Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1953881
Roger Norum, Vesa-Pekka Herva
This Special Issue of Time & Mind takes the unique frame of a single week of fieldwork in a particular corner of the planet. During early August 2020, a small group of researchers and students in archaeology and anthropology working on different matters of research and using varying methodological approaches, travelled together to the village of Kilpisjärvi in northwest Finland. The field course that was organized around this trip aimed to offer training to students in field-based ethnographic and visual anthropological research methods. In the mornings, the students received instruction in particular topics related to the doing of field research; in the afternoons, they accompanied the course leaders on their own data-gathering endeavours in the landscapes around Kilpisjärvi. Across the week, the researchers carried out their own fieldwork, some of them on their own and some in groups. Yet the Kilpisjärvi week did not comprise a ‘standard’ run of fieldwork in that not all of the researchers necessarily had specific aims or questions in mind; rather, we came with interests in a set of broader themes that we wanted to engage with: reindeer herding, land use conflicts, tourism, nature preservation, ecoacoustics, and the well-preserved military presence of WW2 German troops in the region, to name a few. We had long entertained the idea of carrying out both collaborative and individuals research in the region, and the 2020 summer – which constituted a small gap between Coronavirus waves – seemed an opportune time to survey and ponder the possibilities and the intersections between our different research interests. We were drawn to an ‘open-ended’ approach for two reasons. First, we wanted to put on an intensive field school for advanced students in our faculty, most of whose own work had by then already been disrupted by the Coronavirus for half a year. We hoped in this to expose the students to a range of practice-based approaches and issues related to fieldwork in a landscape unfamiliar to most of them. Second, we wanted to see what new opportunities might exist in the area for new research pursuits of our own. The leaders of this endeavour comprised two professors, a lecturer, and a post-doctoral researcher, as well as a doctoral student who led much of the course's organisation and logistics. They were joined by five students across BA, MA and PhD levels in archaeology, cultural anthropology and Sámi studies. A group of ten people in total, we each had varying relationships to the region. One had conducted anthropological fieldwork with reindeer herders in the region some two decades earlier, another was involved in archaeological and geographical research on reindeer herding practices, yet another had long TIME AND MIND 2021, VOL. 14, NO. 3, 345–347 https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1953881
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696x.2021.1953354
Ethan Doyle White
scapes, seascapes and skyscapes of the region. Non–humans, including natural features, animals, material culture and supernatural beings, play as important a role in this book (and thus this region) as humans, and we can only understand their full significance through the multidisciplinary approach the authors employ here. Herva and Lahelma actively and carefully think about the significances of their varied evidence: they do not, for example, simply use later folklore to ‘project back’ on to the past, but take the plethora of folkloric materials to indicate the interpretive possibilities of the archaeological evidence, or how people might have viewed and articulated their world and their relationships to it. This book is packed full of detail presented in a readable way, whilst simultaneously highlighting the various areas of research that require further study. It is not only crucial reading for those interested in Fennoscandia, but also important for archaeologists, ethnographers and folklorists of Europe and the Arctic, across all chronological periods. Happily, this book is also available Open Access from Routledge’s website (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433948), making it highly accessible – though my print copy is satisfactorily filled with lots of little markers to follow-up on.
