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The political ecology of slavery: Edmund Ruffin and the simbi of South Carolina 奴隶制的政治生态:埃德蒙·鲁芬与南卡罗来纳州的辛比
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2144207
Amanda Lowe
ABSTRACT In the early months of 1843, Edmund Ruffin began a geological tour of South Carolina to survey the landscape and the current state of plantation farming across the region. Commissioned by governor James Hammond, Ruffin’s survey aimed to diagnose the decline in plantation productivity in the state. In the diary that he kept during his tour, Ruffin describes stories of nature spirits called “simbi,” whom enslaved and indigenous inhabitants believed guarded limestone springs in the south-east of the state. This paper argues that in the accounts of simbi, which are embedded in a geological survey that aims to increase the efficiency of resource extraction, Ruffin’s reader glimpses a competing geology composed of stratified historical, environmental, and phenomenological meanings. The paper recontextualizes simbi in order to suggest how truly destabilizing a simbi metaphysics is to Ruffin’s own ecological project. By drawing on a rich body of recent religious studies of the African diaspora, the paper suggests possible ecological claims being made in these simbi stories, and that these claims are deeply rooted in knowledge about land use, sustainability, inheritance, and privatization that unsettle the plantation system. The paper aims, in other words, to more thoroughly perceive the network of relationships between enslaved persons, the fountains, spirits, the dead, and the African continent co-present with Ruffin’s geology. It also examines the interpenetration of Ruffin’s political and geo-agricultural writings in order to illustrate how he grounds his racial politics in his understanding of ecology.
摘要1843年初,埃德蒙·鲁芬(Edmund Ruffin)开始了对南卡罗来纳州的地质考察,以了解该地区的景观和种植业现状。受州长詹姆斯·哈蒙德委托,鲁芬的调查旨在诊断该州种植园生产力的下降。在他旅行期间保存的日记中,鲁芬描述了被称为“simbi”的自然精灵的故事,被奴役的土著居民认为他们守护着该州东南部的石灰岩泉水。本文认为,在旨在提高资源开采效率的地质调查中,鲁芬的读者看到了由分层的历史、环境和现象学意义组成的相互竞争的地质学。本文对辛比进行了重新文本化,以表明辛比形而上学对鲁芬自己的生态项目是多么的不稳定。通过借鉴最近对非洲侨民的大量宗教研究,该论文提出了这些辛比故事中可能提出的生态主张,这些主张深深植根于对土地使用、可持续性、继承和私有化的了解,这些知识扰乱了种植园系统。换言之,这篇论文的目的是更彻底地感知被奴役者、喷泉、灵魂、死者以及与鲁芬的地质学共同存在的非洲大陆之间的关系网络。它还考察了鲁芬的政治和地理农业著作的相互渗透,以说明他是如何将种族政治建立在对生态学的理解之上的。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptation and layers of influence in Napoleonic silhouette-ghost prints 拿破仑剪影鬼版画的改编与影响层次
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2144249
Alissa R. Adams
During the 1830s, a collection of unusual prints of Napoleon Bonaparte began to appear throughout France and Europe. Their strangeness derived from the fact that, although they honored the memory of the Emperor and can be described as images of him, he does not appear in the works directly. Instead, he takes the form of a blank space. These prints, which this study will refer to as “ silhouette-ghost prints, ” depict the island of St. Helena. Viewers are shown a fi ctionalized version of Bonaparte ’ s grave, where mourners weep at the gravestone as the sun sets in the distance. Despite the melodramatic nature of this subject matter, the most striking characteristic of the prints is the con fi guration of tree trunks, branches, and