Zusammenfassung Der sexuelle Missbrauch von Kindern und kinderpornografische Delikte werden in der Gesellschaft, den Medien und der Politik häufig sehr emotional diskutiert, gepaart mit als irritierend erlebten Schwierigkeiten bei der Nachvollziehbarkeit der Hintergründe für diese Taten und einem Fokus auf herausragende und besonders schwerwiegende Einzelfälle. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse verweisen hingegen zuvorderst auf eine große Heterogenität des Phänomens, welche sowohl für das Verständnis als auch eine effektive Strafverfolgung und Prävention dieser Straftaten zu berücksichtigen ist. Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert anhand der bundesweiten polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik längerfristige Verläufe der registrierten polizeilichen Fälle und zentraler kriminologischer Kenngrößen in diesen Deliktbereichen über die letzten 20 Jahre. Zudem wurden Informationen des polizeilichen Datenbanksystems POLAS des Landes Brandenburg zu Straffällen herangezogen, die zwischen 2013 und 2018 an die polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik gemeldet wurden. Auf dieser Basis werden verschiedene Fallgruppen des sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern nach den §§ 176 ff. StGB (n= 2248) und kinderpornografischer Delikte nach § 184 b StGB (n=592) hinsichtlich wesentlicher Fall- und Tatmerkmale kontrastiert und charakterisiert. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf einer Fallgruppe, die durch sexuelle Missbrauchshandlungen unter gleichzeitiger Herstellung pornografischer Aufnahmen gekennzeichnet ist. Für diese Fallgruppe erfolgte in Ergänzung zu den statistischen Analysen zusätzlich eine qualitative Analyse freitextlicher Fallbeschreibungen. Die erzielten Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf zielführende repressive und präventive Interventionsansätze diskutiert, wobei sich die Relevanz einer differenzierten Betrachtung verschiedener Tatbegehungskonstellationen erneut bestätigt, welche auch im Kontext der im Juni 2021 verkündeten Reform der einschlägigen Rechtsvorschriften bei Sexualstraftaten mit kindlichen Opfern berücksichtigt werden sollte.
{"title":"Der sexuelle Missbrauch von Kindern und kinderpornografische Delikte – Längerfristige Entwicklungsverläufe und ein empirischer Vergleich verschiedener Fallgruppen","authors":"Jürgen Biedermann, T. Rüdiger","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0107","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Der sexuelle Missbrauch von Kindern und kinderpornografische Delikte werden in der Gesellschaft, den Medien und der Politik häufig sehr emotional diskutiert, gepaart mit als irritierend erlebten Schwierigkeiten bei der Nachvollziehbarkeit der Hintergründe für diese Taten und einem Fokus auf herausragende und besonders schwerwiegende Einzelfälle. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse verweisen hingegen zuvorderst auf eine große Heterogenität des Phänomens, welche sowohl für das Verständnis als auch eine effektive Strafverfolgung und Prävention dieser Straftaten zu berücksichtigen ist. Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert anhand der bundesweiten polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik längerfristige Verläufe der registrierten polizeilichen Fälle und zentraler kriminologischer Kenngrößen in diesen Deliktbereichen über die letzten 20 Jahre. Zudem wurden Informationen des polizeilichen Datenbanksystems POLAS des Landes Brandenburg zu Straffällen herangezogen, die zwischen 2013 und 2018 an die polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik gemeldet wurden. Auf dieser Basis werden verschiedene Fallgruppen des sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern nach den §§ 176 ff. StGB (n= 2248) und kinderpornografischer Delikte nach § 184 b StGB (n=592) hinsichtlich wesentlicher Fall- und Tatmerkmale kontrastiert und charakterisiert. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf einer Fallgruppe, die durch sexuelle Missbrauchshandlungen unter gleichzeitiger Herstellung pornografischer Aufnahmen gekennzeichnet ist. Für diese Fallgruppe erfolgte in Ergänzung zu den statistischen Analysen zusätzlich eine qualitative Analyse freitextlicher Fallbeschreibungen. Die erzielten Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf zielführende repressive und präventive Interventionsansätze diskutiert, wobei sich die Relevanz einer differenzierten Betrachtung verschiedener Tatbegehungskonstellationen erneut bestätigt, welche auch im Kontext der im Juni 2021 verkündeten Reform der einschlägigen Rechtsvorschriften bei Sexualstraftaten mit kindlichen Opfern berücksichtigt werden sollte.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"16 1","pages":"375 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78378530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung Mit dem 2017 in Kraft getretenen Prostituiertenschutzgesetz und der damit einhergehenden Ausweitung behördlicher Aufsichtsinstrumente verband sich ausdrücklich die Erwartung einer höheren Aufdeckung von Kriminalität im Prostitutionsgewerbe. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht die vorliegende Untersuchung der Frage nach, ob und in welchem Maße sich die registrierte Kriminalitätsentwicklung im Prostitutionsgewerbe vor und nach Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes unterscheidet. Ausgehend von Daten des Statistischen Bundesamts, darauf basierender Berechnungen sowie vielfältiger Hinweise auf intensivierte Vor-Ort-Kontrollen wird zunächst das Ausmaß zunehmender Kontrolle und Überwachung im Prostitutionsgewerbe dokumentiert. Im Anschluss daran werden aktuelle Daten der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik, der Verurteilten-Statistik sowie der Statistik zur Organisierten Kriminalität daraufhin überprüft, ob sie die Erwartung einer vermehrten Zahl aufgedeckter Fälle und Opfer von Rotlicht-Kriminalität bestätigen. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass dem nicht so ist, dass sich vielmehr die seit zwei Jahrzehnten festzustellende Rückläufigkeit registrierter Rotlicht-Kriminalität auch nach Inkrafttreten des Prostituiertenschutzgesetzes fortsetzt. Die Sinnhaftigkeit der mit diesem Gesetz eingeleiteten repressiven Reglementierung von Prostitution erscheint daher fragwürdig.
