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Attitude dative (dativus ethicus) as an interpersonal pragmatic marker in Latvian 拉脱维亚语中态度与格作为人际语用标记
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0240
Andra Kalnača, Ilze Lokmane
Abstract Among varied syntactic and semantic functions of the dative case in Latvian, the attitude dative or dativus ethicus is a less studied one. As an optional pronominal clitic, it serves two broad functions: first, it expresses the speaker’s authority and affectedness of the speaker or the addressee in a speech-act situation, and second, it expresses the speaker’s stance towards the contents of the utterance. In terms of register, the attitude dative normally occurs in informal interaction. The current study examines three basic types of attitude datives in Latvian and their functions in different syntactic constructions and speech acts. The examples are extracted from corpora as well as Latvian fiction and everyday speech. It follows from the examples that the attitude dative has different meanings in certain speech acts and syntactic constructions. The attitude dative is used in giving orders, expressing prohibition and threats, as well as showing disagreement, disappointment, and regret. The study suggests that the attitude dative tends to be used in lexicalized syntactic constructions (set expressions) including specific lexemes and grammatical forms, and its functions are emphasized with particles.
在拉脱维亚语与格的多种句法语义功能中,态度与格是研究较少的一个。作为一个可选的代词定语,它有两大功能:一是表达说话人在言语行为情境中对说话人或受话人的权威和感受力;二是表达说话人对话语内容的立场。就语域而言,态度加格通常出现在非正式交际中。本研究考察了拉脱维亚语中三种基本类型的态度助动词及其在不同句法结构和言语行为中的作用。这些例子是从语料库以及拉脱维亚小说和日常讲话中提取的。从实例可以看出,态度加格在某些言语行为和句法结构中具有不同的意义。态度加式用于下命令、表示禁止和威胁,也用于表示不同意、失望和遗憾。研究表明,态度加格倾向于用在词汇化的句法结构(集合表达式)中,包括特定的词汇和语法形式,其功能用助词强调。
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引用次数: 0
American Spanish dizque from a Functional Discourse Grammar perspective 从功能语篇语法的角度看美式西班牙语
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0214
H. Olbertz
Abstract This article discusses the diachronic development and the different uses of the reportative word dizque (diachronically based on diz que ‘she/he/it says that’) using data from Colombian and Mexican Spanish. The study presents a predominantly qualitative analysis of diachronic, twentieth- and twenty-first-century written data. The theoretical framework applied in this article is Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), which is particularly useful in this context as it distinguishes between the interpersonal and representational functions of language. The main points made are: (i) dizque is an adverb that arose from a process of lexicalization rather than grammaticalization; (ii) in most of its uses, dizque has an interpersonal function in the sense that the Speaker instructs the Addressee that she/he is not the source of the information provided; (iii) by means of diachronic, dialectal, and typological data, it is shown that the scope of dizque is gradually decreasing; (iv) the only scope decrease that leads to a functional change of dizque is its application outside the context of speech-reports. FDG serves to account for each step in the scope decrease of dizque by means of its hierarchical approach to the actional and descriptive functions of verbal interaction.
