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Interpreters as agents of language planning 口译员作为语言规划的代理人
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1075/tis.21041.mck
Rachel McKee, Anna-Lena Nilsson
Sign language interpreters onstage at public and political events have recently become more visible in the linguistic landscapes of many countries. Accessibility principles and policy measures have gained traction internationally, and Deaf communities have also recently achieved formal recognition of a national sign language in many countries, including in New Zealand and Norway. Resulting discourses of language planning and of access are now converging to position sign language interpreters as simultaneously agents of language planning (specifically, prestige and image planning) and as instruments of accessibility. This article interrogates the ideological context (motives, beliefs, practices) and perceived effects of increasing interpreter presence in public arenas in New Zealand and Norway, based on interview data from interpreters, interpreting service users and providers, and Deaf informants.
最近,在许多国家的语言环境中,公共和政治活动舞台上的手语翻译越来越多。无障碍原则和政策措施在国际上获得了支持,聋人社区最近也在包括新西兰和挪威在内的许多国家正式承认了一种国家手语。由此产生的语言规划和获取的话语现在正在趋同,将手语口译员同时定位为语言规划(特别是声望和形象规划)的代理人和获取的工具。本文基于对口译员、口译服务使用者和提供者以及聋人告密者的访谈数据,对新西兰和挪威公共场合越来越多的口译员的意识形态背景(动机、信仰、实践)和感知效果进行了质疑。
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引用次数: 1
How should metaphors be rendered in audiovisual translation? 隐喻在视听翻译中应该如何表现?
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1075/tis.20121.boz
P. Božović
Although metaphors are one of the most challenging problems in translation, their treatment is still understudied under the specific constraints of audiovisual translation. The research is especially scarce regarding empirical reception studies as most research is product or process but not user-oriented. The main questions that the present study aims to answer are what are the general preferences and expectations of viewers regarding the translation strategies used for rendering metaphors in subtitling and what could be the underlying reasons for these. To this end, we conducted an experiment with 322 participants and compared the results with a semi-structured interview with 53 participants. The results suggest that viewers prefer a domesticated approach both for lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphors except for visualized metaphors regardless of their level of transculturality. The potential underlying reasons for this are also discussed.
尽管隐喻是翻译中最具挑战性的问题之一,但在视听翻译的特定约束下,对隐喻的处理仍然研究不足。关于实证接收研究的研究尤其稀缺,因为大多数研究都是产品或过程,而不是面向用户的。本研究旨在回答的主要问题是,观众对字幕中隐喻的翻译策略的普遍偏好和期望是什么,以及这些偏好和期望的根本原因是什么。为此,我们对322名参与者进行了一项实验,并将结果与53名参与者的半结构化访谈进行了比较。研究结果表明,对于词汇化和非词汇化的隐喻,除了视觉化的隐喻之外,无论其跨文化水平如何,观众都更喜欢本土化的方法。还讨论了造成这种情况的潜在根本原因。
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引用次数: 0
Fan translation and film criticism in China 中国的影迷翻译和影评
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1075/tis.20093.guo
Ting Guo
Film criticism in China has been changing due to a growing fan community and their active participation in online film reviewing. While social media has democratized who can write reviews, there remain distinct hierarchies of professional and amateur reviewers. Drawing upon Henry Jenkins’ (2006b) concept of “knowledge community” and Alex Bruns’ “produsage” model (2008), this article will explore how Chinese film fans use translation to shape the online reception of a film and participate in the debates over film criticism in the digital age. Through a case study of the Chinese translations of an English review of The Wandering Earth (2019), a Chinese sci-fi blockbuster, it argues that translation, as an alternative form of self-expression, constitutes both an important cinematic experience for fans and a response by grassroots consumers to the existing reviewing system influenced by media capital.