twigs that create an outline of the Emperor. During the Bourbon Restoration (1815 – 1830), such hidden images of the Emperor were often used to evade censorship, for the carefully hidden silhouettes often took time to detect and allowed Bonapartists to collect images of their idol while evading government scrutiny (Kroen 2000, 190 – 191). However, the silhouette-ghost prints appeared after 1830, when King Louis-Philippe lifted censorship of Napoleon ’ s image and even actively promoted it (Marrinan 1988, 158 – 164). For this reason, their use of the silhouette form likely is not meant for political subterfuge. Other works, known as puzzle prints, used hidden silhouettes as brainteasers for their audiences. Certain of these, especially depic-tions of Lord Byron, closely resemble the silhouette-ghost prints (Jones 2008, 22). Here again, however, the prints diverge from a likely model. For even in the most subtle examples, the Emperor ’ s form is usually obvious and even fi guratively highlighted through the use of captions or titles. The prints ’ use of the silhouette form to honor Napoleon ’ s memory, then, requires elucidation. We
19世纪30年代,一组不同寻常的拿破仑·波拿巴版画开始在法国和欧洲各地出现。它们的奇怪之处在于,尽管它们是为了纪念皇帝,可以被描述为他的形象,但他并没有直接出现在作品中。相反,他以空白的形式出现。这些版画,本研究将其称为“剪影鬼版画”,描绘了圣赫勒拿岛。观众看到的是虚构版的波拿巴的坟墓,随着太阳在远处落下,哀悼者在墓碑前哭泣。尽管这一主题具有戏剧性的性质,但这些版画最引人注目的特点是树干、树枝和细枝的组合,形成了皇帝的轮廓。在波旁王朝复辟时期(1815 - 1830),这种隐藏的皇帝形象经常被用来逃避审查制度,因为精心隐藏的轮廓往往需要时间来发现,并允许波拿巴主义者在躲避政府审查的同时收集他们偶像的图像(Kroen 2000, 190 - 191)。然而,剪影鬼版画出现在1830年之后,当时国王路易-菲利普取消了对拿破仑形象的审查,甚至积极推广它(Marrinan 1988, 158 - 164)。出于这个原因,他们使用剪影形式可能不是为了政治诡计。其他作品,被称为拼图版画,使用隐藏的剪影作为观众的脑筋急转弯。其中的某些,尤其是拜伦勋爵的描绘,与幽灵的剪影版画非常相似(Jones 2008, 22)。然而,这里的指纹又一次偏离了一个可能的模型。因为即使在最微妙的例子中,皇帝的形式通常是明显的,甚至通过使用说明文字或标题来明确地强调。这些版画使用剪影的形式来纪念拿破仑,那么,需要解释。我们
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引用次数: 0
The Belle Époque: a cultural history, Paris and beyond BelleÉpoque:文化史,巴黎及其他地方
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2140993
D. Holmes
some fled London to the country, mirroring a change described by Defoe (1722) during the plague of 1665. It may be that these émigrés will never return. London is still polluted, but not by coal smoke, and more recent times have seen the city troubled by nitrogen rich fogs in winter and photochemical smog in summer. While many pollutants are at lowered concentrations, London still struggles to meet the World Health Organization guidelines. Scientists examining environmental change have increasingly turned to the historical record. In recent years there has been a flurry of studies, for example, on the impact of historical pollutants on the changing rate of damage to building façades in cities. The rate of damage has decreased as the levels of smoke and sulfur dioxide in the air have declined (Brimblecombe and Grossi 2009; Grøntoft, 2021; Ionescu et al. 2012). Such studies remind us that our interest in long term change in the environment benefits from an understanding of history and the importance of historical materials as a source of data. History seems more important than ever, but also leaves us with a sense of the legacy that the early reformers in London created; they did not solve the air pollution problem, so much as ensure that we saw it as a problem to be solved.