摘要本文利用哥伦比亚和墨西哥西班牙语的数据,讨论了报告词dizque的历时发展和不同用法。该研究主要对二十世纪和二十一世纪的历时性书面数据进行定性分析。本文采用的理论框架是功能语篇语法(FDG),它在这种情况下特别有用,因为它区分了语言的人际功能和表征功能。主要有以下几点:(1)dizque是一个副词,它是词汇化而非语法化过程中产生的;(ii)在大多数用途中,dizque具有人际关系功能,即发言人指示收件人她/他不是所提供信息的来源;(iii)通过历时性、方言性和类型学的研究表明,dique的范围在逐渐缩小;(iv)导致dizque功能变化的唯一范围减少是它在语音报告上下文之外的应用。FDG通过其对言语互动的动作和描述性功能的分层方法,来解释眩晕范围减少的每一步。
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引用次数: 1
Acquisition of referentiality in elicited narratives of Estonian-speaking children 爱沙尼亚语儿童引发叙事中指称性的习得
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0187
Reili Argus, Andra Kütt
Abstract This study addresses the acquisition of referential expressions in pre-schoolers’ narratives in Estonian. A total of sixteen 6- to 7-year-old typically developing monolingual Estonian children were tested using the story “Baby Goat” from the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) (Gagarina, Natalia, Klop, Daleen, Kunnari, Sari, Tantele, Koula, Välimaa, Taina, Balciuniene, Ingrida, Bohnacker, Ute and Walters, Joel. 2012. “MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 56, 1–140, Gagarina, Natalia, Klop, Daleen, Kunnari, Saru, Tantele, Koula, Välimaa, Taina, Bohnacker, Ute and Walters, Joel. 2019. “MAIN: Multilingual assessment instrument for narratives – Revised.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 63). The objective was to understand how children introduce a new referent and how they maintain referents in their storytelling, and what correlation could be observed between the length of the story and the average length of the reference chain. Qualitative analyses revealed that children generally introduced new referents using bare nouns; they also generally used bare nouns for further reference. NPs consisting of a noun and a determiner were more frequently used for main characters in the story, while bare nouns were preferred for other characters. The influence of the typological character of Estonian can be observed in the use of zero references and pragmatically driven word order in children’s utterances. In general, the length but not the complexity of the story was correlated with the average number of reference units in a chain.
摘要本研究探讨了爱沙尼亚语学龄前儿童叙事中指称表达的习得。共有16名6至7岁的爱沙尼亚单语儿童使用多语言叙述评估工具(MAIN)的故事“山羊宝宝”进行了测试(Gagarina、Natalia、Klop、Daleen、Kunnari、Sari、Tantele、Koula、Välimaa、Taina、Balciuniene、Ingrida、Bohnaker、Ute和Walters,Joel,2012)。“主要:叙述的多语言评估工具。”ZAS语言学论文56,1-140,Gagarina,Natalia,Klop,Daleen,Kunnari,Saru,Tantele,Koula,Välimaa,Taina,Bohnaker,Ute和Walters,Joel。2019.“MAIN:叙事的多语言评估工具 – 修订。”ZAS语言学论文63)。目的是了解孩子们如何引入一个新的指称,以及他们如何在讲故事时保持指称,以及故事长度和指称链的平均长度之间可以观察到什么相关性。定性分析表明,儿童通常使用裸名词引入新的指称;他们通常也使用裸名词作进一步参考。由名词和限定词组成的NP更常用于故事中的主要角色,而裸名词则更常用于其他角色。爱沙尼亚语的类型特征的影响可以从儿童话语中零引用和语用驱动的语序的使用中观察到。一般来说,故事的长度与链中参考单元的平均数量相关,但与复杂性无关。
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引用次数: 0
Productive vocabulary learning in pre-primary education through soft CLIL 基于软CLIL的学前教育生产性词汇学习
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0194
Marta Segura, J. Barón, Helena Roquet
Abstract The present study aims to contribute to the field of Foreign Language (FL) acquisition by analysing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) vocabulary learning in pre-primary education learners following a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) programme. Although the present study focuses on productive vocabulary acquisition, such results are later compared to receptive vocabulary findings reported in a previous study following the same learners over the same period of time. Additionally, word frequency effects are studied. A 6-month longitudinal study was conducted with Catalan and Spanish bilingual EFL learners (N = 155) aged 4 and 5. Through the programme, two curricular units traditionally taught in the learners’ mother tongue were worked on through a soft CLIL approach. Learners were administered a general vocabulary pre-test, and by the end of the intervention, receptive and productive vocabulary tests were given to the students, including the target words presented in the soft CLIL sessions. Positive trends were found in productive vocabulary learning, which may eventually turn into significant differences over a longer treatment period. A significant frequency effect was observed, as there was a higher recollection rate of higher-frequency words. When comparing receptive and productive vocabulary results, statistically significant higher scores were reported in receptive tests than in productive ones.