{"title":"Evergreen ash: ecology and catastrophe in Old Norse legend and myth","authors":"Ethan Doyle White","doi":"10.1080/1751696x.2021.1953354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696x.2021.1953354","url":null,"abstract":"scapes, seascapes and skyscapes of the region. Non–humans, including natural features, animals, material culture and supernatural beings, play as important a role in this book (and thus this region) as humans, and we can only understand their full significance through the multidisciplinary approach the authors employ here. Herva and Lahelma actively and carefully think about the significances of their varied evidence: they do not, for example, simply use later folklore to ‘project back’ on to the past, but take the plethora of folkloric materials to indicate the interpretive possibilities of the archaeological evidence, or how people might have viewed and articulated their world and their relationships to it. This book is packed full of detail presented in a readable way, whilst simultaneously highlighting the various areas of research that require further study. It is not only crucial reading for those interested in Fennoscandia, but also important for archaeologists, ethnographers and folklorists of Europe and the Arctic, across all chronological periods. Happily, this book is also available Open Access from Routledge’s website (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433948), making it highly accessible – though my print copy is satisfactorily filled with lots of little markers to follow-up on.","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"16 1","pages":"477 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85860297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1951563
O. Seitsonen
ABSTRACT In this paper Idiscuss aset of photographs taken by my daughters with disposable cameras, to consider how they perceived an archaeological expedition to northernmost Sápmi (Finnish Lapland). My daughters’ photographic documentation illustrates the views that children from southern Finland have on archaeological fieldwork in an extreme northern environment. Their photographs resemble partly the tourism promotional imagery and Instagram posts, which place emphasis on the impressive landscape, engaging activities, and the gear related to those activities. Based on these imageries, and my personal impressions, thegenius loci of this area for outsiders are largely defined by the mountainous scenery and midsummer snow, both unique to this region within Finland. My daughters’ imagery conveys amixture of familiarity and alienation. There is an awe of facing the new and alien, immersive mountain landscape and the novelty of, e.g., ahelicopter ride to the study site in the middle of aroadless wilderness, and afascination in the familiar expedition activities together with trusted people which creates asense of at-homeness. The familiar actions carried out by familiar people appear to act as important means for placemaking and securing the being-in-the-world, which carries also wider importance beyond this case study.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1951561
Vesa-Pekka Herva
ABSTRACT For many years, I believed that fieldwork is primarily about systematic data collection. Only gradually did I begin to understand that fieldwork has several other, equally meaningful dimensions to it. This essay reflects on archaeological and anthropological fieldwork as inspiration and as a kind of a meditative (or a broadly spiritual) practice that, a little like ‘altered states of consciousness’, affords discovering and becoming aware of interconnections between and entanglements of myriad things and phenomena in the world. This approach implies and resonates with landscapes and lived worlds in the High North, such as the Gilbbesjávri (Fi. Kilpisjärvi) region where we conducted fieldwork in 2020, that are characterized by relational animistic-shamanistic ideas of and engagements with reality. In this essay, I discuss two sites – an old Sámi dwelling site and an unexpected piece of environmental art – in relation to interconnections between, and overlapping of, different worlds. I engage with other worldliness in the landscape and dialogue between the European far North and the Mediterranean, as prompted by the said key loci, and how these enable seeing and experiencing landscapes in a new manner.
{"title":"Minoan Lapland: fieldwork, spirituality and connecting across time and space","authors":"Vesa-Pekka Herva","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1951561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1951561","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For many years, I believed that fieldwork is primarily about systematic data collection. Only gradually did I begin to understand that fieldwork has several other, equally meaningful dimensions to it. This essay reflects on archaeological and anthropological fieldwork as inspiration and as a kind of a meditative (or a broadly spiritual) practice that, a little like ‘altered states of consciousness’, affords discovering and becoming aware of interconnections between and entanglements of myriad things and phenomena in the world. This approach implies and resonates with landscapes and lived worlds in the High North, such as the Gilbbesjávri (Fi. Kilpisjärvi) region where we conducted fieldwork in 2020, that are characterized by relational animistic-shamanistic ideas of and engagements with reality. In this essay, I discuss two sites – an old Sámi dwelling site and an unexpected piece of environmental art – in relation to interconnections between, and overlapping of, different worlds. I engage with other worldliness in the landscape and dialogue between the European far North and the Mediterranean, as prompted by the said key loci, and how these enable seeing and experiencing landscapes in a new manner.","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"14 1","pages":"397 - 415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87437996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-19DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939131
Jennifer Walklate
{"title":"Blood rush: the dark history of a vital fluid","authors":"Jennifer Walklate","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"41 1 1","pages":"537 - 539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87531751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-12DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1938654
Tina Paphitis
{"title":"Wanderland: a search for magic in the landscape","authors":"Tina Paphitis","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1938654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1938654","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"115 1","pages":"539 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79608575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-12DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939132
R. Wallis
{"title":"The rock art landscapes of Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire","authors":"R. Wallis","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"60 1","pages":"547 - 548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78169356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-12DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939130
C. Holtorf
It took me until reaching the conclusion to realise what had bothered me while reading this book: Deep Time Reckoning is an ethnographic monograph that does not take a culturally relativistic persp...
