Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2025561
M. Dunford
ABSTRACT In China the idea of common prosperity dates back to 1953. After 1979 China chose to let some people and places get rich first to accelerate economic development, with Deng Xiaoping arguing that public property could prevent social polarization. The result was extraordinary sustained economic growth but at the expense of large increases in urban-rural, regional and social inequalities in income and wealth themselves associated with the growth of private capital. In 1999 China started to address urban-rural and regional disparities in the name of common prosperity, while under the leadership of Xi Jinping the emphasis on common prosperity has increased markedly alongside domestic goals relating to innovation, improved governance and ecological and spiritual civilization. Starting in 2020, this course has seen strong government action against the disorderly expansion of private capital, monopolies, speculation and the costs of privately provided education, housing and potentially health, as well as the establishment of a demonstration zone in Zhejiang province to explore ways to address uneven development and reshape the primary, secondary and tertiary distributions of income.
{"title":"The Chinese Path to Common Prosperity","authors":"M. Dunford","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2025561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2025561","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In China the idea of common prosperity dates back to 1953. After 1979 China chose to let some people and places get rich first to accelerate economic development, with Deng Xiaoping arguing that public property could prevent social polarization. The result was extraordinary sustained economic growth but at the expense of large increases in urban-rural, regional and social inequalities in income and wealth themselves associated with the growth of private capital. In 1999 China started to address urban-rural and regional disparities in the name of common prosperity, while under the leadership of Xi Jinping the emphasis on common prosperity has increased markedly alongside domestic goals relating to innovation, improved governance and ecological and spiritual civilization. Starting in 2020, this course has seen strong government action against the disorderly expansion of private capital, monopolies, speculation and the costs of privately provided education, housing and potentially health, as well as the establishment of a demonstration zone in Zhejiang province to explore ways to address uneven development and reshape the primary, secondary and tertiary distributions of income.","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"30 1","pages":"35 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86007761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2035793
J. Milios
ABSTRACT The question of the origins or genesis of capitalism preoccupied the writers of the so-called German Historical School and led to fierce disputes between them in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Its “background” was Marx's theory of capitalism and its genesis in Capital, against which the authors under consideration attempted to formulate an alternative historical analysis and theory. The leading figure of the school at the time, Werner Sombart, introduced the notion of the “spirit of capitalism” as an independent, decisive factor in the birth of the capitalist system, which pre-existed capitalism. The birth of capitalism took place, according to Sombart, when the activities of certain economic subjects who owned large amounts of money merged with the activities of other economic subjects already possessing a certain economic spirit, which proved to be pertinent to capitalism. The idea of a pre-existing “spirit” which enabled the genesis of capitalism was later adopted by Max Weber who radically modified Sombart's reasoning in a direction compatible with Nassau William Senior's theory of abstinence. Despite its poor documentation of historical facts and social theory, Weber's approach still fascinates certain social scientists, probably because it is being perceived as constituting an “anti-Marxist Manifesto.”