摘要本研究旨在通过分析学前教育学习者在内容和语言综合学习(CLIL)计划后的英语作为外语(EFL)词汇学习,为外语(FL)习得领域做出贡献。尽管本研究侧重于生产性词汇习得,但随后将这些结果与先前在同一时间段内跟踪同一学习者的研究中报告的接受性词汇结果进行了比较。此外,还研究了词频效应。对4岁和5岁的加泰罗尼亚语和西班牙语双语EFL学习者(N=155)进行了为期6个月的纵向研究。通过该方案,采用了软教学法,编写了两个传统上以学习者母语授课的课程单元。对学习者进行了一般词汇预测试,在干预结束时,对学生进行了接受性和生产性词汇测试,包括软CLIL课程中提出的目标单词。在生产性词汇学习中发现了积极的趋势,在更长的治疗期内,这些趋势最终可能会转化为显著的差异。观察到显著的频率效应,因为高频词的回忆率较高。在比较接受性和生产性词汇结果时,接受性测试的得分高于生产性测试,具有统计学意义。
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引用次数: 1
“‘Peewit,’ said a peewit, very remote.” – Notes on quotatives in literary translation “‘笨蛋,’一个笨蛋说,声音很遥远。——文学翻译中的引语注释
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0195
N. Vișan
Abstract The present article focuses on strategies of translating fiction quotatives from English into Romanian. Starting from the definition of quotatives as structures that in their simplest form consist of a subject and a quoting verb and accompany a quotation, I have selected two samples of literary text and their respective multiple versions so as to investigate patterns in which these structures are translated. Because, as pointed out in the literature, fiction quotatives describe narrative-advancing events and contribute to the development of characters, the investigation of how fiction quotatives are translated (in particular how say, the most frequently used verb in quotatives, is treated in translation) might prove to offer valuable insight for literary translation studies, correlating tendencies that seem to be cross-linguistic. For instance, it has been demonstrated that in Spanish there is a tendency of replacing the generic quoting verb say with other manner of speaking verbs. This may be seen as a form of “enrichment” as a translation strategy. The article advances the hypothesis that a similar phenomenon can be attributed to Romanian and links this phenomenon to parametric variation in English and Romance.
摘要本文主要探讨英语小说引语在罗马尼亚语翻译中的策略。从引语的定义出发,引语是指由主语和引语动词组成的最简单的结构,并伴随着引语,我选择了两个文学文本样本及其各自的多个版本,以研究这些结构的翻译模式。正如文献中所指出的那样,小说引语描述了推动叙事的事件,并有助于人物的发展,因此,研究小说引语的翻译方式(特别是引语中最常用的动词say在翻译中的处理方式)可能会为文学翻译研究提供有价值的见解,并将似乎是跨语言的趋势联系起来。例如,已经证明,在西班牙语中有一种趋势,即用其他说话方式的动词代替一般的引语动词say。这可以看作是一种“丰富化”的翻译策略。这篇文章提出了一个假设,即罗马尼亚语也有类似的现象,并将这种现象与英语和罗曼语的参数变化联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Modification and context 修改和上下文
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0206
D. Velasco
Abstract Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) assumes a strict separation between representational and interpersonal meaning, which are captured in independent levels within the grammar, and utterance meaning, which arises in contexts of language use. This article argues that this division of labour is problematic for the treatment of modifiers in the noun phrase (non-subsective adjectives in particular), which induce semantic changes in the designation of the noun they modify. It is further claimed that the view of semantics in the model should pivot around a weak interpretation of the notion of compositionality, which allows the modulation of linguistic meaning in context in the dynamic construction of term structures. This is shown to be compatible with the basic tenets of functional linguistics that FDG endorses and very much in line with the contextualist tradition that treats linguistic expressions as propositionally underspecified units which can be truth-conditionally enriched in actual use. The article shows that only minor modifications are necessary in the model, which basically amount to increasing the functional role of the Contextualizer.
