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Information and Communication Technologies for Training Future Teachers: an Adaptation to the Aspects of the Postmodern Society 信息与通信技术培养未来教师:适应后现代社会的方方面面
Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.3/479
L. Bidenko, O. Bilyakovska, Yevheniya Burnos, N. Pylypenko-Fritsak, Olha Lilik, N. Demyanenko
The study examines the need to train future teachers using modern information and communication technologies in the context of adaptation to the aspects of postmodern society. It was found that contemporary postmodern education is impossible without application of information and communication technologies, the use of which gradually leads to changes in the content, the methods and technologies of training future teachers. The analysis of scientific literature, which confirms recognition of ICT as a key technology of the 21st century and the urgency of the problem of development and application of educational technologies capable of modernizing and reforming traditional forms of education in order to meet the level of education of future teachers to the present-day requirements. The current trends of ICT in the training of future teachers in postmodern times are considered, modern practices (scenarios) of ICT use which are the most popular in the educational process of future teachers are singled out. The content of the following compulsory components, according to the authors, of professional training of future teachers, is generalized and concretized: didactic, legal, social and methodological. Discussion issues and perspective directions of future scientific research related to complex ethical contradictions due to uncertainty or lack of necessary knowledge, unexpected effects and insufficient transparency of functioning of information and communication technologies are outlined.
本研究探讨了在适应后现代社会的背景下,培养使用现代信息和通信技术的未来教师的必要性。研究发现,当代后现代教育离不开信息通信技术的应用,信息通信技术的应用逐渐导致培养未来教师的内容、方法和技术的变化。对科学文献的分析,确认了对信息通信技术作为21世纪关键技术的认识,以及发展和应用教育技术问题的紧迫性,这些技术能够使传统的教育形式现代化和改革,以满足当今要求的未来教师教育水平。考虑了信息通信技术在后现代时期未来教师培养中的当前趋势,挑出了在未来教师教育过程中最流行的信息通信技术使用的现代实践(场景)。作者认为,未来教师专业培训的必修部分的内容是概括和具体的:教学、法律、社会和方法。概述了信息通信技术由于不确定或缺乏必要的知识、意想不到的效果和不够透明的功能而导致的复杂伦理矛盾的讨论问题和未来科学研究的展望方向。
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引用次数: 0
Aspects of Outlining a Post-Modern Management Necessary for the Physical Training of Military Students 浅谈军校学生体育训练的后现代管理
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/466
Valentin–Sorin Enachescu, Nicolae-Adrian Dina, G. Buciu
In a postmodern world which is extremely dynamic and anchored in a communication that requires online accesses in almost all fields, the training and preparation of young generations is required to be carried out in such a way that the acquisition of practical skills should be reflected in their future activities. Along with the other forms of training, physical training is a defining part of those who are part of the military environment. There are various aspects when, in the lives of the military, physical training can influence the course of their military career. Moreover, the motivations of behavioral changes, either inner or external, can cause increased attention to this type of training.Military physical training is a stand-alone activity in the military environment, a basic component of military training programs. We will also highlight physical training through its importance in the context of preparing the military for participation in theatres of operations, facilitating the understanding of its role in modern conflicts and the support it can offer in achieving military tasks and objectives. Moreover, an advanced level of physical training will lead to the maximization of the psycho-moral and physical components of the combative capacities, will support the improvement and maintenance of general physical and mental health and will help to develop the capacity for resistance to stress conditions such as fatigue, fear, panic, hunger etc.