{"title":"Das Prostituiertenschutzgesetz im Lichte der Kriminalitätsstatistik","authors":"J. Henning, I. Hunecke, Gerhard Walentowitz","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0144","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Mit dem 2017 in Kraft getretenen Prostituiertenschutzgesetz und der damit einhergehenden Ausweitung behördlicher Aufsichtsinstrumente verband sich ausdrücklich die Erwartung einer höheren Aufdeckung von Kriminalität im Prostitutionsgewerbe. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht die vorliegende Untersuchung der Frage nach, ob und in welchem Maße sich die registrierte Kriminalitätsentwicklung im Prostitutionsgewerbe vor und nach Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes unterscheidet. Ausgehend von Daten des Statistischen Bundesamts, darauf basierender Berechnungen sowie vielfältiger Hinweise auf intensivierte Vor-Ort-Kontrollen wird zunächst das Ausmaß zunehmender Kontrolle und Überwachung im Prostitutionsgewerbe dokumentiert. Im Anschluss daran werden aktuelle Daten der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik, der Verurteilten-Statistik sowie der Statistik zur Organisierten Kriminalität daraufhin überprüft, ob sie die Erwartung einer vermehrten Zahl aufgedeckter Fälle und Opfer von Rotlicht-Kriminalität bestätigen. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass dem nicht so ist, dass sich vielmehr die seit zwei Jahrzehnten festzustellende Rückläufigkeit registrierter Rotlicht-Kriminalität auch nach Inkrafttreten des Prostituiertenschutzgesetzes fortsetzt. Die Sinnhaftigkeit der mit diesem Gesetz eingeleiteten repressiven Reglementierung von Prostitution erscheint daher fragwürdig.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"24 1","pages":"359 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75262539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Radicalization and violent extremism in young people are growing problems in almost every society around the globe. This article starts by briefly summarizing the result of several comprehensive reviews on the prevention of radicalization and violent extremism. Based on a new social-developmental model of radicalization, it then introduces the concept of developmental prevention and presents a review of prevention principles, approaches, and programs derived from a developmental perspective within four different fields of proximal radicalization processes. These include (1) identity problems; (2) prejudice and negative intergroup attitudes; (3) extremist narratives, beliefs, and ideologies; and (4) antisocial development. Overall, several approaches and programs reveal promising effect sizes for a developmentally founded prevention of radicalization. However, more sound evaluations are needed to further promote this field.
{"title":"Concept of and approaches toward a developmental prevention of radicalization: Promising strategies to keep young people away from political, religious, and other forms of extremism","authors":"A. Beelmann","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0130","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Radicalization and violent extremism in young people are growing problems in almost every society around the globe. This article starts by briefly summarizing the result of several comprehensive reviews on the prevention of radicalization and violent extremism. Based on a new social-developmental model of radicalization, it then introduces the concept of developmental prevention and presents a review of prevention principles, approaches, and programs derived from a developmental perspective within four different fields of proximal radicalization processes. These include (1) identity problems; (2) prejudice and negative intergroup attitudes; (3) extremist narratives, beliefs, and ideologies; and (4) antisocial development. Overall, several approaches and programs reveal promising effect sizes for a developmentally founded prevention of radicalization. However, more sound evaluations are needed to further promote this field.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"1 1","pages":"298 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78305480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Newsmedia have regularly reported about acts of terrorism that involved members of the same family, but also about instances where one sibling becomes a terrorist, whereas the other becomes a successful, law-abiding citizen. The question is, then, to what extent family circumstances and individual risk factors impact on pathways towards these shared or divergent outcomes. To date, studies on the family characteristics of terrorist suspects have been hampered by a lack of empirical data, small sample sizes and non-representative samples. Using register data on individuals suspected of a terrorist offense in the Netherlands and their family members, the present study examines the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the families, as well as criminal, employment and education careers of individual family members (parents and brothers/sisters). We compare these characteristics with those of two control groups: suspects of non-terrorist offenses and a matched sample from the population. We also compared the terrorist suspects with matched siblings who were not suspected of a terrorist offence. We will end with a discussion of both risk and protective factors that are present within these families and that can put members of the same family on different pathways.
