of cases (mean=49.01%). Isolated consolidations were reported in 17% and 58% of patients in two studies. Enhanced lung texture was reported in 1.3% to 50% (mean=20.07%) of patients. Bilateral patchy shadowing was seen in 12.3% to 68% (mean=46.58%) of patients. Conclusions: Cough is the most common manifestation of respiratory system involvement in children with COVID-19. GGO and bilateral patchy involvement are the most common finding on lung CT scans in children with COVID-19.
{"title":"Respiratory Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children: A Narrative Review","authors":"F. Masiha, Abbas Dabbaghzadeh, Negar Ghaffari, J. Ghaffari","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.309.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.309.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19, the seventh coronavirus) is a new infectious disease that spread worldwide and rapidly became a pandemic. COVID‐19 is rare in children and often asymptomatic. The respiratory system is mainly involved in COVID-19 infection. Objectives: This study aimed to review respiratory manifestations in children with COVID-19. Methods: We searched for studies published from January 2020 to January 2021 in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus in English. The search words were “2019-nCoV,” “novel coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,” “children,” “child,” “infant,” “teenager,” “adolescent,” “pediatric,” and “neonate.” Results: Cough was a common symptom in our study (18.8%-100%, mean=64%). Pneumonia prevalence in children with COVID-19 is 11%-67% (mean=46%). Mild respiratory symptoms (14% - 60%) and severe respiratory distress syndromes (14%) were reported in some studies. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was reported in 4 studies ranging from 11.1% to 34.4% (mean=24.1%). Ground-glass opacities (GGO) was reported in 12.2% to 81% of cases (mean=49.01%). Isolated consolidations were reported in 17% and 58% of patients in two studies. Enhanced lung texture was reported in 1.3% to 50% (mean=20.07%) of patients. Bilateral patchy shadowing was seen in 12.3% to 68% (mean=46.58%) of patients. Conclusions: Cough is the most common manifestation of respiratory system involvement in children with COVID-19. GGO and bilateral patchy involvement are the most common finding on lung CT scans in children with COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44714262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.919.2
M. Naseri, G. Khademi, Majid Khadem Rezaeian, Shahabaldin Sorouri, M. Sezavar
Background: COVID-19 is a highly infectious and contagious disease. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, most studies on children have focused on the incidence and prognosis of the disease, and few studies have investigated the epidemiological characteristics of the disease. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate some epidemiological aspects of the disease in children with COVID-19. Methods: We examined children with COVID-19 (under 18 years) hospitalized in the North East of Iran from the beginning of the outbreak until the end of September 2020. Study information was collected from patients’ medical records and interviews with their parents. We recorded demographic data; history of diseases and taking medicine in children; educational, occupational, and smoking status of parents; patients’ residence conditions; and any report of COVID-19 in patients’ families and relatives. Results: Of 107 children studied, 57% were male, and 52.3% had no underlying disease. The mean age of patients was 67 months. The Mean±SD weight of the children was 20.36±13.75 kg, and their Mean±SD length of hospital stay was 9±8 days. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was observed in 34.6% of patients, and its relationship with death was highly significant (P=0.001). The length of hospital stay was influenced by the history of medication consumption (P=0.013) and underlying disease (P=0.001), and its increase was associated with an increased risk of MIS-C (P=0.032) and death (P=0.047). Conclusions: Male sex, length of hospital stay, and MIS-C were identified as risk factors associated with worsening the outcome of COVID-19 disease in children.