抽象功能语篇语法(FDG)假定表征意义和人际意义与话语意义之间存在严格的分离,表征意义和交际意义在语法中处于独立的水平,话语意义产生于语言使用的语境中。本文认为,这种分工对于名词短语中修饰语(尤其是非从属形容词)的处理是有问题的,因为修饰语会导致所修饰名词名称的语义变化。有人进一步声称,模型中的语义观应该围绕着对复合性概念的弱解释,这允许在术语结构的动态构建中在上下文中调节语言意义。事实证明,这与FDG认可的功能语言学的基本原则是一致的,也非常符合语境主义传统,即将语言表达视为命题不足的单位,在实际使用中可以有条件地丰富事实。这篇文章表明,在模型中只需要进行一些小的修改,这基本上相当于增加了上下文化器的功能作用。
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引用次数: 5
Modification in Functional Discourse Grammar: State of the art and issues addressed 功能语篇语法的修饰:现状与问题
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0216
E. Keizer, T. Schwaiger, Elnora TEN WOLDE
Abstract This is an introduction to the Special Issue on Modification in Functional Discourse Grammar.
摘要本文介绍了《功能语篇语法中的修饰》专刊。
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引用次数: 3
Ideophones in Arusa Maasai: Syntax, morphology, and phonetics 阿鲁萨-马赛的方言:句法、形态学和语音学
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0220
Michael Karani, A. Andrason
Abstract The present article is dedicated to the syntax, morphology, and phonetics of ideophones in Arusa Maasai. After examining the compliance of 69 ideophonic lexemes with the typologically driven prototype of an ideophone, the authors conclude that Arusa ideophones may range from canonical to non-canonical even within a single language module. When syntax, morphology, and phonetics are considered jointly, holophrastic and asyntagmatic ideophones are more canonical than ideophones used as verbal modifiers and parts of complex predicates, which are, in turn, more canonical than predicative ideophones. The extent of canonicity is inversely correlated with the systematicity and integration of ideophones in sentence grammar and their diffusion into other lexical classes: predicative ideophones have been fully incorporated into the category of verbs; for ideophones employed as verbal modifiers, a comparable incorporation into the category of adverbs has not been completed; for all the other types, especially holophrastic and asyntagmatic, ideophones still maintain their categorical individuality. Overall, ideophones constitute an “old” category in Arusa, one that is well advanced on its grammaticalization cline.
摘要本文研究了阿鲁萨马赛语中意指语音的句法、词法和语音。在研究了69个表意词素与表意词的类型学驱动原型的遵从性后,作者得出结论,即使在单个语言模块中,Arusa表意词也可能从规范到非规范。当句法、词法和语音学结合起来考虑时,全意指和非同义意指比作为动词性修饰语和复杂谓语的一部分使用的意指更规范,而后者又比谓语意指更规范。规定性的程度与意指语素在句子语法中的系统性和统一性及其向其他词汇类的扩散呈负相关:谓语意指语素已完全纳入动词范畴;作为动词性修饰语的意指词,还没有被完全纳入副词的范畴;对于所有其他类型,特别是全息和非同音,意音音仍然保持其绝对的个性。总的来说,意指语音在阿鲁萨语中构成了一个“老”类别,它在语法化方面发展得很好。
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引用次数: 1
“Establish a niche” via negation: A corpus-based study of negation within the Move 2 sections of PhD thesis introductions 通过否定“建立一个生态位”:基于语料库的博士论文引言Move 2部分中的否定研究
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0190
S. Sun, P. Crosthwaite
Abstract The past few decades have witnessed an upsurge of scholarly interest in the generic descriptions of PhD theses following Swales’ seminal Genre Analysis. Fitted within the Create A Research Space (CARS) model, the thesis introduction plays a key role in justifying research originality/significance, where novice writers engage with academic communities through “establishing a research territory” (Move 1), “establishing a niche” (Move 2), and “occupying the niche” (Move 3). As the hinge of the CARS model, Move 2 (hereinafter EN) is of strategic importance as it enables writers to “sell” their ideas by pointing to the gap/niche in the “marketplace” of previous research, which is typically realized through the co-occurrences of negation alongside other interpersonal language resources. Negation, as a disclaim marker within Martin and White’s appraisal framework, is a prominent linguistic indicator of EN. Nevertheless, little research has systematically examined the use of negation in ENs of PhD thesis introductions. Accordingly, the study investigated negation via the appraisal framework addressing subtypes of negation (disalignment, cautious detachment, unfulfilled expectation) within ENs in the introduction sections of 120 PhD theses. The results showed that disalignment is the most frequent subtype of negation, while “not” and “no” are commonly used as indicators of negation. Our findings also revealed intriguing co-occurrences of negation sub-categories alongside other relevant appraisal resources. The corpus-informed results are expected to shed light on the nature and practice of PhD theses that educators may take into account during thesis writing instruction.