{"title":"The families of Dutch terrorist suspects: Risk and protective factors among parents and siblings","authors":"E. Rodermond, F. Weerman","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Newsmedia have regularly reported about acts of terrorism that involved members of the same family, but also about instances where one sibling becomes a terrorist, whereas the other becomes a successful, law-abiding citizen. The question is, then, to what extent family circumstances and individual risk factors impact on pathways towards these shared or divergent outcomes. To date, studies on the family characteristics of terrorist suspects have been hampered by a lack of empirical data, small sample sizes and non-representative samples. Using register data on individuals suspected of a terrorist offense in the Netherlands and their family members, the present study examines the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the families, as well as criminal, employment and education careers of individual family members (parents and brothers/sisters). We compare these characteristics with those of two control groups: suspects of non-terrorist offenses and a matched sample from the population. We also compared the terrorist suspects with matched siblings who were not suspected of a terrorist offence. We will end with a discussion of both risk and protective factors that are present within these families and that can put members of the same family on different pathways.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"271 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81034830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Over the past twenty years, research on political extremism and terrorism has become one of the fastest growing sub-fields within criminology. This rapid growth is reminiscent of the early years of criminologyitself, characterized by energy, imagination and creativity but at the same time a specialization struggling to collect and analyze valid data, apply appropriate research methods and develop coherent theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we take stock of these developments by considering a basket of micro- and macro-level risk factors that have been frequently linked to the decision to engage in violent extremism. Following a review of risk factors, we consider major definitional, theoretical, data and methodological challenges and also progress made. Prior criminological research on violent extremism has focused especially on micro-level characteristics and few studies to date have integrated micro and macro determinants to explain extremist outcomes. However, with the growing availability of data, including open-source databases, paired with the application of more sophisticated statistical methods, we expect to see more robust results in the years ahead.
{"title":"Micro and macro-level risk factors for extremism and terrorism: Toward a criminology of extremist violence","authors":"G. LaFree, Anina Schwarzenbach","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past twenty years, research on political extremism and terrorism has become one of the fastest growing sub-fields within criminology. This rapid growth is reminiscent of the early years of criminologyitself, characterized by energy, imagination and creativity but at the same time a specialization struggling to collect and analyze valid data, apply appropriate research methods and develop coherent theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we take stock of these developments by considering a basket of micro- and macro-level risk factors that have been frequently linked to the decision to engage in violent extremism. Following a review of risk factors, we consider major definitional, theoretical, data and methodological challenges and also progress made. Prior criminological research on violent extremism has focused especially on micro-level characteristics and few studies to date have integrated micro and macro determinants to explain extremist outcomes. However, with the growing availability of data, including open-source databases, paired with the application of more sophisticated statistical methods, we expect to see more robust results in the years ahead.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"23 1","pages":"184 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87115977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the link between attitudes, the acceptance of violence and the performance of extremist acts. It is tested, if different ideologies of extremism develop commonalities in their positions, attitudes and structures. Data from a school survey of more than 6,700 9th grade students from Germany serves as the empirical basis. The results show among other things that different extremist ideologies (right-wing, left-wing, Islamism) covary on the level of attitudes, acceptance of violence and extremist behavior. In a further step of analysis, the theoretically based paths of initially extremist attitudes, then an additional approval of violence and finally the commission of extremist acts was examined approximately in a person-oriented approach. Except for one path, the analyses of radicalization patterns confirm a model that commences on the cognitive level, followed by the acceptance of deviant means to reach ideological goals and finally leading to extremist acts.