{"title":"COVID-19 Infection in Pediatric Patients: An Epidemiological Study in Iran","authors":"M. Naseri, G. Khademi, Majid Khadem Rezaeian, Shahabaldin Sorouri, M. Sezavar","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.919.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.919.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: COVID-19 is a highly infectious and contagious disease. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, most studies on children have focused on the incidence and prognosis of the disease, and few studies have investigated the epidemiological characteristics of the disease. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate some epidemiological aspects of the disease in children with COVID-19. Methods: We examined children with COVID-19 (under 18 years) hospitalized in the North East of Iran from the beginning of the outbreak until the end of September 2020. Study information was collected from patients’ medical records and interviews with their parents. We recorded demographic data; history of diseases and taking medicine in children; educational, occupational, and smoking status of parents; patients’ residence conditions; and any report of COVID-19 in patients’ families and relatives. Results: Of 107 children studied, 57% were male, and 52.3% had no underlying disease. The mean age of patients was 67 months. The Mean±SD weight of the children was 20.36±13.75 kg, and their Mean±SD length of hospital stay was 9±8 days. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was observed in 34.6% of patients, and its relationship with death was highly significant (P=0.001). The length of hospital stay was influenced by the history of medication consumption (P=0.013) and underlying disease (P=0.001), and its increase was associated with an increased risk of MIS-C (P=0.032) and death (P=0.047). Conclusions: Male sex, length of hospital stay, and MIS-C were identified as risk factors associated with worsening the outcome of COVID-19 disease in children.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41424533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.970.1
Yousef Alizadeh, A. Medghalchi, Reza Soltani Moghaddam, Hasan Behboodi, Ebrahim Azaripour, Amirhossein Tamimi
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human beings in many ways. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival cells and its secretion has been reported in the literature. In addition, there were significant reports of ocular complications that coincide with COVID-19 disease. This study aims to evaluate the COVID-19 symptoms associated with ocular manifestations. Context: Evidence Acquisition: We conducted a literature search with the keywords of “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “nCoV-19,” “SARS,” “MERS,” and “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2” combined with key terms of “eye,” “ocular,” “ophthalmologic,” “ophthalmic,” “conjunctivitis,” “conjunctiva,” “uveitis,” “optic,” “retina,” “retinitis,” “cornea,” “scleritis,” and “glaucoma” in LitCovid hub, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Sciences, Cochrane, and Embase databases, as well as non-review articles. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic and its lockdown has drastically changed people’s lifestyles and health. The pandemic has also affected medical performance in various fields, including ophthalmology. This study summarized some findings in several areas of ophthalmology, including: 1) The surface of the eye (conjunctivae, cornea), 2) Intraocular manifestations (uveitis, retinitis), 3) Neurological features of the eye, 4) COVID-related ocular coagulopathy (retinal vein occlusion), 5) Ophthalmological follow-up failure due to lockdown, 6) Rare manifestations, and 7) Diagnostic and protective measures. Data collection about the ophthalmological experience was done during this respiratory viral infection pandemic, and the most relevant literature was reviewed. Conclusions: Data findings showed a wide range of ocular manifestations and complications associated with COVID-19 and its pandemic. Conjunctivitis is the most common ocular manifestation of COVID-19.
背景：新冠肺炎大流行在许多方面影响了人类。文献报道了严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型在结膜细胞及其分泌物中的存在。此外，还有与新冠肺炎疾病一致的眼部并发症的重要报告。本研究旨在评估与眼部表现相关的新冠肺炎症状。背景：证据获取：我们以“SARS-CoV-2”、“新冠肺炎”、“nCoV-19”、“SARS”、“MERS”和“严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2”为关键词，结合“眼睛”、“眼部”、“眼科”、“眼用”、“结膜炎”、“结膜”、“葡萄膜炎”、“光学”、“视网膜”等关键词进行文献检索LitCovid hub、PubMed、Scopus、ISI Web of Sciences、Cochrane和Embase数据库中的“视网膜炎”、“角膜”、“巩膜炎”和“青光眼”，以及非评论文章。结果：新冠肺炎大流行及其封锁极大地改变了人们的生活方式和健康。疫情还影响了包括眼科在内的各个领域的医疗表现。本研究总结了眼科几个领域的一些发现，包括：1）眼睛表面（结膜、角膜），2）眼内表现（葡萄膜炎、视网膜炎），3）眼睛的神经系统特征，4）与新冠肺炎相关的眼部凝血病（视网膜静脉阻塞），5）因封锁导致的眼科随访失败，6）罕见表现，以及7）诊断和保护措施。有关眼科经验的数据收集是在这次呼吸道病毒感染大流行期间进行的，并回顾了最相关的文献。结论：数据显示，新冠肺炎及其大流行有广泛的眼部表现和并发症。结膜炎是新冠肺炎最常见的眼部表现。
{"title":"COVID-19 Related Eye Manifestations: A Narrative Review","authors":"Yousef Alizadeh, A. Medghalchi, Reza Soltani Moghaddam, Hasan Behboodi, Ebrahim Azaripour, Amirhossein Tamimi","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.970.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.970.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human beings in many ways. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival cells and its secretion has been reported in the literature. In addition, there were significant reports of ocular complications that coincide with COVID-19 disease. This study aims to evaluate the COVID-19 symptoms associated with ocular manifestations. Context: Evidence Acquisition: We conducted a literature search with the keywords of “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “nCoV-19,” “SARS,” “MERS,” and “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2” combined with key terms of “eye,” “ocular,” “ophthalmologic,” “ophthalmic,” “conjunctivitis,” “conjunctiva,” “uveitis,” “optic,” “retina,” “retinitis,” “cornea,” “scleritis,” and “glaucoma” in LitCovid hub, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Sciences, Cochrane, and Embase databases, as well as non-review articles. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic and its lockdown has drastically changed people’s lifestyles and health. The pandemic has also affected medical performance in various fields, including ophthalmology. This study summarized some findings in several areas of ophthalmology, including: 1) The surface of the eye (conjunctivae, cornea), 2) Intraocular manifestations (uveitis, retinitis), 3) Neurological features of the eye, 4) COVID-related ocular coagulopathy (retinal vein occlusion), 5) Ophthalmological follow-up failure due to lockdown, 6) Rare manifestations, and 7) Diagnostic and protective measures. Data collection about the ophthalmological experience was done during this respiratory viral infection pandemic, and the most relevant literature was reviewed. Conclusions: Data findings showed a wide range of ocular manifestations and complications associated with COVID-19 and its pandemic. Conjunctivitis is the most common ocular manifestation of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49222431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.992.2
M. Naseri, F. Ashrafzadeh, G. Khademi, Shima Imannezhad, S. Sorouri, M. Sezavar
Background: Several studies have reported neurological manifestations and complications related to specific coronavirus genotypes, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we examined one of the rare clinical manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was one of the first cases of acute transverse myelitis in children in the world. Case presentation: This case report was dedicated to a little girl with COVID-19 admitted with weakness, lethargy, and constipation. Her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed signal changes accompanied by edema. The patient did not show an optimal response to the methylprednisolone succinate and intravenous human immunoglobulins (IVIG) and experienced cardiorespiratory arrest. The patient was eventually discharged with partial recovery in limb power. Conclusions: his study demonstrates the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment of the sequelae of COVID-19 infections.
{"title":"COVID-19 – Associated Acute Transverse Myelitis in Children: A Case Report and Review of Literature","authors":"M. Naseri, F. Ashrafzadeh, G. Khademi, Shima Imannezhad, S. Sorouri, M. Sezavar","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.992.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.992.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Several studies have reported neurological manifestations and complications related to specific coronavirus genotypes, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this study, we examined one of the rare clinical manifestations of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was one of the first cases of acute transverse myelitis in children in the world. Case presentation: This case report was dedicated to a little girl with COVID-19 admitted with weakness, lethargy, and constipation. Her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed signal changes accompanied by edema. The patient did not show an optimal response to the methylprednisolone succinate and intravenous human immunoglobulins (IVIG) and experienced cardiorespiratory arrest. The patient was eventually discharged with partial recovery in limb power. Conclusions: his study demonstrates the importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment of the sequelae of COVID-19 infections.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41948759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.1008.1
Manish Kumar, S. Swarnim, Pallavi Pallavi
Background: The associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel syndrome that has phenotypic similarity to Kawasaki disease (KD). Objectives: This study systematically reviewed the demographic profile, clinical spectrum, treatment options, and outcomes of children and young adults under 21 years of age suffering from MIS-C. Methods: PubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to July 3, 2020. A total of 39 studies involving 799 participants were included in the review. Critical appraisal of included studies was done using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for studies reporting prevalence data. A narrative synthesis was performed through descriptive summaries of demographic variables, clinical features, investigations, treatment details, and clinical outcomes. Results: The main complaints of the patients were fever (96.4%) followed by gastrointestinal symptoms. Serological evidence of preceding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was documented in 79.1% of the participants. Ventricular dysfunction (50.2%) was the most common echocardiographic finding. Intensive care was required for 77% of included participants, with 27.2% being mechanically ventilated. Also, 78.1% of the participants received intravenous immunoglobulins. The overall mortality rate was 1.5%. Conclusions: MIS-C associated with COVID-19 clinically resembles a hyperinflammatory state. More extensive studies will help in better defining this entity and delineating its phenotypic subtypes.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Young Adults With COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review","authors":"Manish Kumar, S. Swarnim, Pallavi Pallavi","doi":"10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.1008.