{"title":"Deep time reckoning: how future thinking can help Earth now","authors":"C. Holtorf","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1939130","url":null,"abstract":"It took me until reaching the conclusion to realise what had bothered me while reading this book: Deep Time Reckoning is an ethnographic monograph that does not take a culturally relativistic persp...","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"44 2 1","pages":"543 - 546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90036856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1903178
Dennis Doxtater
ABSTRACT Considering that prehistoric cultures may have had the socio-religious need and technical ability to create accurate geometric patterns across a large landscape, limited ethnographic and archaeologic evidence are reviewed. Simple but accurate land surveying is discussed. Since any set of existing sites at larger scales coincidentally creates accurate three-point alignments and right-angles, the critical research problem attempts to distinguish designed from random geometry. Unpublished patterns involving great kivas in Chaco Canyon and Temple IV at Tikal are tested for probabilities of design. The more expansive third test considers the location of 26 prominent Adena mounds in relation to 32 river confluence points and four highest mountains in a geographic area some 900 × 1200 km, just slightly larger than a Chacoan world. In 14 test boxes modeling the locations of the 26 mounds, 1000 sets of random points replace equal numbers in each box. Each set is searched for numbers of three-point alignments and ninety-degree angles at or under 0.10º accuracy. Chaco and Tikal tests show a strong likelihood of design at these sites; in the Adena, data indicate a high probability that some number of existing patterns were intentionally surveyed.
{"title":"Probabilities of designed locations of ceremonial foci: the Chaco Meridian, temple IV at Tikal, and a large-scale sacred Adena river landscape","authors":"Dennis Doxtater","doi":"10.1080/1751696X.2021.1903178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1903178","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Considering that prehistoric cultures may have had the socio-religious need and technical ability to create accurate geometric patterns across a large landscape, limited ethnographic and archaeologic evidence are reviewed. Simple but accurate land surveying is discussed. Since any set of existing sites at larger scales coincidentally creates accurate three-point alignments and right-angles, the critical research problem attempts to distinguish designed from random geometry. Unpublished patterns involving great kivas in Chaco Canyon and Temple IV at Tikal are tested for probabilities of design. The more expansive third test considers the location of 26 prominent Adena mounds in relation to 32 river confluence points and four highest mountains in a geographic area some 900 × 1200 km, just slightly larger than a Chacoan world. In 14 test boxes modeling the locations of the 26 mounds, 1000 sets of random points replace equal numbers in each box. Each set is searched for numbers of three-point alignments and ninety-degree angles at or under 0.10º accuracy. Chaco and Tikal tests show a strong likelihood of design at these sites; in the Adena, data indicate a high probability that some number of existing patterns were intentionally surveyed.","PeriodicalId":43900,"journal":{"name":"Time & Mind-The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture","volume":"6 1","pages":"283 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82222907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/1751696X.2021.1926776
