Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107741
Erçil Toyran, Mojca Zupanc, Martin Petkovsek, Matevz Dular
Gas content strongly affects cavitation dynamics; however, most studies rely solely on dissolved gas measurements, overlooking the influence of undissolved bubbles. This study investigates their role by introducing air bubbles (<200 µm) into water samples with identical dissolved gas levels and analyzing cavitation at both inception and developed phases using high-speed imaging and hydrophone measurements. The results show that the presence of pre-existing bubbles alters cavitation dynamics at the inception and developed phases. Under low dissolved gas and in the absence of air bubbles, cavitation can initiate from a single nucleus, and the developed phase exhibits transient vaporous cavitation with the highest acoustic intensity. In contrast, pre-existing bubbles promote the formation of conical-like bubble structures early in the inception phase and affect their dynamics in the developed phase, reducing the acoustic pressure and attenuating the noise spectrum. These effects are reversible upon bubble removal and independent of dissolved gas concentration, demonstrating that dissolved gas alone cannot represent gas-related influences on cavitation. Characterizing not only dissolved but also undissolved gas content is therefore essential for cavitation studies and applications.
{"title":"The importance of (un)dissolved gases on early-stage cavitation dynamics within an acoustic field","authors":"Erçil Toyran, Mojca Zupanc, Martin Petkovsek, Matevz Dular","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas content strongly affects cavitation dynamics; however, most studies rely solely on dissolved gas measurements, overlooking the influence of undissolved bubbles. This study investigates their role by introducing air bubbles (<200 µm) into water samples with identical dissolved gas levels and analyzing cavitation at both inception and developed phases using high-speed imaging and hydrophone measurements. The results show that the presence of pre-existing bubbles alters cavitation dynamics at the inception and developed phases. Under low dissolved gas and in the absence of air bubbles, cavitation can initiate from a single nucleus, and the developed phase exhibits transient vaporous cavitation with the highest acoustic intensity. In contrast, pre-existing bubbles promote the formation of conical-like bubble structures early in the inception phase and affect their dynamics in the developed phase, reducing the acoustic pressure and attenuating the noise spectrum. These effects are reversible upon bubble removal and independent of dissolved gas concentration, demonstrating that dissolved gas alone cannot represent gas-related influences on cavitation. Characterizing not only dissolved but also undissolved gas content is therefore essential for cavitation studies and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 107741"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107739
Yuyan Cai , Bo Xu , Qiuda Zheng , Phong K. Thai , Zhetai Hu , Jiabin Jin , Luhong Wen
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) production generates wastewater containing high level of morphine, codeine, and other opioids. Our field investigations at TCM factories revealed that existing activated sludge systems, though may be compliant for other chemicals, exhibit limited removal efficiency for these recalcitrant contaminants. Consecutive daily monitoring of effluent showed morphine persistently at concentrations ranging from 37,029–301,623 ng/L due to incomplete biodegradation, posing a significant disruption to aquatic environment and its further wastewater-based surveillance in public security. To address this challenge, we developed an advanced hydrodynamic cavitation-ozonation system (HC/O3), incorporating a novel negative-pressure reactor configuration. Under optimized conditions (1.5 L/min ozone inflow, 4 mg/L ozone concentration), the system achieved 94% removal of morphine within one hour, with a synergy index of 1.46 demonstrating remarkable process enhancement. Distinct from prior laboratory-scale investigations limited to model pollutants, this work validated HC/O3 performance treating six psychoactive substances in compositionally variable TCM wastewater, demonstrating scalability and robustness under real-world operating conditions. Over a 5-day continuous trial with variable influent compositions, the HC/O3 system demonstrated robust adaptability, consistently achieving 99.9% removal of morphine and thebaine within 3 h, specifically at 94% removal for morphine-specific reduction within first hour. The operational costs of 5.38 USD/m3 and energy efficiency reflected in a 1.11 × 10-7 mg/J cavitational yield. This result indicates potential economic viability and technical robustness of this integrated solution for industrial implementation, under the tested conditions. The HC/O3 process establishes a new approach for treating pharmaceutical-laden wastewater, simultaneously reducing environmental risks for aquatic ecosystems and potentially improving the reliability of wastewater-based surveillance.