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/jpr.10.specialissue.1008.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel syndrome that has phenotypic similarity to Kawasaki disease (KD). Objectives: This study systematically reviewed the demographic profile, clinical spectrum, treatment options, and outcomes of children and young adults under 21 years of age suffering from MIS-C. Methods: PubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to July 3, 2020. A total of 39 studies involving 799 participants were included in the review. Critical appraisal of included studies was done using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for studies reporting prevalence data. A narrative synthesis was performed through descriptive summaries of demographic variables, clinical features, investigations, treatment details, and clinical outcomes. Results: The main complaints of the patients were fever (96.4%) followed by gastrointestinal symptoms. Serological evidence of preceding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was documented in 79.1% of the participants. Ventricular dysfunction (50.2%) was the most common echocardiographic finding. Intensive care was required for 77% of included participants, with 27.2% being mechanically ventilated. Also, 78.1% of the participants received intravenous immunoglobulins. The overall mortality rate was 1.5%. Conclusions: MIS-C associated with COVID-19 clinically resembles a hyperinflammatory state. More extensive studies will help in better defining this entity and delineating its phenotypic subtypes.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47133449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samira Asadollahi, H. Neamatzadeh, N. Namiranian, M. Sobhan
Background: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD), a juvenile hip disorder, is caused by impaired blood flow to the femoral head. In severe LCPD cases, the femoral head may develop a flattening deformity. Furthermore, if LCPD is diagnosed at the later stages, it causes early osteoarthritis of the hip. The etiology of LCPD is complex and embraces both genetic and epigenetic factors. Objectives: This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the role of these genetic variants in the incidence of LCPD. Methods: We searched for articles published in English using the special related search terms. Results: The genetic causes of this disease include mutations in the genes of thrombophilia factors, such as FV Leiden and anticardiolipin antibodies. The mutations of COL2A1, TRPS1, eNOS genes are the other causes. Moreover, the clinical symptoms of avascular necrosis may be indiscernible in patients with Gaucher’s disease or LCPD, and the differential diagnosis is a challenge. Conclusions: The results indicated that genetic testing may be useful in diagnosing and managing patients with juvenile hip disorders.
{"title":"Genetics of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: A Review Study","authors":"Samira Asadollahi, H. Neamatzadeh, N. Namiranian, M. Sobhan","doi":"10.32598/JPR.9.4.964.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/JPR.9.4.964.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD), a juvenile hip disorder, is caused by impaired blood flow to the femoral head. In severe LCPD cases, the femoral head may develop a flattening deformity. Furthermore, if LCPD is diagnosed at the later stages, it causes early osteoarthritis of the hip. The etiology of LCPD is complex and embraces both genetic and epigenetic factors. Objectives: This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the role of these genetic variants in the incidence of LCPD. Methods: We searched for articles published in English using the special related search terms. Results: The genetic causes of this disease include mutations in the genes of thrombophilia factors, such as FV Leiden and anticardiolipin antibodies. The mutations of COL2A1, TRPS1, eNOS genes are the other causes. Moreover, the clinical symptoms of avascular necrosis may be indiscernible in patients with Gaucher’s disease or LCPD, and the differential diagnosis is a challenge. Conclusions: The results indicated that genetic testing may be useful in diagnosing and managing patients with juvenile hip disorders.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43297517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Inadvertent and erroneous prescription of vitamin D beyond the recommended dosage and route of administration can cause vitamin D intoxication in children. Infants are particularly vulnerable to such toxicity. Clinical features are due to hypercalcemia, ranging from mild to life-threatening symptoms. We report two infants and one child who had varied manifestations due to hypercalcemia resulting from empirical treatment with high doses of vitamin D. We discuss the management strategies in these cases along with a brief review of the literature. Case Presentation: Our first case was a 10-month-old infant who presented with fever, vomiting, and failure to thrive. Our detailed clinical examination and investigation revealed hypertension and bilateral nephrocalcinosis along with urinary tract infection. The second child was a 2-year-old girl with severe hypercalcemia with clinical features mimicking acute bacterial meningitis. The third infant had mild symptoms like constipation and irritability, and investigations showed moderate hypercalcemia. All had a history of inappropriate vitamin D administration, either in oral or parenteral form, and they were all successfully treated. Conclusions: These case series highlight the importance of proper dosage, avoidance of parenteral route, along with appropriate clinical and biochemical monitoring during the course, whenever a dose of vitamin D is advised.