在后现代世界中,这个世界是极具活力的,以几乎所有领域都需要上网的通讯方式为基础,对年轻一代的培训和准备工作需要以这样一种方式进行,即获得实用技能应反映在他们未来的活动中。和其他形式的训练一样,体能训练是军事环境中必不可少的一部分。在军人的生活中,体能训练可以在各个方面影响他们的军事生涯。此外,行为改变的动机,无论是内在的还是外在的,都可以引起对这类训练的更多关注。军事体育训练是军事环境下的一项独立活动,是军事训练计划的基本组成部分。我们还将强调体育训练,因为它在使军队准备参加战区、促进了解其在现代冲突中的作用以及它在实现军事任务和目标方面所能提供的支持方面具有重要意义。此外,高水平的体育训练将最大限度地提高战斗能力的心理、道德和身体组成部分,将有助于改善和维持一般的身心健康,并将有助于发展抵抗疲劳、恐惧、恐慌、饥饿等压力条件的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the Potential of Higher Education Institutions in the Context of Achieving Sustainability 可持续发展背景下的高等教育机构潜力评估
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/446
A. Suslenco
This paper represents a theoretical-methodological incursion on the requirements of higher education institutions to achieve sustainability. The relevance of the topic derives from the need to assess the potential of higher education institutions in order to achieve sustainability. The aim of the research is to assess the potential of universities in the context of sustainability. The paper focuses on making an approach to achieving educational performance, in terms of assessing the human, innovative potential of higher education institutions which represents a vital factor in achieving university sustainability. Universities as active actors in sustainable development must demonstrate the necessary training, competent human potential, viable educational policies, and effective tools to achieve sustainability. The research methodology focused on the use of the following methods such as: analysis, synthesis, qualitative research, scientific abstraction, which contributed to a comprehensive and complex study on the training of Moldovan universities to achieve sustainability. In conclusion, we reiterate that universities as “vectors of change” are demanded to develop successful strategies to achieve sustainability, in terms of certain effective activities that would ensure their sustainable development. The undertaken research allowed us to elucidate that Moldovan universities do not have a model for achieving university sustainability. In this context, we can point out the need to develop a viable tool for assessing the steps taken by universities to achieve sustainability.
本文代表了对高等教育机构实现可持续性要求的理论方法论入侵。该主题的相关性源于需要评估高等教育机构的潜力,以实现可持续性。这项研究的目的是评估大学在可持续发展方面的潜力。本文的重点是从评估高等教育机构的人的创新潜力的角度,制定一种实现教育绩效的方法,这是实现大学可持续性的一个重要因素。大学作为可持续发展的积极参与者,必须展示必要的培训、胜任的人力潜力、可行的教育政策和实现可持续性的有效工具。研究方法侧重于使用以下方法,如:分析、综合、定性研究、科学抽象,这有助于对摩尔多瓦大学实现可持续性的培训进行全面而复杂的研究。最后,我们重申,大学作为“变革的载体”,需要制定成功的战略,通过某些有效的活动来实现可持续发展,以确保其可持续发展。所进行的研究使我们能够阐明,摩尔多瓦大学没有实现大学可持续性的模式。在这方面,我们可以指出,有必要开发一种可行的工具来评估大学为实现可持续性所采取的步骤。
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引用次数: 0
Axiological Aspects of Educational Activity in Postmodern Philosophy 后现代哲学中教育活动的价值论观点
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/457
Oleh Pieshev, O. Rudenko, A. Lazareva, O. Sokolova, M. Maksiuta, G. Fesenko
The relevance of the chosen topic of the article is determined by the need to improve the system of educational activities in postmodernism.  The article provides a theoretical analysis of developments on the topic, substantiates axiological (spiritual, moral, aesthetic and other values, their relationship with each other, with social, cultural factors and human personality; section philosophy) perspectives of educational activities in postmodern philosophy, gives a description of axiological areas of academic activity in postmodern philosophy; the main directions of the philosophy of education in the epoch of postmodernism are determined; the vision of a new paradigm of education in the works of researchers and scientists is presented. The article analyses the understanding of the problems of education in the European philosophical and pedagogical tradition of the XX-XXI century, gives a brief overview of systematic works on the philosophy of education of prominent Western researchers of these problems, taking into account their proposed educational values. Based on the analysis, the article's author concludes that it is necessary to critically review several traditions for the philosophy of education and the choice of approaches in understanding the values of modern education. The article's author notes the emergence of new axiological paradigms of education in the philosophy of education of the late XX - early XXI century, associated with the development of cultural-centric and global-historical trends in philosophy.