由于粉丝群体的不断壮大以及他们积极参与在线影评,中国的电影评论已经发生了变化。虽然社交媒体让写评论的人变得大众化,但专业和业余评论者之间仍然存在明显的等级关系。本文将借鉴亨利·詹金斯(2006b)的“知识社区”概念和亚历克斯·布伦斯的“产品使用”模型(2008),探讨中国影迷如何利用翻译来塑造电影的在线接受,并参与数字时代电影评论的辩论。本文以中国科幻大片《流浪地球》(2019)英文评论的汉译为例,认为翻译作为一种自我表达的替代形式,既是影迷的重要观影体验,也是草根消费者对受媒体资本影响的现行评论体系的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Can the subaltern be heard? 能听到下级的声音吗?
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1075/tis.20029.kas
Mukile Kasongo
This article examines translation strategies applied in the Russian version of Mariama Bâ’s francophone novel Une si longue lettre (USLL). The novel, which is often described as feminist, was translated into Russian during the period of late socialism, which was characterized by gradual societal changes involving the liberalization of the social order. Drawing on Spivak’s theorization of the subaltern and feminist translation, this article explores how the francophone African novel was translated into Russian and how specifically Soviet feminist discourses are reflected in the translation. Ultimately, this article argues that, by employing feminist translation strategies, the subaltern women characters in USLL were represented as less dependent on patriarchal structures and ‘inserted’ into the target culture as hegemonic subjects.
本文考察了Mariama Bâ的法语小说《Une si longue lettre》(USLL)俄语版的翻译策略。这部小说通常被描述为女权主义者,在社会主义后期被翻译成俄语,其特点是社会秩序的自由化。本文借鉴斯皮瓦克对下层和女权主义翻译的理论,探讨了法语非洲小说是如何被翻译成俄语的,以及苏联女权主义话语是如何在翻译中得到具体体现的。最后,本文认为,通过采用女权主义翻译策略,《美国法学》中的下层女性角色被表现为较少依赖父权结构,并作为霸权主体“插入”到目标文化中。
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引用次数: 3
Embodying dual actions as interpreting practice 在口译实践中体现双重行为
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.1075/tis.21016.war
Camilla Warnicke, Mathias Broth
This study demonstrates how interpreters in a Swedish video relay service (VRS) between deaf and hearing users can simultaneously accomplish two different actions, each directed to a particular user of the service. The study takes a multimodal, ethnomethodological conversation analysis (EMCA) perspective and is empirically based on a corpus of 25 recordings from authentic video calls. Our analysis shows how interpreters, through what we call dual action design, are able to: (1) offer the floor to one party while informing the other party, (2) refer to one of the participants using different forms of deictic reference for the two users of the service, and (3) request confirmation of a source statement from one party while rendering a statement to benefit the other party. The study contributes to current discussions relating to sequentiality, simultaneity, and positioning in interpreting studies and multimodal interaction research.
这项研究展示了瑞典聋人和听力用户之间的视频中继服务(VRS)中的口译员如何同时完成两个不同的动作,每个动作都针对该服务的特定用户。这项研究采用了多模式、民族方法论的对话分析(EMCA)视角,并基于25段真实视频通话录音的语料库进行了实证研究。我们的分析表明,口译员通过我们所说的双重行动设计,能够:(1)在通知另一方的同时向一方提供发言权,(2)为服务的两个用户使用不同形式的指示参考来指代其中一名参与者,以及(3)在提供有利于另一方利益的声明时,请求一方确认来源声明。这项研究有助于当前关于口译研究和多模式互动研究中的顺序性、同时性和定位的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
The effectiveness of computer-assisted interpreting 计算机辅助口译的有效性
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1075/tis.21036.che
Sijia Chen, Jan-Louis Kruger
Facing a new technological turn, the field of interpreting is in great need of evidence on the effectiveness of computer-assisted interpreting. This study proposes a computer-assisted consecutive interpreting (CACI) mode incorporating speech recognition (SR) and machine translation (MT). First, the interpreter listens to the source speech and respeaks it into an SR system, creating an SR text which is then processed by an MT system. Second, the interpreter produces a target speech with reference to the SR and MT texts. Six students participated in training on CACI, after which they performed consecutive interpreting in both the conventional and the new mode. The study finds that CACI featured fewer pauses and reduced cognitive load. Moreover, the overall interpreting quality, especially the accuracy, was increased. The effectiveness of the new mode is found to be modulated by the interpreting direction.