{"title":"Seeking the “Spirit of Capitalism”: The German Historical School and the Controversies about the Origins of Capitalism","authors":"J. Milios","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2035793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2035793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The question of the origins or genesis of capitalism preoccupied the writers of the so-called German Historical School and led to fierce disputes between them in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Its “background” was Marx's theory of capitalism and its genesis in Capital, against which the authors under consideration attempted to formulate an alternative historical analysis and theory. The leading figure of the school at the time, Werner Sombart, introduced the notion of the “spirit of capitalism” as an independent, decisive factor in the birth of the capitalist system, which pre-existed capitalism. The birth of capitalism took place, according to Sombart, when the activities of certain economic subjects who owned large amounts of money merged with the activities of other economic subjects already possessing a certain economic spirit, which proved to be pertinent to capitalism. The idea of a pre-existing “spirit” which enabled the genesis of capitalism was later adopted by Max Weber who radically modified Sombart's reasoning in a direction compatible with Nassau William Senior's theory of abstinence. Despite its poor documentation of historical facts and social theory, Weber's approach still fascinates certain social scientists, probably because it is being perceived as constituting an “anti-Marxist Manifesto.”","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"34 1","pages":"81 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76135460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2027805
Yulong Li, Yuxi Wu
ABSTRACT Liberal studies (LS) textbooks used in Hong Kong public secondary schools have incurred controversy regarding perceived biased contents; however, what appears uncertain are what techniques the textbooks used to incite hostility towards the mainland of China and encourage students to participate in violent acts in Hong Kong. The present study used Michel Foucault’s order of discourse theory, particularly the “division and rejection” framework regarding the power of discourse to analyze five popular LS textbooks. The findings reveal that the textbooks depict a division between the fabricated irrational image of the mainland and the rational image of Hong Kong. Specifically, the textbooks paint Chinese patriotism as irrational while encouraging the student readers to reject their Chinese identity. The textbooks also create a division between altruistic and capable civilians and passive, silent ones, with the morality of the former being connected to violence and radicalism. In this way, the textbooks produce a discourse of hostility towards the mainland and the people in the mainland while encouraging violence.
{"title":"Why Are the Liberal Studies Textbooks That Stigmatized China Spread in Hong Kong? A Textual Analysis from Foucauldian Order of Discourse","authors":"Yulong Li, Yuxi Wu","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2027805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2027805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Liberal studies (LS) textbooks used in Hong Kong public secondary schools have incurred controversy regarding perceived biased contents; however, what appears uncertain are what techniques the textbooks used to incite hostility towards the mainland of China and encourage students to participate in violent acts in Hong Kong. The present study used Michel Foucault’s order of discourse theory, particularly the “division and rejection” framework regarding the power of discourse to analyze five popular LS textbooks. The findings reveal that the textbooks depict a division between the fabricated irrational image of the mainland and the rational image of Hong Kong. Specifically, the textbooks paint Chinese patriotism as irrational while encouraging the student readers to reject their Chinese identity. The textbooks also create a division between altruistic and capable civilians and passive, silent ones, with the morality of the former being connected to violence and radicalism. In this way, the textbooks produce a discourse of hostility towards the mainland and the people in the mainland while encouraging violence.","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"94 1","pages":"116 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91052016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2025005
W. Teng, Yan Wang
ABSTRACT To deepen understanding of the important role played by strengthening exchanges and mutual learning between the world’s civilizations in the process of building a community with a shared future for humankind, we present Yan Wang’s interview with Wensheng Teng, former Director of both the Party Literature Research Office and the Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee. From 2008 to 2019, Wensheng Teng served consecutively as vice president, executive vice president and president of the International Confucian Federation.
{"title":"The Historical Direction of Human Civilization—Interview with Wensheng Teng, Fifth President of the International Confucian Association","authors":"W. Teng, Yan Wang","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2025005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2025005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To deepen understanding of the important role played by strengthening exchanges and mutual learning between the world’s civilizations in the process of building a community with a shared future for humankind, we present Yan Wang’s interview with Wensheng Teng, former Director of both the Party Literature Research Office and the Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee. From 2008 to 2019, Wensheng Teng served consecutively as vice president, executive vice president and president of the International Confucian Federation.","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"252 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78181844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2035794
Berch Berberoglu
ABSTRACT This article provides a critical analysis of conventional and Marxist theories of imperialism. The article then looks at the globalization of capital and imperialism in the twenty-first century and explores the relationship between these two phenomena and examines the forces behind modern imperialism, class struggle, and revolution for the transformation of capitalist imperialism in the twenty-first century with all its political implications. It argues that contemporary capitalist imperialism and its inherent contradictions are going to set the stage for the rise of a global working class movement that will lead to the transformation of capitalist imperialism through a worldwide proletarian revolution in the twenty-first century. Thus, the article concludes by articulating the superiority of Marxist theories of imperialism as against their liberal and critical counterparts in predicting the future course of development of capitalism and the challenges that it will face by an organized international working class movement that is destined to rise up against the capitalist-imperialist system and replace it with socialism in the not too distant future.