本文选题的相关性是由改进后现代主义教育活动体系的需要决定的。本文对这一主题的发展进行了理论分析,具体阐述了后现代哲学中教育活动的价值论(精神、道德、美学和其他价值观,它们之间的关系,与社会、文化因素和人的个性;部分哲学)视角,描述了后现代哲学学术活动的价值论领域;确定了后现代教育哲学的主要方向;在研究人员和科学家的著作中提出了一种新的教育范式的愿景。本文分析了XX-XXI世纪欧洲哲学和教育传统对教育问题的理解,简要概述了西方著名研究者对这些问题的教育哲学的系统著作,并考虑到他们提出的教育价值。在分析的基础上,文章作者得出结论,有必要批判性地回顾教育哲学的几个传统以及理解现代教育价值观的方法选择。文章作者注意到二十世纪末二十一世纪初教育哲学中出现了新的教育价值论范式,这与哲学中以文化为中心和全球历史趋势的发展有关。
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引用次数: 0
Development of Ukrainian Choral Art in Conditions of Postmodernism 后现代主义条件下乌克兰合唱艺术的发展
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/458
Y. Havrylenko, Yuliia Hrytsun, Iryna Kondratenko, L. Sukhova
The article presents a research work in a context of highlighting the peculiarities of development of  Ukrainian choral art. The research describes the main theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence of choral art and postmodernism as a basis for the formation of a new worldview, a new thinking, which is a sign of a challenge of modernity. The basic context of formation of choral art is researched. The results of the research form the main historical trends in a development of choral art in the context of a basis of a human worldview and factors shaping an idea of worldview as a cultural manifestation of an era. In the research the tendencies are identified in postmodern influence on the development of a culture, in particular choral art. Postmodernism is defined by a worldview that has become a challenge to the social development in the post-industrial era. In postmodern period appear art movements of surrealism, abstractionism, impressionism, symbolism and other cultural and art movements, which are reflected in an unrealistic way, indicating new trends in a new society. We used analytical and research methods, a characteristic of music and game activities. Methods of a synthesis, an analysis and interpretation of choral art in a context of development of the Ukrainian culture were used for the research. The results of the research confirmed that in the conditions of postmodernism new tendencies of choral art are formed, which presents mental features in a context of information, a post-industrial society.
本文在突出乌克兰合唱艺术发展特点的背景下提出了一项研究工作。该研究描述了界定合唱艺术本质的主要理论和方法论方法,以及后现代主义作为形成新世界观和新思维的基础,这是现代性挑战的标志。探讨了合唱艺术形成的基本语境。研究结果形成了合唱艺术在人类世界观基础上发展的主要历史趋势,以及将世界观作为一个时代的文化表现形式的因素。在研究中,后现代主义倾向于对文化发展的影响,尤其是合唱艺术。后现代主义是由一种世界观定义的,这种世界观已成为后工业时代社会发展的挑战。后现代时期出现了超现实主义、抽象主义、印象派、象征主义等文化艺术运动,这些运动以一种不切实际的方式反映出来,预示着新社会的新趋势。我们采用了分析和研究的方法,这是音乐和游戏活动的一个特点。研究采用了综合、分析和解释乌克兰文化发展背景下合唱艺术的方法。研究结果表明,在后现代主义条件下,合唱艺术形成了新的倾向,呈现出信息语境下的后工业社会的心理特征。
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引用次数: 1
Verbal Representations of Motivational Attitudes of Education Managers in the Post-Information Society 后信息社会教育管理者动机态度的言语表征
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/443
O. Shaumian, T. Ternavska, L. Viktorova, A. Yarova, L. Obukh, A. Serhiieva
The article attempts to provide a practical analysis of the psychological basis for the incentives of personality motivation in education managers. In particular, it highlights the results of an empirical study of motivational techniques for normative and value attitudes of education managers in terms of management. It justifies the opinion that leaders of the organizations with strong cooperation between staff and administration and united by a common desire for success, are dominated by the category “hope for success”. And the leaders of such organizations where subordinates are in constant fear of dismissal and under sharp criticism regardless of their work quality, are dominated by the “fear of failure”. It emphasizes the idea that education managers should try to develop “hope for success”. This applies to both men and women, regardless of their work experience. It points out the need to practice methods of overcoming “blame and criticism caused by failure to succeed”. This is especially true for women with over 5 years work experience. It is also worth creating a sense of work efficiency with a positive hope (especially for men with work experience of up to 5 years and more than 5 years work experience) and to overcome manifestations of immorality and injustice to subordinates. Considerable attention in scientific research is paid to the importance of the spiritual component in the personality of modern managers, which requires further study.