一些人逃离伦敦来到这个国家,反映了笛福(1722)在1665年瘟疫期间描述的变化。也许这些移民再也回不来了。伦敦仍然受到污染,但没有受到煤烟的污染。最近,这座城市在冬季受到富氮雾的困扰,在夏季受到光化学烟雾的困扰。尽管许多污染物的浓度已经降低,但伦敦仍在努力满足世界卫生组织的指导方针。研究环境变化的科学家越来越多地转向历史记录。近年来,有一系列研究,例如,历史污染物对城市建筑外墙损坏率变化的影响。随着空气中烟雾和二氧化硫水平的下降,破坏率有所下降(Brimblecombe和Grossi,2009年;Grøntoft,2021;Ionescu等人,2012年)。这些研究提醒我们,我们对环境长期变化的兴趣得益于对历史的理解以及史料作为数据来源的重要性。历史似乎比以往任何时候都更重要,但也让我们感受到伦敦早期改革者创造的遗产;他们没有解决空气污染问题,而是确保我们将其视为一个需要解决的问题。
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引用次数: 0
“Neither should they be dimmed any more by time”: the Book of Mormon, the Bible, and Joseph Smith’s prophetic presentism “它们也不应该随着时间的推移而变得暗淡”:《摩门教》、《圣经》和约瑟夫·史密斯的预言性预言
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2144243
Jordan T. Watkins
Joseph Smith ’ s early followers seemed to exhibit a dual historical consciousness that rendered sacred pasts both foreign and familiar. To make room for Smith ’ s new scriptural productions in the Bible culture of Protestant America, some among them insisted that historical di ff erences separated their present from the biblical pasts. In an 1832 letter, Reverend Benton Pixley recorded a sermon by “ Mormonite ” preacher Sidney Rigdon, in which Rigdon proclaimed that the New Testament “ epistles are not and were not given for our instruction, but for the instruction of a people of another age and country, far removed from ours, of di ff erent habits and manners. ” Rigdon thus con-tended “ that it is altogether inconsistent for us to take the Epistles written for that people at that age of the world, as containing suitable instruction for this people at this age of the world. ” Rigdon ’ s critique included the “ Gospels, ” which he described as “ so mutilated and altered as to convey little of the instruction which they should convey. ” These assertions about historical di ff erence and distance, and about time ’ s cor-rupting in fl uence, countered Protestant assumptions regarding the Bible ’ s enduring relevance. Rigdon ’ s reasoning rested on Smith ’ s revelatory claims. Rigdon declared that “ a new revelation is to be sought. – is to be expected, – indeed is coming forthwith ” (Pixley 1832, 177). In this way, the belief in new revelation could encourage a sense of distance from biblical pasts. 1
约瑟夫·史密斯早期的追随者似乎表现出双重历史意识,使神圣的过去既陌生又熟悉。为了在新教美国的圣经文化中为史密斯的新圣经作品腾出空间,其中一些人坚持认为历史差异将他们的现在与圣经的过去分开。在1832年的一封信中,Benton Pixley牧师记录了“摩门教”传教士Sidney Rigdon的一次布道,Rigdon在信中宣称,《新约》“书信不是也不是为了我们的教导,而是为了一个与我们相距甚远的另一个时代和国家的人民的教导,他们有着不同的习惯和举止。“里格登因此认为”,我们完全不一致地认为,为世界上那个年龄的人写的书信,包含了对世界上这个年龄的人的合适的指导。“里格顿的批评包括《福音书》,他形容这些福音书“如此残缺不全和修改,以至于几乎没有传达出他们应该传达的指导。”。这些关于历史差异和距离的断言,以及关于时间影响的断言,反驳了新教关于《圣经》持久相关性的假设。里格顿的推理建立在史密斯的启示性主张之上。里格登宣称“一个新的启示正在被寻求。——是意料之中的,——确实马上就会到来”(皮克斯利1832177)。这样,对新启示的信仰可以鼓励人们与圣经过去保持距离。1.
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引用次数: 1
Writing the mind: social cognition in nineteenth-century American fiction 书写心灵:十九世纪美国小说中的社会认知
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2140995
Patrick Colm Hogan
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引用次数: 1
Stratified heavens: growing up in the Victorian afterlife 分层的天堂:成长于维多利亚时代的来世
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2144215
Ashley Miller
When American spiritualist Andrew Jackson Davis wrote in 1868 that there is “an inhabitable zone, or a circular belt of refined and stratified matter in the heavens which recently has been denominated ‘The Summer Land,’” he drew upon advancements in astrology to theorize a very material afterlife (1868b, 18). Davis’s foundational spiritualist theology describes heaven as a Swedenborgian series of ascending spheres, each one increasing in perfection. The afterlife as Davis depicts it is one of endless development, refinement, and progress. Abolished is the idea of heaven as eternal rest: in this deeply Victorian paradise, everything from atoms to immortal souls is working its way upward toward God. And there is perhaps no better guide to the strata of the Summerland than the spirit of an infant. This article investigates the fate of the infant in the Victorian afterlife. I argue that the figure of the infant plays a crucial role in the writings of nineteenth-century spiritualists on both sides of the Atlantic. Believers insisted that lost infants – including ones who died at birth – still had the chance to develop and progress in the afterlife. Depictions of the Summerland offered consolation to grieving parents by describing the nurseries and schools in which the spirits of infants were raised. Those heavenly educational systems were even imported back to earth: the Progressive Lyceum – the spiritualist equivalent of Sunday School – was modeled on visions of education in the Summerland. Yet the spirits of infants who communicated with spiritualists often sent messages that challenged Victorian beliefs about maternity and parentage. Infants in the Summerland raise important questions about what it means to be alive, what it means to be born and unborn – questions that shaped Victorian ideas about reproductive rights, the afterlives of which we still live with today.