{"title":"Pathways to radicalization in adolescence: The development of ideological beliefs, acceptance of violence, and extremist behavior","authors":"Thomas Bliesener, C. P. Schröder, Lena Lehmann","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0124","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the link between attitudes, the acceptance of violence and the performance of extremist acts. It is tested, if different ideologies of extremism develop commonalities in their positions, attitudes and structures. Data from a school survey of more than 6,700 9th grade students from Germany serves as the empirical basis. The results show among other things that different extremist ideologies (right-wing, left-wing, Islamism) covary on the level of attitudes, acceptance of violence and extremist behavior. In a further step of analysis, the theoretically based paths of initially extremist attitudes, then an additional approval of violence and finally the commission of extremist acts was examined approximately in a person-oriented approach. Except for one path, the analyses of radicalization patterns confirm a model that commences on the cognitive level, followed by the acceptance of deviant means to reach ideological goals and finally leading to extremist acts.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"84 1","pages":"231 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76251334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Stemmler, Johann Endres, Sonja King, Bianca Ritter, Kristina Becker
Abstract Do radicalized Muslim prisoners differ from non-radicalized Muslim prisoners with regard to Kruglanski’s (2004) quest for significance (QFS), need for (cognitive) closure (NFC), and their frame alignment regarding ideological and religious issues? To answer this research question N = 26 male inmates from Bavarian prisons were interviewed. The radicalized prisoners or extremists (n = 13) had been identified as Salafi or Jihadi adherents by the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bayerischer Verfassungsschutz) and therefore had a security note. The comparison group were non-radicalized Muslim inmates (n = 13); the vast majority had a migration background. The audio files of the interviews were transcribed and Mayring’s (2010) qualitative content analysis was applied. The obtained interview material was analyzed twice (each time with a different focus) for psychological differences and characteristics between the two groups of Muslim prisoners. In the first analysis, the interviews were investigated with regard to conspiracy theories, dualistic conception of the world, political sensitivity, collective and individual victimization and religious rigidity. Extremists exhibited a stronger frame alignment with respect to general conspiracy theories, dualistic conception of the world, collective victimization, and political sensitivity. Results also substantiate the idea that extremists exhibit more rigid religious behaviors than non-extremist Muslim prisoners. Contrary to our expectations, the two groups did not differ in various biographical features, for example whether they grew up in a family that actively practiced their religion. In the second analysis, we found that although the overall pattern regarding QFS turned out as expected, the radicalized inmates did not achieve higher values than their non-radicalized counterparts. However, we obtained substantial differences for subcategories of QFS. The extremist prisoners reported more norm violations as a trigger for QFS and more opportunities for gaining significance than non-extremists. This was also true for non-legitimate as well as non-criminal opportunities to gain significance. There was a substantial difference between extremists and non-extremists regarding the overall NFC characteristics. Radicalized prisoners tend to avoid ambiguous situations or uncertainty, they prefer clear, structured processes and firm beliefs. The results suggest that it is possible to differentiate non-radicalized from radicalized Muslims as they showed less quest for significance, less need for closure, less political sensitivity and a less rigorous view on religion.
{"title":"Psychological Differences between Radicalized and non-Radicalized Muslim Prisoners: A Qualitative Analysis of their Frame Alignment","authors":"M. Stemmler, Johann Endres, Sonja King, Bianca Ritter, Kristina Becker","doi":"10.1515/mks-2021-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2021-0131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Do radicalized Muslim prisoners differ from non-radicalized Muslim prisoners with regard to Kruglanski’s (2004) quest for significance (QFS), need for (cognitive) closure (NFC), and their frame alignment regarding ideological and religious issues? To answer this research question N = 26 male inmates from Bavarian prisons were interviewed. The radicalized prisoners or extremists (n = 13) had been identified as Salafi or Jihadi adherents by the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bayerischer Verfassungsschutz) and therefore had a security note. The comparison group were non-radicalized Muslim inmates (n = 13); the vast majority had a migration background. The audio files of the interviews were transcribed and Mayring’s (2010) qualitative content analysis was applied. The obtained interview material was analyzed twice (each time with a different focus) for psychological differences and characteristics between the two groups of Muslim prisoners. In the first analysis, the interviews were investigated with regard to conspiracy theories, dualistic conception of the world, political sensitivity, collective and individual victimization and religious rigidity. Extremists exhibited a stronger frame alignment with respect to general conspiracy theories, dualistic conception of the world, collective victimization, and political sensitivity. Results also substantiate the idea that extremists exhibit more rigid religious behaviors than non-extremist Muslim prisoners. Contrary to our expectations, the two groups did not differ in various biographical features, for example whether they grew up in a family that actively practiced their religion. In the second analysis, we found that although the overall pattern regarding QFS turned out as expected, the radicalized inmates did not achieve higher values than their non-radicalized counterparts. However, we obtained substantial differences for subcategories of QFS. The extremist prisoners reported more norm violations as a trigger for QFS and more opportunities for gaining significance than non-extremists. This was also true for non-legitimate as well as non-criminal opportunities to gain significance. There was a substantial difference between extremists and non-extremists regarding the overall NFC characteristics. Radicalized prisoners tend to avoid ambiguous situations or uncertainty, they prefer clear, structured processes and firm beliefs. The results suggest that it is possible to differentiate non-radicalized from radicalized Muslims as they showed less quest for significance, less need for closure, less political sensitivity and a less rigorous view on religion.","PeriodicalId":43577,"journal":{"name":"Monatsschrift Fur Kriminologie Und Strafrechtsreform","volume":"134 1-3 1","pages":"283 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78160255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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