本文试图对教育管理者人格动机激励的心理基础进行实证分析。特别是,它强调了一项实证研究的结果,即激励技术对教育管理者在管理方面的规范和价值态度的影响。它证明了这样一种观点,即工作人员和行政部门之间有着强有力的合作,并因共同的成功愿望而团结在一起的组织的领导人被“希望成功”这一类别所支配。而这些组织的领导者,无论其工作质量如何,下属都一直害怕被解雇,并受到尖锐的批评,他们被“害怕失败”所支配。它强调教育管理者应该努力培养“成功的希望”。这适用于男性和女性,无论他们的工作经验如何。它指出,需要实践克服“因未能成功而引起的指责和批评”的方法。对于有5年以上工作经验的女性来说尤其如此。同样值得创造一种有积极希望的工作效率感(尤其是对于工作经验长达5年和5年以上的男性),并克服对下属的不道德和不公正表现。现代管理者人格中的精神成分在科学研究中受到了相当大的重视,这一点需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Enterpreneship Transformation in the Context of the Digitization of Business Processes 业务流程数字化背景下的企业转型
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/461
L. Lytvyn, Anatoliy Hryhoruk, L. Verbivska, Oleksandr Poprotskyy, T. Medynska, O. Pelekh
This article examines the transformation of enterprises activity in terms of digitalization of business processes. The rapid and global spread of information and communication technologies contributes to the development of the digital economy and causes changes in the economic environment, which leads to the transformation of business activities, methods of transactions and the level of connections between economic entities. Globalization and digitalization of the economy transform the key characteristics and objectives of enterprises, the directions of their development and business management processes. Technological innovations create benefits that affect the economic system as a whole and its individual components. At the same time, the introduction of innovations is carried out in conditions of uncertainty and is associated with a high degree of risk that affects the economic security of enterprises. In the new conditions of information economy development, the competitive struggle of enterprises is intensifying, the models of enterprise management are changing, and the level of digitalization of business processes is growing. The digital age is changing the approach to doing business.  The use of information technology such as marketing management systems, sales and service, telephony and messengers, document management and personnel management systems, accounting systems and other applications transform the activities of enterprises. In the process of enterprise modernization, information becomes a new factor of production, which gradually replaces other factors of production. Тechnology continues to be the largest sector in terms of market capitalization. Effective implementation of innovations, digitalization of business processes allows companies to increase their productivity, achieve the required level of competitiveness and take a stable position in the markets.
本文从业务流程数字化的角度考察了企业活动的转型。信息和通信技术的快速全球传播有助于数字经济的发展,并导致经济环境的变化,从而导致商业活动、交易方式和经济实体之间联系水平的转变。经济的全球化和数字化改变了企业的主要特征和目标、发展方向和业务管理流程。技术创新创造的效益影响整个经济体系及其各个组成部分。与此同时,创新的引入是在不确定的条件下进行的,并且与影响企业经济安全的高度风险有关。在信息经济发展的新条件下,企业竞争加剧,企业管理模式发生变化,业务流程数字化水平不断提高。数字时代正在改变做生意的方式。营销管理系统、销售和服务、电话和信使、文件管理和人事管理系统、会计系统和其他应用程序等信息技术的使用改变了企业的活动。在企业现代化的过程中,信息成为一种新的生产要素,它逐渐取代了其他生产要素。Т技术仍然是市值最大的行业。创新的有效实施和业务流程的数字化使公司能够提高生产力,达到所需的竞争力水平,并在市场中占据稳定地位。
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引用次数: 4
The Phenomenon of Unreliable Narration in the British Intellectual Prose of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century (Golding, Murdoch) 20世纪下半叶英国知识分子散文中的不可靠叙事现象(戈尔丁,默多克)
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/453
Olha Shapoval, I. Bakhov, A. Mosiichuk, O. Kozachyshyna, L. Pradivlianna, N. Malashchuk-Vyshnevska