{"title":"Vitamin D Intoxication in Three Children With Varied Manifestations: A Case Series and Review","authors":"M. Behera, C. Behera, S. Patnaik, B. Meher","doi":"10.32598/JPR.9.4.937.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/JPR.9.4.937.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inadvertent and erroneous prescription of vitamin D beyond the recommended dosage and route of administration can cause vitamin D intoxication in children. Infants are particularly vulnerable to such toxicity. Clinical features are due to hypercalcemia, ranging from mild to life-threatening symptoms. We report two infants and one child who had varied manifestations due to hypercalcemia resulting from empirical treatment with high doses of vitamin D. We discuss the management strategies in these cases along with a brief review of the literature. Case Presentation: Our first case was a 10-month-old infant who presented with fever, vomiting, and failure to thrive. Our detailed clinical examination and investigation revealed hypertension and bilateral nephrocalcinosis along with urinary tract infection. The second child was a 2-year-old girl with severe hypercalcemia with clinical features mimicking acute bacterial meningitis. The third infant had mild symptoms like constipation and irritability, and investigations showed moderate hypercalcemia. All had a history of inappropriate vitamin D administration, either in oral or parenteral form, and they were all successfully treated. Conclusions: These case series highlight the importance of proper dosage, avoidance of parenteral route, along with appropriate clinical and biochemical monitoring during the course, whenever a dose of vitamin D is advised.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43059305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Generally presents in childhood, orbital lymphangioma is an uncommon unencapsulated vascular malformation of the lymphatic system. These benign cystic lesions represent 1%-4% of all orbital masses and may appear after an upper respiratory infection or minor trauma. Because of its nature, the management can be challenging and depends on the clinical presentation. We report an 8-year-old boy with orbital lymphangioma presented with acute proptosis. Then, we discuss different features of this disorder plus its management Case Presentation: An 8-year-old boy was presented with sudden left eye proptosis. He had normal visual acuity and color vision without ocular pain or diplopia. An infiltrative and diffused intraconal plus extraconal mass was detected in orbital computed tomography. Contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a multilobulated infiltrative heterogeneous lesion with fluid-fluid levels. The diagnosis was made on imaging, and he went under treatment with an oral corticosteroid. The symptoms were entirely resolved, and no recurrence occurred during the follow-up. There are several surgical and nonsurgical therapies for orbital lymphangioma. Still, the priority is conservative management, such as sclerotherapy (including OK-432, doxycycline, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, etc.), bleomycin, carbon dioxide laser, systemic corticosteroids, and so on. Conclusions: In most cases, the current imaging methods make a noninvasive diagnosis of orbital lymphangioma possible. Conservative management should be considered the first treatment.
{"title":"Orbital Lymphangioma: A Case Report and Review of Management Modalities","authors":"N. Jafari, R. Jafari","doi":"10.32598/JPR.9.4.449.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/JPR.9.4.449.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Generally presents in childhood, orbital lymphangioma is an uncommon unencapsulated vascular malformation of the lymphatic system. These benign cystic lesions represent 1%-4% of all orbital masses and may appear after an upper respiratory infection or minor trauma. Because of its nature, the management can be challenging and depends on the clinical presentation. We report an 8-year-old boy with orbital lymphangioma presented with acute proptosis. Then, we discuss different features of this disorder plus its management Case Presentation: An 8-year-old boy was presented with sudden left eye proptosis. He had normal visual acuity and color vision without ocular pain or diplopia. An infiltrative and diffused intraconal plus extraconal mass was detected in orbital computed tomography. Contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a multilobulated infiltrative heterogeneous lesion with fluid-fluid levels. The diagnosis was made on imaging, and he went under treatment with an oral corticosteroid. The symptoms were entirely resolved, and no recurrence occurred during the follow-up. There are several surgical and nonsurgical therapies for orbital lymphangioma. Still, the priority is conservative management, such as sclerotherapy (including OK-432, doxycycline, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, etc.), bleomycin, carbon dioxide laser, systemic corticosteroids, and so on. Conclusions: In most cases, the current imaging methods make a noninvasive diagnosis of orbital lymphangioma possible. Conservative management should be considered the first treatment.","PeriodicalId":43059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pediatrics Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44944341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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