1868年,美国通灵学家安德鲁·杰克逊·戴维斯(Andrew Jackson Davis)写道,“天空中有一个可居住的区域,或一个由精细和分层物质组成的环形带,最近被命名为‘夏日之地’”,他利用占星术的进步,推测了一个非常物质的死后(1868b,18)。戴维斯的基础唯心主义神学将天堂描述为瑞典人的一系列上升球体,每一个都在完美中不断增加。正如戴维斯所描绘的那样,来生是一个不断发展、完善和进步的过程。天堂是永恒的安息地的想法被废除了:在这个维多利亚时代的天堂里,从原子到不朽的灵魂,一切都在向上走向上帝。也许没有什么比婴儿的精神更能引导我们了解Summerland的阶层了。这篇文章探讨了婴儿在维多利亚时代死后的命运。我认为,婴儿的形象在大西洋两岸19世纪的唯心主义者的作品中扮演着至关重要的角色。信徒们坚持认为,失去的婴儿——包括那些在出生时死亡的婴儿——仍然有机会在死后发育和进步。对Summerland的描述通过描述养育婴儿灵魂的托儿所和学校来安慰悲伤的父母。这些天堂般的教育系统甚至被带回了地球:进步学园——相当于周日学校的唯心主义者——是以Summerland的教育愿景为模型的。然而,与通灵论者交流的婴儿的灵魂经常发出挑战维多利亚时代关于母性和亲子关系的信仰的信息。Summerland的婴儿提出了重要的问题,即活着意味着什么,出生和未出生意味着什么——这些问题塑造了维多利亚时代关于生殖权利的思想,我们今天仍然生活在这些权利的后遗症中。
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引用次数: 0
Nineteenth-century strata 19世纪地层
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2144238
Jessica Straley, Leslee Thorne-Murphy
The 36th annual meeting of the Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies association – held in Salt Lake City and co-hosted by the University of Utah and Brigham Young University – invited participants to dig into the theme of “Nineteenth-Century Strata.” Celebrating the breathtaking geological stratigraphy that constitutes the state of Utah, from the red rock of the Colorado Plateau to the snowy peaks of the Wasatch Mountain Range, as well as the rich diversity of the peoples and species that have made Utah their home, the conference sought to showcase the varied ways that nineteenth-century scholarship can think about literal and figurative layerings. Our conference opened with a welcome reception at the Natural History Museum of Utah, a copper-toned and terraced building nestled beautifully into the natural contours of the surrounding foothills. Inside, the Museum houses a vast array of specimens from Utah’s prehistoric past, and our guests enjoyed having the galleries all to ourselves in the after-hours reception. We walked among the colossal skeletons of Utahraptor, Triceratops, and other ancient species, learned about the bounty of fossils trapped in the gooey mud of the nearby Cleveland Morrison Formation, and, from the museum’s grand balcony, watched the sunset over Salt Lake City, whose deep prehistory as Lake Bonneville is still visible in the sedimentary layers of the Pleistocene rock that hugs its curves. The more recent temporal dislocation was not lost on us either. Our conference was originally proposed for 2021 but, like so many of our plans, was disrupted by the COVID outbreak. The previous INCS conference in Los Angeles in early March 2020 was likely the last in-person humanities conference in the United States before the pandemic drove us online, and INCS 2022 in Salt Lake City may have been one of the first conferences to return face-to-face. We were very lucky. At the end of March, case numbers were low, vaccines had become widely available, our attendees were vigilant about masking in sessions, and spring temperatures allowed us to explore outdoors. The opportunity to engage with each other in ways that we had missed during the previous two years was indescribably invigorating, both professionally and personally. When the organizing committee chose the theme of “Nineteenth-Century Strata,” we hoped to attract papers on geology and deep time; stratifications of gender, class, and race; the rise of cities and urban architecture; layering in the visual arts through
由犹他大学和杨百翰大学共同主办的19世纪跨学科研究协会第36届年会在盐湖城举行,邀请与会者深入探讨“19世纪地层”这一主题。庆祝犹他州令人惊叹的地质地层学,从科罗拉多高原的红色岩石到瓦萨奇山脉的雪峰,以及以犹他州为家的丰富的民族和物种的多样性,会议试图展示19世纪学者可以思考的各种方式,从文字和比喻的层次。我们的会议在犹他州自然历史博物馆的欢迎招待会上开幕,这是一座铜色调的梯田建筑,美丽地坐落在周围山麓的自然轮廓中。在博物馆里面,陈列着大量来自犹他州史前历史的标本,我们的客人很喜欢在下班后的接待会上独自参观画廊。我们在犹他龙、三角龙和其他古代物种的巨大骨架中漫步,了解了附近克利夫兰莫里森地层粘糊糊的泥浆中埋藏的大量化石,并从博物馆的大阳台上观看了盐湖城的日落,在环绕其曲线的更新世岩石的沉积层中,仍然可以看到博纳维尔湖(Lake Bonneville)的深厚史前历史。最近发生的颞部脱位也没有影响到我们。我们的会议原定于2021年举行,但就像我们的许多计划一样,因新冠疫情而中断。2020年3月初在洛杉矶举行的INCS会议可能是疫情爆发前美国最后一次面对面的人文会议,而盐湖城的INCS 2022可能是第一批面对面的会议之一。我们很幸运。在3月底,病例数很低,疫苗已经广泛可用,我们的与会者在会议上对戴口罩保持警惕,春天的温度允许我们在户外探索。在过去的两年里,我们错过了彼此接触的机会,无论是在工作上还是个人生活上,都给我们带来了难以形容的鼓舞。当组委会选择“19世纪地层”这个主题时,我们希望吸引地质学和深部时间方面的论文;性别、阶级和种族的分层;城市的兴起与城市建筑;层次感贯穿于视觉艺术之中