The article is devoted to the consideration the problem of the phenomenon of an unreliable narration in the British intellectual prose of the second half of the twentieth century (Golding, Murdoch). The meaning of the words “narrator”, “unreliable narration” is investigated. The unreliable narration is reviewed based on the example of the novel “Rites of Passage” by Golding (1980). It is noted that the aforementioned work has a vibrant didactic component. It has been found that Golding uses a wide range of narrative techniques. The emphasis is made on the critical analysis by other literary scholars of the novel “Rites of Passage” by Golding. The use of narrative strategies in accordance with the scientific classification by Genette (1980) is investigated. The markers of unreliability of the narrators are emphasized. Attention is focused on the fact that a high degree of unreliability is based on the limited knowledge of the heroes, direct participation in the events, a problematic system of values. It is noted that the unreliability of narration in the novel “Rites of Passage” by Golding forces the reader to doubt not only the narrator but oneself. The use of the narrative method in the intellectual prose of the British writer Iris Murdoch is investi-gated. It has been found that the novel “The Black Prince” by Iris Murdock (2006) is one of the best examples of an unreliable narration. The genre specifics of the novel are emphasized, which combines the forms of the diary, of the memoir and of the confession. In addition, Murdoch creates a narrative strategy, which combines signs of various forms of “I am the narrator” within the framework of one narrative. In addition, “The Black Prince” is a unique model of modern artistic and philosophical metatext genre formation.
本文致力于对二十世纪下半叶英国知识分子散文中不可靠叙述现象的问题进行思考(戈尔丁,默多克)。对“叙述者”、“不可靠叙述”等词的含义进行了探讨。本文以戈尔丁(1980)的小说《成人礼》为例,对不可靠叙事进行了评述。值得注意的是,上述工作有一个充满活力的教学成分。人们发现戈尔丁运用了广泛的叙事技巧。重点分析了其他文学学者对戈尔丁小说《成人礼》的批判性分析。根据Genette(1980)的科学分类,对叙事策略的使用进行了研究。强调了叙述者不可靠的标志。人们的注意力集中在这样一个事实上,即高度的不可靠性是基于对英雄的有限了解、对事件的直接参与、一个有问题的价值观体系。戈尔丁的小说《通过的仪式》中叙述的不可靠性迫使读者不仅怀疑叙述者,而且怀疑自己。本文考察了英国作家艾里斯·默多克在知性散文中运用叙事方法的情况。人们发现,艾里斯·默多克的小说《黑王子》(2006)是不可靠叙述的最好例子之一。强调小说的体裁特点,结合了日记、回忆录和自白的形式。此外,默多克还创造了一种叙事策略,将“我是叙述者”的各种形式的标志结合在一个叙事的框架内。此外,《黑王子》是现代艺术哲学元文本类型形成的独特典范。
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引用次数: 0
Artistic and Pedagogical Competences of the Fine Arts Teacher: an Adaptation to the Postmodern Society 美术教师的艺术与教学能力:适应后现代社会
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/454
Volodymyr Tomashevskyi, N. Digtiar, L. Chumak, T. Batiievska, Olena Hnydina, O. Malytska
The importance of the outlined problem lies in the fact that professional training of future fine arts teachers should take into account the trends of recent general scientific, socio-cultural and moral-aesthetic processes.Analysis of the professional training system in the context of the requirements of postmodern society gives grounds to claim that it requires significant updating. In particular, individualization and democratization of education, interdisciplinarity, departure from traditional patterns of professional training, rethinking of pedagogical ideas and postulates in the context of quality assurance, etc. are paramount.The article defines the structure of artistic and pedagogical competence of a fine arts teacher. Its structural elements (artistic component (artistic and aesthetic education, skill)) and pedagogical component (psychological and pedagogical culture, reflection) and ways of their formation are determined.Ways to improve professional training of future fine arts teachers taking into account the postmodern features of higher education development (ensuring continuity of creative education; updating the scope of professional training; the use of information technology in the process of professional training of future fine arts teachers; emphasis of the educational programme on personal and creative development, self-fulfilment of students of artistic specialties.Development of pedagogical conditions for formation of artistic and pedagogical competence in future fine arts teachers and organization of a pedagogical experiment in order to determine their effectiveness seems promising.