{"title":"Capitalism and Imperialism in the Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century: A Critical Analysis of Conventional and Marxist Theories of Imperialism","authors":"Berch Berberoglu","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2035794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2035794","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article provides a critical analysis of conventional and Marxist theories of imperialism. The article then looks at the globalization of capital and imperialism in the twenty-first century and explores the relationship between these two phenomena and examines the forces behind modern imperialism, class struggle, and revolution for the transformation of capitalist imperialism in the twenty-first century with all its political implications. It argues that contemporary capitalist imperialism and its inherent contradictions are going to set the stage for the rise of a global working class movement that will lead to the transformation of capitalist imperialism through a worldwide proletarian revolution in the twenty-first century. Thus, the article concludes by articulating the superiority of Marxist theories of imperialism as against their liberal and critical counterparts in predicting the future course of development of capitalism and the challenges that it will face by an organized international working class movement that is destined to rise up against the capitalist-imperialist system and replace it with socialism in the not too distant future.","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"83 1","pages":"55 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91123508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2022.2025525
Enfu Cheng
ABSTRACT This article presents my views on Marxism from ten aspects: (1) the definition of Marxism; (2) the holistic character of Marxism; (3) the sinicization of Marxism; (4) policy orientation of Marxism; (5) the internationalization of Marxism; (6) the three stages of socialism and the view of social system in Marxism; (7) the differentiation of the basic tenets of Marxism that must be adhered to in the long run from the dogmatic understanding of Marxism that must be abandoned; (8) innovation in Marxism; (9) the development of different schools of Marxism; and (10) the role of Marxist scholars and the view of academic research in Marxism.
{"title":"Ten Views of Marxism Originating from the Revolution and Development in China and the World","authors":"Enfu Cheng","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2022.2025525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2025525","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 This article presents my views on Marxism from ten aspects: (1) the definition of Marxism; (2) the holistic character of Marxism; (3) the sinicization of Marxism; (4) policy orientation of Marxism; (5) the internationalization of Marxism; (6) the three stages of socialism and the view of social system in Marxism; (7) the differentiation of the basic tenets of Marxism that must be adhered to in the long run from the dogmatic understanding of Marxism that must be abandoned; (8) innovation in Marxism; (9) the development of different schools of Marxism; and (10) the role of Marxist scholars and the view of academic research in Marxism.","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"17 1","pages":"15 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75232642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2021.2010587
F. Biagi
In this article, the author focuses on Henri Lefebvre’s critique of urban functionalism, whose “founding father” is recognized as Le Corbusier. The aim is to explain how Lefebvre studied urban functionalism in order to develop an innovative critique of the Fordist modernity that developed in France following the Second World War. For the French sociologist, investigating urban functionalism thus meant investigating, from the spatial point of view, the way in which the capitalist development of the last century was modernized. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 25 March 2020 Revised 21 November 2020 Accepted 20 October 2021
{"title":"Henri Lefebvre’s Critique of Le Corbusier’s Urban Functionalism","authors":"F. Biagi","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2021.2010587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2021.2010587","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the author focuses on Henri Lefebvre’s critique of urban functionalism, whose “founding father” is recognized as Le Corbusier. The aim is to explain how Lefebvre studied urban functionalism in order to develop an innovative critique of the Fordist modernity that developed in France following the Second World War. For the French sociologist, investigating urban functionalism thus meant investigating, from the spatial point of view, the way in which the capitalist development of the last century was modernized. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 25 March 2020 Revised 21 November 2020 Accepted 20 October 2021","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"21 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84085107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2021.2005656
Sabine Pfeiffer
{"title":"The Greater Transformation: Digitalization and the Transformative Power of Distributive Forces in Digital Capitalism","authors":"Sabine Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2021.2005656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2021.2005656","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80353169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2021.2005657
