Pub Date : 2017-03-30DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.29.1.0003
Laura E. Brade, Ros Holmes
Between late 1938 and August 1939, eight children’s transports left Prague, bringing 669 children to Great Britain to escape the Holocaust. This rescue mission has been increasingly discussed on both popular and scholarly platforms in recent years. The commemoration of Sir Nicholas Winton, who has been credited with single-handedly organizing this rescue, has been promoted by the now-adult children themselves and enthusiastically supported by the British and Czech governments, even though this operation was not, in fact, led by Winton alone but was part of a much larger voluntary sector project to support refugees fleeing fascism. This article outlines the intricate and, at times, fraught organization of the child migration and questions the historical implications of venerating humanitarian actors.
在1938年底至1939年8月间，8辆儿童运输车离开布拉格，将669名儿童带到英国，以逃避大屠杀。近年来，这一救援任务在大众和学术平台上得到了越来越多的讨论。尼古拉斯·温顿爵士(Sir Nicholas Winton)被认为是一手组织了这次救援行动，这次纪念活动得到了现已成年的孩子们自己的推动，并得到了英国和捷克政府的热情支持，尽管这次行动实际上不是由温顿一个人领导的，而是一个更大的志愿部门项目的一部分，该项目旨在支持逃离法西斯主义的难民。本文概述了儿童移民的复杂，有时令人担忧的组织，并质疑尊重人道主义行动者的历史含义。
{"title":"Troublesome Sainthood: Nicholas Winton and the Contested History of Child Rescue in Prague, 1938–1940","authors":"Laura E. Brade, Ros Holmes","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.29.1.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.29.1.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Between late 1938 and August 1939, eight children’s transports left Prague, bringing 669 children to Great Britain to escape the Holocaust. This rescue mission has been increasingly discussed on both popular and scholarly platforms in recent years. The commemoration of Sir Nicholas Winton, who has been credited with single-handedly organizing this rescue, has been promoted by the now-adult children themselves and enthusiastically supported by the British and Czech governments, even though this operation was not, in fact, led by Winton alone but was part of a much larger voluntary sector project to support refugees fleeing fascism. This article outlines the intricate and, at times, fraught organization of the child migration and questions the historical implications of venerating humanitarian actors.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81921508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-22DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0003
Jan C. Jansen
During Algeria’s late-colonial period, Emir ‘Abd al-Qadir became an embattled figure in public memory. This article examines how Algerian and European social actors endeavored to use him as an important source of legitimacy in their struggles over colonial rule. It shows how the legacy of the emir was increasingly subject to competing claims that cast him either as an Algerian national hero or a French one. Public memory thus functioned as a dynamic zone of social negotiation marked by interactions across the colonizer–colonized divide and by frictions among the European and Algerian populations with reverberations into the postcolonial period.
{"title":"Creating National Heroes: Colonial Rule, Anticolonial Politics and Conflicting Memories of Emir ‘Abd al-Qadir in Algeria, 1900–1960s","authors":"Jan C. Jansen","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0003","url":null,"abstract":"During Algeria’s late-colonial period, Emir ‘Abd al-Qadir became an embattled figure in public memory. This article examines how Algerian and European social actors endeavored to use him as an important source of legitimacy in their struggles over colonial rule. It shows how the legacy of the emir was increasingly subject to competing claims that cast him either as an Algerian national hero or a French one. Public memory thus functioned as a dynamic zone of social negotiation marked by interactions across the colonizer–colonized divide and by frictions among the European and Algerian populations with reverberations into the postcolonial period.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86581320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-22DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0152
R. Burke
This article examines the United Nations’ international commemoration program for the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). It argues that the deficiencies of the UN’s promotional effort were mirrored in its memorialization strategy, the most visible and sustained example of which was a vast campaign of stamp issues. In their abstract iconography, these stamps tended to circulate internationally without substantial interaction with national freedom struggles. Issued in immense numbers for more than forty years, by over 100 states, the stamps served to memorialize a spare UN symbolism, rather than to translate the ideals of the UDHR into any nationally relevant lexicon.
{"title":"Premature Memorials to the United Nations Human Rights Program: International Postage Stamps and the Commemoration of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights","authors":"R. Burke","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0152","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the United Nations’ international commemoration program for the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). It argues that the deficiencies of the UN’s promotional effort were mirrored in its memorialization strategy, the most visible and sustained example of which was a vast campaign of stamp issues. In their abstract iconography, these stamps tended to circulate internationally without substantial interaction with national freedom struggles. Issued in immense numbers for more than forty years, by over 100 states, the stamps served to memorialize a spare UN symbolism, rather than to translate the ideals of the UDHR into any nationally relevant lexicon.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77610037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-22DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0047
A. Demshuk
In the immediate aftermath of Nazi misrule and wartime bombing, as Germans struggled to survive amid the ruins of their national identity and architectural treasures, passionate debates arose over how to devise usable symbols for the new post-Nazi cityscape. This article features the zealous dispute in Leipzig over how to make Johann Sebastian Bach a symbolic centerpiece, either by erecting a splendid new mausoleum where Bach had been buried or by moving his remains to a new shrine in the Thomaskirche, where Bach had served as cantor. So great were the perceived stakes that even Communist officials took opposing sides in this fight for the postwar urban memory landscape.