J. Hunter
Welcome to Time and Mind 14.2. A great deal of the focus of our journal is on the interaction of human minds with non-human environments, objects and entities – animals, plants, rocks, and the other components that make up the world around us – and how these interactions are encoded in material culture and archaeological remains. This issue is no different, and in particular emphasises the relationship between human consciousness and the cold surface of stone in a range of different cultural and ecological contexts, through cave art, monument construction and tablet inscription. To begin, in their paper – which has already attracted a great deal of attention in the media – Yafit Kedar, Gil Kedar and Ran Barkai present a compelling argument about the possible role of hypoxia (oxygen deprivation), and the altered states of consciousness that this condition entails, in the creation of palaeolithic cave art. Drawing on experimental fieldwork, the authors suggest that burning torches used to illuminate deep caverns were active in reducing oxygen levels in these spaces and, as a result, inducing hypoxic altered states in prehistoric artists. While there has been a long association of cave art with altered states of consciousness of various kinds, induced through diverse techniques such as rhythmic drumming, dancing, sensory deprivation, psychoactive substances and so on, the novel argument here is that it is the cave itself, and the oxygen levels within, that is active in provoking the altered state. Cave art, then, is an expression of the interaction between human artists and the cave itself. In ‘Pueblo ethnography, Sopris archaeology, and the sacred geography of Sopris rock art’ Thomas Huffman and Frank Earley explore the sacred geography of the Sopris culture in Colorado. Drawing on ethnographic work on the cosmological models and cosmogonic myths of the Pueblo Tewa and Tanoa people, Huffman and Earley suggest that the Sopris culture was likely related to that of the present day Pueblo people, rather than to a hypothesised huntergatherer group. The paper contains some fascinating observations of the sacred geography of the Pueblo worldview, and demonstrates how ethnographic insights can be drawn on for archaeological interpretation. Staying in Pre-Columbian America, Robert Weiner and Ema Smith’s paper ‘Great houses for whom?’ presents a new interpretation of the monumental Chacoan Great Houses of the American southwest. Again, drawing on comparative ethnographic material from indigenous American cultures and further afield, Weiner and Smith make the case for understanding the Great Houses in TIME AND MIND 2021, VOL. 14, NO. 2, 179–180 https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1926776
欢迎来到时间与心灵14.2。我们期刊的大量焦点是人类思想与非人类环境、物体和实体(动物、植物、岩石和构成我们周围世界的其他组成部分)的相互作用，以及这些相互作用如何被编码在物质文化和考古遗迹中。这个问题也不例外，特别强调人类意识与石头冰冷表面之间的关系，在一系列不同的文化和生态背景下，通过洞穴艺术，纪念碑建设和碑文。首先，Yafit Kedar, Gil Kedar和Ran Barkai在他们的论文中——这篇论文已经引起了媒体的广泛关注——提出了一个令人信服的论点，即缺氧(缺氧)的可能作用，以及这种情况下意识状态的改变，在旧石器时代洞穴艺术的创造中。根据实验现场工作，作者认为，用于照亮深洞穴的燃烧火炬在降低这些空间的氧气水平方面很活跃，结果导致史前艺术家的缺氧改变状态。长期以来，人们一直将洞穴艺术与各种意识状态的改变联系在一起，这些意识状态的改变是通过不同的技巧(如有节奏的鼓声、舞蹈、感官剥夺、精神活性物质等)引起的，而这里的新观点是，洞穴本身以及洞穴内的氧气水平，在激发这种改变状态方面发挥了积极作用。因此，洞穴艺术是人类艺术家与洞穴本身相互作用的表现。在《普韦布洛民族志、索普里斯考古学和索普里斯岩石艺术的神圣地理》一书中，托马斯·霍夫曼和弗兰克·厄尔利探索了科罗拉多州索普里斯文化的神圣地理。根据关于普韦布洛Tewa和Tanoa人的宇宙学模型和宇宙起源神话的人种学研究，Huffman和Earley认为，Sopris文化很可能与今天的普韦布洛人有关，而不是一个假设的狩猎采集群体。这篇论文包含了对普韦布洛人世界观的神圣地理的一些引人入胜的观察，并展示了如何利用民族志的见解进行考古解释。回到前哥伦布时代的美洲，罗伯特·韦纳和埃玛·史密斯的论文《为谁而建的大房子?》’展示了对美国西南部具有纪念意义的查科大宅的新诠释。再一次，利用来自美国土著文化和更远地方的比较民族志材料，韦纳和史密斯在《时间与心灵》2021年第14卷第1期中提出了理解“大房子”的理由。2,179 - 180 https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2021.1926776
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