面对新的技术变革,口译领域急需证据来证明计算机辅助口译的有效性。本研究提出一种结合语音识别(SR)和机器翻译(MT)的计算机辅助交替传译(CACI)模式。首先,口译员听源语音并将其输入语音翻译系统,创建语音翻译文本,然后由机器翻译系统进行处理。第二,译员根据翻译原文和翻译原文制作目标语篇。6名学生参加了CACI培训,培训结束后,他们分别进行了传统和新模式的交替传译。研究发现,CACI的特点是停顿更少,认知负荷更低。此外,口译的整体质量,特别是准确性也有所提高。新模式的有效性受解释方向的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Relating utterance fluency to perceived fluency of interpreting 将话语流利性与感知的口译流利性联系起来
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.1075/tis.20091.han
Chao Han, Liuyan Yang
The prospect of automated scoring for interpreting fluency has prompted investigations into the predictability of human raters’ perceived fluency based on acoustically measured utterance fluency. Recently, Han, Chen, Fu and Fan (2020) correlated ten utterance fluency measures with raters’ perceived fluency ratings. To verify previous correlational patterns, the present study partially replicated Han et al. (2020). Our analysis shows that most of the correlations observed in Han et al. (2020) were successfully replicated. To produce overall interim estimates of the true relationships, we conducted a mini meta-analysis of correlation coefficients reported in six relevant studies, informed by the “continuously cumulating meta-analysis” approach (Braver et al. 2014). We found that phonation time ratio, mean length of run, and speech rate had relatively strong correlations with perceived fluency. We discuss these findings in light of automated fluency assessment and the need for replication and meta-analysis in translation and interpreting studies.
口译流利度自动评分的前景促使人们根据声学测量的话语流利度来研究人类评分者感知流利度的可预测性。最近,Han,Chen,Fu和Fan(2020)将十项话语流利度测量与评分者的感知流利度评分相关联。为了验证先前的相关模式,本研究部分复制了Han等人。(2020)。我们的分析表明,在Han等人。(2020)成功复制。为了产生真实关系的总体中期估计,我们根据“连续累积荟萃分析”方法,对六项相关研究中报告的相关系数进行了小型荟萃分析(Braver等人,2014)。我们发现,发音时间比、平均跑时长和语速与感知流利度有相对较强的相关性。我们根据自动化流利度评估以及翻译和口译研究中复制和荟萃分析的必要性来讨论这些发现。
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引用次数: 2
How subtitling professionals perceive changes in working conditions 字幕专业人员如何看待工作条件的变化
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1075/tis.20107.kun
Alexander Künzli
The job of a subtitler is undergoing significant changes. This study investigates subtitling professionals’ perceptions of the effects these changes are having on their working conditions. With this aim in mind, an email interview study was conducted with nineteen freelance subtitling professionals producing German-language subtitles. Overall themes in the subtitlers’ accounts were disillusion with recent trends in the subtitling profession (the precarization of the subtitling profession, acceleration of production processes, virtualization of collaboration), concerns about quality (unavailable or low-quality working materials, market entry of unskilled subtitlers, replacement of established local subtitling guidelines by international ones, machine translation), but also opportunities (predictability, solidarity among subtitling professionals). Suggestions for future directions concern longitudinal studies to evaluate the effects changes in professional subtitling practice have on working conditions over time with follow-up surveys to collect subtitlers’ opinions on how the problems identified could best be tackled.