{"title":"A Mausoleum for Bach?: Holy Relics and Urban Planning in Early Communist Leipzig, 1945–1950","authors":"A. Demshuk","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0047","url":null,"abstract":"In the immediate aftermath of Nazi misrule and wartime bombing, as Germans struggled to survive amid the ruins of their national identity and architectural treasures, passionate debates arose over how to devise usable symbols for the new post-Nazi cityscape. This article features the zealous dispute in Leipzig over how to make Johann Sebastian Bach a symbolic centerpiece, either by erecting a splendid new mausoleum where Bach had been buried or by moving his remains to a new shrine in the Thomaskirche, where Bach had served as cantor. So great were the perceived stakes that even Communist officials took opposing sides in this fight for the postwar urban memory landscape.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84716427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-22DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0089
Rachel E. Perry
Michal Rovner’s Living Landscape is the first “exhibit” in the new Holocaust History museum at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. A permanent, site-specific, multimedia installation woven from found footage of prewar Jewish life in Europe, it covers the entire thirteen-meter high, triangular southern wall of the museum, occupying one of the most important spaces in the museum. This article considers the poetics and polemics of Living Landscape through the concept of hospitality theorized by Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. Not only does the piece welcome us into the museum, it also thematizes hospitality in returning to the motifs of home/land and the address/greeting. Positioning its viewers alternately as host and guest, it presses us to an ethical reflection on our relationship to the history and memory of the Holocaust and its victims.
{"title":"Holocaust Hospitality: Michal Rovner’s Living Landscape at Yad Vashem","authors":"Rachel E. Perry","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0089","url":null,"abstract":"Michal Rovner’s Living Landscape is the first “exhibit” in the new Holocaust History museum at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. A permanent, site-specific, multimedia installation woven from found footage of prewar Jewish life in Europe, it covers the entire thirteen-meter high, triangular southern wall of the museum, occupying one of the most important spaces in the museum. This article considers the poetics and polemics of Living Landscape through the concept of hospitality theorized by Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. Not only does the piece welcome us into the museum, it also thematizes hospitality in returning to the motifs of home/land and the address/greeting. Positioning its viewers alternately as host and guest, it presses us to an ethical reflection on our relationship to the history and memory of the Holocaust and its victims.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82452705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-22DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0123
J. Laycock
Following the Second World War around 100,000 diaspora Armenians answered Stalin’s invitation to resettle in the Soviet Republic of Armenia. This article examines a set of memoirs published by Armenians who, after resettling in the Soviet Union, eventually returned to diaspora communities in Europe, the Middle East and the United States. Drawing upon Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, I address the ways in which these narratives were shaped by the legacies of the Armenian Genocide. I argue that the repatriate narratives also challenge dominant narratives of Armenian history and highlight the variety and complexity of Armenian experiences in the aftermath of genocide.
{"title":"Survivor or Soviet Stories?: Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities","authors":"J. Laycock","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.2.0123","url":null,"abstract":"Following the Second World War around 100,000 diaspora Armenians answered Stalin’s invitation to resettle in the Soviet Republic of Armenia. This article examines a set of memoirs published by Armenians who, after resettling in the Soviet Union, eventually returned to diaspora communities in Europe, the Middle East and the United States. Drawing upon Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, I address the ways in which these narratives were shaped by the legacies of the Armenian Genocide. I argue that the repatriate narratives also challenge dominant narratives of Armenian history and highlight the variety and complexity of Armenian experiences in the aftermath of genocide.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76553435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-16DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.141
Noah Shenker
No longer able to devote itself exclusively to testimonies of the Holocaust, the USC Shoah Foundation Institute has branched out to house interviews from other genocides including those perpetrated in Armenia, Rwanda and Cambodia. After examining the distinctive features of the Foundation’s testimony methodology, this article considers its implications for the collaboration with the Documentation Center of Cambodia regarding the testimonies of Khmer Rouge victims. In exploring the transfer of methodologies developed for recording survivors of the Nazi genocide to the Cambodian context, this article argues that while the Shoah Foundation’s mediations of testimonies can obscure the historical and cultural specificities of the Cambodian genocide, they nonetheless have the potential to contribute to the documentation of that event.