上述问题的重要性在于,未来美术教师的专业培训应考虑到最近一般科学、社会文化和道德审美过程的趋势。在后现代社会要求的背景下分析职业培训体系,有理由认为它需要重大的更新。特别是,教育的个性化和民主化、跨学科性、脱离传统的专业培训模式、在质量保证的背景下重新思考教学思想和假设等至关重要。本文界定了美术教师艺术能力和教学能力的结构。它的结构要素(艺术成分(艺术和美育、技能))和教学成分(心理和教学文化、反思)及其形成方式都是确定的。从高等教育发展的后现代特征看如何提高未来美术教师的专业培训(确保创造性教育的连续性;更新专业培训范围;在未来美术教师的专业培训过程中使用信息技术;教育方案强调个人和创造性发展,艺术专业学生的自我实现l未来美术教师的能力和组织教学实验以确定其有效性似乎很有希望。
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引用次数: 2
Dialogue in the Philosophical and Educational Postmodern View 哲学教育后现代视野中的对话
Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.18662/po/13.2/455
Halyna Zhukova, Olha Vashevich, O. Patlaichuk, Tetiana Shvets, N. Torchynska, Iryna Maidaniuk
The article analyses the modern assimilations of the definition ‘dialog’ and its rendering by the world academic community. Attention is drawn to the exceptional empirical significance of dialogics as a general scientific universal. The etymology of dialogue as a key category of philosophical, educational and pedagogical knowledge is identified. The evolution of the lead notionalists` ideas about the kernel and nature of dialogue that are relevant of the humanity itself, human mind and constant search of true knowledge is studied. A parallel is drawn between Socratic dialogue and dialogue in the postmodern educational and philosophic discourse. The problem of the antique thinkers` understanding of dialogue is studied discretely. The contemporary approaches to the fundamentals of dialogism, as outlined in the works of the lead theorists, are studied from the antiqueness to these days. It is highlighted how relevant and applicable for educational philosophy of the XXI century ‘G. Skovoroda`s dialogues’ are. It is ascertained that setting dialogue as autonomous subject of research of a particular school of thought reaches the works of L. Feuerbach with its thesis origins, but gets its final formulization in the works of M. Buber. The author dwells on the main theses of the approach of M. Bakhtin about the dialogic sources of the human beingness. The content and scope of the concepts ‘dialogical pedagogics’, ‘interactive dialogue’, ‘egalitarian dialogue’ are analysed. The advantages and disadvantages of the idea ‘knowledge building’ are studied. It is accentuated that the origins of many contemporary dialogue theories and methodologies date back to the ancient times and represent the attempts to integrate the ‘Socratic dialogue’ into the postmodern discourse. The state of adaptedness and conformance of the contemporary theories of dialogue to challenges of digitalisation and globalisation of the postmodern educational-philosophical space is studied.
本文分析了世界学术界对“对话”定义的现代吸收及其表现。人们注意到对话学作为一种普遍的科学普遍性具有特殊的经验意义。对话作为哲学、教育和教学知识的一个关键类别,其词源被确定。研究了主要理论家关于对话的核心和性质的思想的演变,这些思想与人类自身、人类心灵和对真实知识的不断探索有关。苏格拉底式对话与后现代教育哲学话语中的对话有着相似之处。对古代思想家对对话的理解问题进行了细致的研究。正如主要理论家的著作中所概述的,对话主义基本原理的当代方法是从反时代到今天进行研究的。它强调了21世纪G教育哲学的相关性和适用性。斯科沃罗达的对话是。可以肯定的是,将对话作为一个特定学派的自主研究主题,在费尔巴哈的著作中有其论文渊源,但在布伯的著作中得到了最终的形式化。本文着重论述了巴赫金关于人的对话来源的主要论述。分析了“对话教育学”、“互动对话”、“平等对话”等概念的内容和范围。研究了“知识建设”思想的优缺点。强调了许多当代对话理论和方法论的起源可以追溯到古代,代表着将“苏格拉底对话”融入后现代话语的尝试。研究了当代对话理论对后现代教育哲学空间数字化和全球化挑战的适应性和顺应性。
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引用次数: 0
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Postmodern Openings
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