摘要在过去的几十年里,随着Swales开创性的体裁分析,学术界对博士论文的通用描述兴趣高涨。在创建研究空间(CARS)模型中,论文简介在证明研究的独创性/重要性方面发挥着关键作用,新手作家通过“建立研究领域”(第一步)、“建立利基”(第二步)和“占领利基”(三步)与学术界接触。作为CARS模型的枢纽,Move 2(以下简称EN)具有战略重要性,因为它使作者能够通过指出先前研究的“市场”中的差距/利基来“推销”他们的想法,而这通常是通过否定与其他人际语言资源的共现来实现的。否定作为Martin和White评价框架中的一个免责标记,是EN的一个突出的语言学指标。尽管如此,很少有研究系统地研究否定在博士论文引言中的使用。因此,该研究通过评估框架对否定进行了调查,该评估框架针对120篇博士论文引言部分中的否定亚型(不一致、谨慎超然、未实现的期望)。结果表明,不一致是最常见的否定亚型,而“否”和“否”是常用的否定指标。我们的研究结果还揭示了否定子类别与其他相关评估资源的有趣共存。基于语料库的研究结果有望揭示教育工作者在论文写作教学中可能考虑的博士论文的性质和实践。
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引用次数: 4
New trends in translation and interpreting studies: Linguistic accessibility in Romania 翻译研究的新趋势:罗马尼亚的语言可及性
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opli-2022-0217
S. Șimon, Daniel Dejica, M. Fărcașiu, Annamaria Kilyeni
Abstract Providing access to knowledge and information for all citizens, including the disadvantaged ones, is a constant preoccupation of the decision-making bodies of countries across the globe, particularly of developed and developing ones. In Europe, guidelines for creating accessible informational content have been created, being constantly improved and adapted to the new social realities. As a member state of the European Union, Romania also fosters social inclusion at various levels, including that of making information accessible to all people. Nevertheless, a lot still needs to be done in the field of linguistic accessibility as the analysis presented in the article shows. For example, research should be conducted to draft guidelines for using accessible languages. Then, the study of accessible languages should be implemented in “Translation and interpreting” study programmes for the purpose of developing skills that could be employed socially to increase knowledge accessibility, through interlingual and intralingual translation and interpreting services. In this way, awareness is raised in society and professionals specialised in linguistic accessibility are provided to the labour market to contribute, as language professionals, to the creation of an inclusive society.
摘要为包括弱势群体在内的所有公民提供获取知识和信息的机会,是全球各国决策机构,特别是发达国家和发展中国家决策机构一直关注的问题。在欧洲,创建无障碍信息内容的指导方针已经制定,并不断改进和适应新的社会现实。作为欧洲联盟成员国,罗马尼亚还促进各级社会包容,包括让所有人都能获得信息。然而,正如本文所做的分析所表明的那样,在语言可及性领域还有很多工作要做。例如,应当进行研究,起草使用无障碍语言的准则。然后,应在“翻译和口译”学习方案中实施对无障碍语言的研究,目的是通过语际和语内翻译和口译服务,培养可在社会上使用的技能,以提高知识的可及性。通过这种方式,提高了社会的认识,并向劳动力市场提供了专门从事语言无障碍的专业人员,作为语言专业人员,为创建一个包容性社会做出贡献。
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引用次数: 1
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Open Linguistics
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