Ifeanyi Ezeonu
This paper documents the deleterious effects of petroleum extractive activities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, with a special focus on HIV infection. It argues against the hegemonizing claims of the “resource curse” thesis and deploys the framework of “accumulation by dispossession” to explain the crisis of development associated with the country’s petroleum economy. The paper couches the challenges of economic survival in the petroleum resource-rich region on a predatory alliance between the extractive transnational corporations (TNCs) and the domestic compradors. It highlights the implications of extractive activities in the region for HIV infection. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 13 June 2021 Revised 28 June 2021 Accepted 20 October 2021
{"title":"Resource Curse or Accumulation by Dispossession? Economic Displacement and the Challenges of HIV Infection in a Petroleum Economy","authors":"Ifeanyi Ezeonu","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2021.2005657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2021.2005657","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the deleterious effects of petroleum extractive activities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, with a special focus on HIV infection. It argues against the hegemonizing claims of the “resource curse” thesis and deploys the framework of “accumulation by dispossession” to explain the crisis of development associated with the country’s petroleum economy. The paper couches the challenges of economic survival in the petroleum resource-rich region on a predatory alliance between the extractive transnational corporations (TNCs) and the domestic compradors. It highlights the implications of extractive activities in the region for HIV infection. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 13 June 2021 Revised 28 June 2021 Accepted 20 October 2021","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91049387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.1080/21598282.2021.2003175
Stefano G. Azzarà
Domenico Losurdo traveled to Beijing for the first time in the 1970s, when (Western) Maoism thrilled a large number of Western progressive intellectuals. But when these intellectuals turned away from China—which they accused of having consolidated an “illiberal totalitarian political regime” but also of having “restored capitalism”—by contrast Losurdo remained a friend of China. For him it was from the Chinese experience and its ability to survive the end of the USSR that one could draw inspiration to confront the most important event in the life of an entire generation: the radical crisis of Marxism and the defeat of the communist movement in the West. Western Marxism, born out of the shock of the First World War, is characterized by a utopian messianism prone to anarchism (the thesis of the extinction of the state, for example, or the claim of an immediate cancelation of borders, or hostility towards economy and technology). In China, on the other hand, Marxism has become the basis of national awareness and the consequent liberation struggle. Once political independence is reached, however, the revolution continues today in order to achieve economic independence. Hence the need for a re-elaboration of the same Marxian category of class struggle. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 June 2021 Revised 11 July 2021 Accepted 13 July 2021
{"title":"The Crucial Role of Domenico Losurdo in the Historical, Political and Philosophical Understanding of the “Chinese Way”","authors":"Stefano G. Azzarà","doi":"10.1080/21598282.2021.2003175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2021.2003175","url":null,"abstract":"Domenico Losurdo traveled to Beijing for the first time in the 1970s, when (Western) Maoism thrilled a large number of Western progressive intellectuals. But when these intellectuals turned away from China—which they accused of having consolidated an “illiberal totalitarian political regime” but also of having “restored capitalism”—by contrast Losurdo remained a friend of China. For him it was from the Chinese experience and its ability to survive the end of the USSR that one could draw inspiration to confront the most important event in the life of an entire generation: the radical crisis of Marxism and the defeat of the communist movement in the West. Western Marxism, born out of the shock of the First World War, is characterized by a utopian messianism prone to anarchism (the thesis of the extinction of the state, for example, or the claim of an immediate cancelation of borders, or hostility towards economy and technology). In China, on the other hand, Marxism has become the basis of national awareness and the consequent liberation struggle. Once political independence is reached, however, the revolution continues today in order to achieve economic independence. Hence the need for a re-elaboration of the same Marxian category of class struggle. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 June 2021 Revised 11 July 2021 Accepted 13 July 2021","PeriodicalId":43179,"journal":{"name":"International Critical Thought","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91102765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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