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引用次数: 0
Chemical affinities: photography, extraction, and industrial heritage in nineteenth-century northern England 化学亲缘关系:19世纪英格兰北部的摄影、提取和工业遗产
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2146898
Jennifer Tucker
ABSTRACT “Chemical Affinities” explores how chemistry and visual culture were entwined in the long nineteenth century, focusing here on the role of photography as both a material cause of pollution and the aesthetic means to visualize the pollution that it caused. Chemical layering was a common dimension of all nineteenth-century photography and photographic printing, making photography a by-product of the chemical revolution of the nineteenth century, no less than fertilizer and paper. Drawing on hundreds of visual representations (drawings, engravings, photographs, and graphs), most of them located in local, scientific, and business archives in northern England, my research approaches photography as a material, economic, and social process: an extractive resource that raises questions about the global future alongside recording the tangible present and arrested moments of the past. Here, I examine the nineteenth-century industry in Widnes, Cheshire, as a particularly representative and vexed site of photography’s chemical effects on land and people, as well as its instrumentation in documenting and recording – and in so doing promising to expose and moderate – those effects. The article concludes with some reflections on the value of photographic archives and critical industrial heritage studies for historical understanding of nineteenth-century chemical industry and its legacies.
“化学亲和”探讨了化学与视觉文化在漫长的19世纪是如何交织在一起的,重点关注摄影作为污染的物质原因和视觉化污染的美学手段所起的作用。化学分层是所有19世纪摄影和摄影印刷的共同维度,使摄影成为19世纪化学革命的副产品,不亚于肥料和纸张。利用数百种视觉表现形式(绘画、雕刻、照片和图表),其中大部分位于英格兰北部的当地、科学和商业档案中,我的研究将摄影作为一种材料、经济和社会过程:一种采掘资源,在记录有形的现在和过去被逮捕的时刻的同时,提出了关于全球未来的问题。在这里,我考察了19世纪柴郡威德尼斯的工业,作为摄影对土地和人类的化学影响的一个特别具有代表性和令人不安的地点,以及它在记录和记录方面的仪器,并在这样做的过程中有希望揭露和缓和这些影响。文章最后对摄影档案和批判工业遗产研究对19世纪化学工业及其遗产的历史认识的价值进行了思考。
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引用次数: 0
Hardy, Time, and the Trilobite 哈迪、时间与三叶虫
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2106718
J. Dillion
ABSTRACT This paper takes as its starting point an important conversation held between Thomas Hardy and Leslie Stephen in 1875 in which they discussed the “unreality of time” (Maitland 1906, 203). This idea informs Hardy’s (1873) novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes, in which the amateur geologist Henry Knight hangs from a cliff and before him flashes a vision of deep time, which culminates in an eye-to-eye encounter with a trilobite. Several critics have argued for Leslie Stephen’s “A Bad Five Minutes in the Alps” (1872), published just weeks before, as a source of inspiration for Hardy’s scene. I investigate these claims, and argue that Gideon Mantell’s Wonders of Geology (1848) was a greater influence. Drawing on the work of Patricia Ingham and Adelene Buckland, I consider the differences between these texts, and explore the implications of Hardy’s removing the gaze of Mantell’s “higher intelligence” and replacing his teleological view of time with a backwards slide down the evolutionary scale. This prefigured Thomas Henry Huxley’s fear that with the cooling of the sun, humankind would eventually devolve into “low” and “simple” organisms “such as the Diatom of the arctic and antarctic ice” (1894, 191). This paper also draws on Hardy’s copy of The Wonders of Geology, now in the Beinecke, and contested questions around its provenance. Finally, I conclude that this scene raises questions of scale that are never fully resolved and that these questions haunt the rest of Hardy’s oeuvre.