{"title":"Through the Lens of the Shoah: The Holocaust as a Paradigm for Documenting Genocide Testimonies","authors":"Noah Shenker","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.141","url":null,"abstract":"No longer able to devote itself exclusively to testimonies of the Holocaust, the USC Shoah Foundation Institute has branched out to house interviews from other genocides including those perpetrated in Armenia, Rwanda and Cambodia. After examining the distinctive features of the Foundation’s testimony methodology, this article considers its implications for the collaboration with the Documentation Center of Cambodia regarding the testimonies of Khmer Rouge victims. In exploring the transfer of methodologies developed for recording survivors of the Nazi genocide to the Cambodian context, this article argues that while the Shoah Foundation’s mediations of testimonies can obscure the historical and cultural specificities of the Cambodian genocide, they nonetheless have the potential to contribute to the documentation of that event.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91112319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-16DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.110
Ari Joskowicz
Bridging Holocaust history and memory studies, this article explores the multiple and asymmetrical entanglements of Jewish and Romani (or “Gypsy”) accounts of Nazi genocide. These entanglements exist in large part due to the fact that testimonies of the Romani Holocaust are commonly filtered through the lens of Jewish survivors or stored in archives dedicated to the Jewish Holocaust. Modern Jewish-Romani relations thus represent a rare—and arguably unique—case in which one minority controls such a significant portion of the public memories of another.
{"title":"Separate Suffering, Shared Archives: Jewish and Romani Histories of Nazi Persecution","authors":"Ari Joskowicz","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.110","url":null,"abstract":"Bridging Holocaust history and memory studies, this article explores the multiple and asymmetrical entanglements of Jewish and Romani (or “Gypsy”) accounts of Nazi genocide. These entanglements exist in large part due to the fact that testimonies of the Romani Holocaust are commonly filtered through the lens of Jewish survivors or stored in archives dedicated to the Jewish Holocaust. Modern Jewish-Romani relations thus represent a rare—and arguably unique—case in which one minority controls such a significant portion of the public memories of another.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78561368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-16DOI: 10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.71
Marlene A. Briggs
This article analyzes the legacies of combat in the testimonies of Great War veterans, focusing on the transcribed oral history of “Harry” Patch, The Last Fighting Tommy (2007). The research of Alistair Thomson and Michael Roper informs this critical engagement with the Popular Memory approach. Patch’s account discloses tense interactions between psychic processes and social discourses after mass violence: the psychosocial dynamics of trauma disrupt discrete models of composure and discomposure. The post-traumatic dis/composure of the last veteran highlights divergent and fragmentary (re)constructions of memory, raising broader questions about the unsettled reception of the First World War in contemporary Britain.
{"title":"Dis/composing the First World War in Britain: Trauma and Commemoration in the Testimony of Harry Patch, 1998–2008","authors":"Marlene A. Briggs","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the legacies of combat in the testimonies of Great War veterans, focusing on the transcribed oral history of “Harry” Patch, The Last Fighting Tommy (2007). The research of Alistair Thomson and Michael Roper informs this critical engagement with the Popular Memory approach. Patch’s account discloses tense interactions between psychic processes and social discourses after mass violence: the psychosocial dynamics of trauma disrupt discrete models of composure and discomposure. The post-traumatic dis/composure of the last veteran highlights divergent and fragmentary (re)constructions of memory, raising broader questions about the unsettled reception of the First World War in contemporary Britain.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77311514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present article draws from Henry Rousso’s La Dernière Catastrophe (2012) and Ivan Jablonka’s L’Histoire est une littérature contemporaine (2014) to analyze a series of novels published recently in France, dealing with the twentieth century’s greatest tragedies, and to explain what they reveal about contemporary society and current developments in historiography. The “present imperfect” refers not only to the first-person narrative mode prevalent in these works, but also to the “imperfection” stemming from the fact that (a) this past is not yet entirely over or complete (thus “imperfect” in the etymological sense) and (b) the narrator thus becomes irremediably involved in this history.
本文从亨利·鲁索的《La derni大灾难》(2012)和伊凡·雅布隆卡的《L’histoire est une litlit自然当代》(2014)中，分析了最近在法国出版的一系列小说，处理了20世纪最大的悲剧，并解释了它们揭示了当代社会和史学的当前发展。“现在的不完美”不仅指这些作品中流行的第一人称叙事模式，而且还指源于以下事实的“不完美”:(a)过去还没有完全结束或完成(因此词源学意义上的“不完美”);(b)叙述者因此不可救药地卷入了这段历史。
{"title":"Timely Representations: Writing the Past in the First-Person Present Imperfect","authors":"Nathan Bracher","doi":"10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/HISTMEMO.28.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present article draws from Henry Rousso’s La Dernière Catastrophe (2012) and Ivan Jablonka’s L’Histoire est une littérature contemporaine (2014) to analyze a series of novels published recently in France, dealing with the twentieth century’s greatest tragedies, and to explain what they reveal about contemporary society and current developments in historiography. The “present imperfect” refers not only to the first-person narrative mode prevalent in these works, but also to the “imperfection” stemming from the fact that (a) this past is not yet entirely over or complete (thus “imperfect” in the etymological sense) and (b) the narrator thus becomes irremediably involved in this history.","PeriodicalId":43327,"journal":{"name":"History & Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87868812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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