字幕员的工作正在发生重大变化。这项研究调查了字幕专业人士对这些变化对他们工作条件的影响的看法。考虑到这一目标,对19名制作德语字幕的自由字幕专业人员进行了电子邮件采访研究。字幕作者叙述中的总体主题对字幕行业的最新趋势(字幕行业的预制化、生产流程的加速、合作的虚拟化)感到失望,对质量的担忧(无法获得或质量低的工作材料,非熟练字幕师进入市场,用国际字幕指南取代既定的本地字幕指南,机器翻译),还有机会(可预测性,字幕专业人员之间的团结)。对未来方向的建议涉及纵向研究,以评估专业字幕实践的变化对工作条件的影响,并进行后续调查,收集字幕制作者对如何最好地解决所发现的问题的意见。
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引用次数: 1
The politics of literal translation in Soviet Ukraine 苏联乌克兰直译政治
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.1075/tis.21020.kol
Lada Kolomiyets
Nikolai Gogol (Ukrainian: Mykola Hoholʹ) is a notable example of a nineteenth-century Russian author of Ukrainian origin, whose works in Ukrainian translation have always been and now remain ideologically fraught. This article discusses the dynamics of translation – from creative stylization to awkward literalism – during the period from the late 1920s to the early 1950s. Later Ukrainian editions of Gogol’s works in the Ukrainian SSR were not substantially different from those published in the mid-1950s, which indicates that by that time the Soviet model of Ukrainian literary language had been firmly established. It tended to increasingly merge with Russian, taking the Russian-language writings of Gogol as a model. The study reveals a tension between Ukrainian national idealism and the Soviet regime’s pragmatic use of language as a means of political propaganda. The discussion further challenges Russian-to-Ukrainian literalism as a strategy for manufacturing linguistic similarities and “naturalizing” Russian as the mother tongue.
尼古拉·果戈理(乌克兰语:Mykola Hohol)是十九世纪乌克兰裔俄罗斯作家的一个著名例子,他的作品在乌克兰语翻译中一直并且现在仍然充满了意识形态。本文讨论了20世纪20年代末至50年代初翻译的动态——从创造性的文体化到笨拙的直译主义。后来在乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国出版的果戈理作品的乌克兰文版与20世纪50年代中期出版的版本没有本质上的不同,这表明到那时乌克兰文学语言的苏联模式已经牢固地建立起来。它越来越倾向于与俄语融合,以果戈理的俄语著作为榜样。这项研究揭示了乌克兰民族理想主义与苏联政权将语言作为政治宣传手段的实用主义之间的紧张关系。讨论进一步挑战了俄罗斯-乌克兰的字面主义作为制造语言相似性和将俄语“归化”为母语的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Reading patterns, reformulation and eye-voice span (IVS) in sight translation 视觉翻译中的阅读模式、重构与眼-声跨
IF 0.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1075/tis.21021.chm
Agnieszka Chmiel, Agnieszka Lijewska
The study examined how a required reformulation of a source text affects reading patterns in sight translation. We also tested how interpreters regulated their eye-voice span (IVS, understood as the delay between viewing the source language word and speaking it in the target language) in the task. Twenty-four professional conference interpreters sight translated (from Polish into English) a text with syntactically symmetrical sentences (that could be copied in the target language) or asymmetrical ones (that required reformulation). The participants’ output and eye movements were recorded. Mean IVS turned out to exceed 8s. Text viewing durations and IVS did not differ between symmetrical and asymmetrical sentences. In contrast, reformulated output structures generated larger IVS than the retained ones. Also, words appearing later in the text on the screen were associated with longer IVS. This shows that IVS is a complex construct and that reformulation affects reading patterns in sight translation.
本研究考察了在视觉翻译中对原文进行必要的改写对阅读模式的影响。我们还测试了口译员在任务中如何调节他们的眼声跨度(IVS,理解为看到源语言单词到用目标语言说出来之间的延迟)。24名专业会议口译员直接翻译(从波兰语翻译成英语)一篇句子语法对称(可以用目标语言复制)或句子不对称(需要重新表述)的文章。参与者的输出和眼球运动被记录下来。平均IVS超过8s。对称和不对称句子的文本浏览时间和IVS没有差异。相比之下,重新制定的产出结构比保留的产出结构产生更大的IVS。此外,在屏幕文本中出现较晚的单词与较长的IVS相关。这表明视觉翻译是一个复杂的结构,并且在视觉翻译中,重构会影响阅读模式。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Translation and Interpreting Studies
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