本文以托马斯·哈代和莱斯利·斯蒂芬在1875年的一次重要对话为出发点,讨论了“时间的非现实性”(Maitland 1906, 203)。哈代(1873)的小说《一双蓝眼睛》(A Pair of Blue Eyes)中就体现了这一观点。在小说中,业余地质学家亨利·奈特(Henry Knight)被吊在悬崖上,眼前闪现出一幅深时空的景象,最终以与一只三叶虫的对视而告终。几位评论家认为,几周前出版的莱斯利·斯蒂芬(Leslie Stephen)的《阿尔卑斯山上糟糕的五分钟》(A Bad Five Minutes in the Alps, 1872)是哈代这一场景的灵感来源。我调查了这些说法,并认为吉迪恩·曼特尔的《地质奇观》(1848)影响更大。借鉴帕特里夏·英厄姆和阿德琳·巴克兰的作品,我考虑了这些文本之间的差异,并探讨了哈代移除了曼特尔“更高智慧”的目光,用进化尺度上的倒退取代了他的目的论时间观的含义。这预示了托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的担忧,即随着太阳的冷却,人类最终将退化为“低级”和“简单”的生物,“如北极和南极冰上的硅藻”(1894,191)。本文还引用了哈代的《地质奇观》副本(现藏于拜内克),并对其出处提出了争议。最后,我得出结论,这个场景提出了从未完全解决的规模问题,这些问题困扰着哈代的其余作品。
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引用次数: 1
Multiple voices on the manuscript of Elizabeth Gaskell’s The Life of Charlotte Brontë 伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔《夏洛特·勃朗特的一生》手稿上的多重声音
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/08905495.2022.2107417
Lucy Hanks
“I am in the Hornet’s nest with a vengeance” (Gaskell 1997b, 453) is how Elizabeth Gaskell described the reception of her 1857 biography, The Life of Charlotte Brontë (LCB). It is a fitting image to describe the indignation which met some of the memoir’s portraits of people associated with Charlotte Brontë during her life. The fact that Gaskell considered this reaction as “vengeance” indicates how, in the process of writing the memoir, she believed that her personal reputation was tied up and associated with Brontë’s to the point that she felt victimised by the controversy surrounding it. However distressing the memoir’s reception was for Gaskell, though, it was not unexpected. She used the “Hornet’s nest” image to explain how this social awareness influenced her sometimes inconsistent approach to writing the memoir in a letter after its publication:
伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔(Elizabeth Gaskell,1997b,453)描述了她1857年的传记《夏洛特·勃朗特的一生》(the Life of Charlotte Brontë,LCB)受到欢迎的情景。这是一个恰当的形象来描述回忆录中一些与夏洛特·勃朗特有关的人在其一生中所表现出的愤慨。盖斯凯尔认为这种反应是“复仇”,这一事实表明,在撰写回忆录的过程中,她认为自己的个人声誉与勃朗特的声誉息息相关,以至于她觉得自己受到了围绕这本回忆录的争议的伤害。尽管这本回忆录受到了盖斯凯尔的欢迎,但这并不意外。她在回忆录出版后的一封信中用“黄蜂窝”的形象解释了这种社会意识是如何影响她有时不一致的写作方式的:
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Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal
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