{"title":"Synergistic removal of drugs in wastewater from traditional Chinese medicine processing using industrial-scale ozone cavitation","authors":"Yuyan Cai , Bo Xu , Qiuda Zheng , Phong K. Thai , Zhetai Hu , Jiabin Jin , Luhong Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) production generates wastewater containing high level of morphine, codeine, and other opioids. Our field investigations at TCM factories revealed that existing activated sludge systems, though may be compliant for other chemicals, exhibit limited removal efficiency for these recalcitrant contaminants. Consecutive daily monitoring of effluent showed morphine persistently at concentrations ranging from 37,029–301,623 ng/L due to incomplete biodegradation, posing a significant disruption to aquatic environment and its further wastewater-based surveillance in public security. To address this challenge, we developed an advanced hydrodynamic cavitation-ozonation system (HC/O<sub>3</sub>), incorporating a novel negative-pressure reactor configuration. Under optimized conditions (1.5 L/min ozone inflow, 4 mg/L ozone concentration), the system achieved 94% removal of morphine within one hour, with a synergy index of 1.46 demonstrating remarkable process enhancement. Distinct from prior laboratory-scale investigations limited to model pollutants, this work validated HC/O<sub>3</sub> performance treating six psychoactive substances in compositionally variable TCM wastewater, demonstrating scalability and robustness under real-world operating conditions. Over a 5-day continuous trial with variable influent compositions, the HC/O<sub>3</sub> system demonstrated robust adaptability, consistently achieving 99.9% removal of morphine and thebaine within 3 h, specifically at 94% removal for morphine-specific reduction within first hour. The operational costs of 5.38 USD/m<sup>3</sup> and energy efficiency reflected in a 1.11 × 10<sup>-7</sup> mg/J cavitational yield. This result indicates potential economic viability and technical robustness of this integrated solution for industrial implementation, under the tested conditions. The HC/O<sub>3</sub> process establishes a new approach for treating pharmaceutical-laden wastewater, simultaneously reducing environmental risks for aquatic ecosystems and potentially improving the reliability of<!--> <!-->wastewater-based surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 107739"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107740
Jaka Mur , Vid Agrež , Claus-Dieter Ohl , Rok Petkovšek
Acoustic cavitation is achieved by exciting mechanical vibrations at ultrasonic frequencies, which in turn cause the formation of bubble clouds, followed by flows and emulsification. Typically, the effects of acoustic cavitation clouds on cleaning and erosion are difficult to predict or model due to the complex interactions among numerous bubbles. Systematic studies of acoustic cavitation bubbles are simplified by using single cavitation bubbles as a means of controlled cavitation, owing to their precisely defined timing and properties, which can be induced within an acoustic field by seeding a small laser-induced bubble within it. This work presents findings on the erosion of solid surfaces initiated by a single acoustic bubble. Optical seeding of a small cavitation bubble is combined with acoustic driving under a sonotrode tip to generate a single, controlled, and isolated acoustically driven bubble oscillating near a solid boundary. The phase delay and spatial coordinates of optical seeding within the acoustic field are explored to achieve repeatable acoustic bubble behavior with multiple expansion–collapse cycles as a single bubble before transitioning into a bubble cloud composed of multiple smaller bubbles. Using an ultra-high-speed camera and a hydrophone pressure sensor, bubble collapses are quantified in terms of shockwave energy and position. Finally, the resulting erosion patterns on the aluminum surface are measured using confocal laser surface scanning after multiple event repetitions. This technique enables the study of erosion patterns produced by temporally and spatially confined acoustically driven bubbles.
{"title":"Cavitation erosion from single acoustically driven bubbles","authors":"Jaka Mur , Vid Agrež , Claus-Dieter Ohl , Rok Petkovšek","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustic cavitation is achieved by exciting mechanical vibrations at ultrasonic frequencies, which in turn cause the formation of bubble clouds, followed by flows and emulsification. Typically, the effects of acoustic cavitation clouds on cleaning and erosion are difficult to predict or model due to the complex interactions among numerous bubbles. Systematic studies of acoustic cavitation bubbles are simplified by using single cavitation bubbles as a means of controlled cavitation, owing to their precisely defined timing and properties, which can be induced within an acoustic field by seeding a small laser-induced bubble within it. This work presents findings on the erosion of solid surfaces initiated by a single acoustic bubble. Optical seeding of a small cavitation bubble is combined with acoustic driving under a sonotrode tip to generate a single, controlled, and isolated acoustically driven bubble oscillating near a solid boundary. The phase delay and spatial coordinates of optical seeding within the acoustic field are explored to achieve repeatable acoustic bubble behavior with multiple expansion–collapse cycles as a single bubble before transitioning into a bubble cloud composed of multiple smaller bubbles. Using an ultra-high-speed camera and a hydrophone pressure sensor, bubble collapses are quantified in terms of shockwave energy and position. Finally, the resulting erosion patterns on the aluminum surface are measured using confocal laser surface scanning after multiple event repetitions. This technique enables the study of erosion patterns produced by temporally and spatially confined acoustically driven bubbles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 107740"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated how ultrasound pretreatment and controlled fermentation temperature influence phytonutrient release, antioxidant capacity, and mineral bioaccessibility in tempeh under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Soybeans underwent ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking, followed by fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus for 48 h at 30 °C or 36 °C. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (FRAP and CUPRAC), and mineral bioaccessibility (calcium, magnesium, and iron) were measured in both undigested and in vitro digested samples. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore functional interactions between phytonutrients, antioxidant potential, and mineral release. Compared with unfermented soybeans, tempeh fermented at 36 °C showed significantly higher TPC, TFC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and calcium concentrations, while magnesium and iron levels remained unchanged. Ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking with fermentation at 36 °C promoted TPC and TFC accumulation before digestion and yielded the highest TFC, FRAP, and calcium levels after simulated digestion. Bioaccessibility analysis revealed that TFC, calcium, and iron were significantly higher in ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking fermented at 36 °C. A strong positive correlation was observed between flavonoid levels and calcium release (r = 0.929, p < 0.001). The combination of ultrasound pretreatment and elevated fermentation temperature enhance the release and bioaccessibility of flavonoids, calcium, and iron in tempeh. The strong correlation between flavonoid content and calcium release underscores their interrelated roles. These findings highlight ultrasound pretreatment combined with controlled fermentation temperature as a practical food processing strategy to improve the nutritional profile, bioaccessibility, and functional quality of plant‑based fermented foods under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
本研究研究了超声预处理和控制发酵温度对模拟胃肠道条件下豆豉中植物营养素释放、抗氧化能力和矿物质生物可及性的影响。大豆采用超声预处理浸泡蒸煮，再用寡孢根霉在30℃或36℃条件下发酵48 h。测定未消化和体外消化样品的总酚含量（TPC）、总黄酮含量（TFC）、抗氧化活性（FRAP和CUPRAC）和矿物质生物可及性（钙、镁和铁）。相关分析探讨了植物营养素、抗氧化潜能和矿物质释放之间的功能相互作用。与未发酵的大豆相比，36°C发酵的豆豉TPC、TFC、FRAP、CUPRAC和钙含量显著高于未发酵的大豆，而镁和铁含量保持不变。超声预处理浸泡和36°C发酵蒸煮促进消化前TPC和TFC的积累，模拟消化后TFC、FRAP和钙水平最高。生物可及性分析表明，超声预处理、浸泡和36℃蒸煮发酵后，TFC、钙和铁含量显著升高。黄酮类化合物含量与钙释放呈显著正相关（r = 0.929, p < 0.001）。超声预处理与提高发酵温度相结合，提高了豆豉中黄酮类化合物、钙、铁的释放和生物可及性。黄酮类化合物含量与钙释放之间的强相关性强调了它们的相互作用。这些发现强调了超声预处理与控制发酵温度相结合作为一种实用的食品加工策略，可以在模拟胃肠道条件下改善植物发酵食品的营养成分、生物可及性和功能质量。
{"title":"Ultrasound pretreatment and fermentation temperature improve phytochemical, antioxidant capacity, and mineral bioaccessibility in tempeh under simulated digestion","authors":"Iskandar Azmy Harahap , Joanna Suliburska , Daniela Weber , Tuba Esatbeyoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated how ultrasound pretreatment and controlled fermentation temperature influence phytonutrient release, antioxidant capacity, and mineral bioaccessibility in tempeh under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Soybeans underwent ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking, followed by fermentation with <em>Rhizopus oligosporus</em> for 48 h at 30 °C or 36 °C. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (FRAP and CUPRAC), and mineral bioaccessibility (calcium, magnesium, and iron) were measured in both undigested and <em>in vitro</em> digested samples. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore functional interactions between phytonutrients, antioxidant potential, and mineral release. Compared with unfermented soybeans, tempeh fermented at 36 °C showed significantly higher TPC, TFC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and calcium concentrations, while magnesium and iron levels remained unchanged. Ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking with fermentation at 36 °C promoted TPC and TFC accumulation before digestion and yielded the highest TFC, FRAP, and calcium levels after simulated digestion. Bioaccessibility analysis revealed that TFC, calcium, and iron were significantly higher in ultrasound pretreatment soaking and cooking fermented at 36 °C. A strong positive correlation was observed between flavonoid levels and calcium release (<em>r</em> = 0.929, <em>p</em> < 0.001). The combination of ultrasound pretreatment and elevated fermentation temperature enhance the release and bioaccessibility of flavonoids, calcium, and iron in tempeh. The strong correlation between flavonoid content and calcium release underscores their interrelated roles. These findings highlight ultrasound pretreatment combined with controlled fermentation temperature as a practical food processing strategy to improve the nutritional profile, bioaccessibility, and functional quality of plant‑based fermented foods under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 107738"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107734
Linlin Liu , Shiyu Li , Shuai Wang , Jialing Che , Ping Qin , Zhandong Wang , Yuyang Huang , Yanguo Shi , Yang Li , Qingyun Wang
Plant and animal proteins can provide beneficial synergistic effects in compensating for their structural and nutritional inadequacies. In this study, oat protein (OP) was combined with whey protein (WP) and were subjected to ultrasonic treatment to produce a dual-protein gel. This investigation systematically analysed the changes in protein aggregation state, conformation, and properties of OP-WP gels with varying protein ratios (OP, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and WP) and ultrasonic power treatments (power 0, 200, 400 and 600 W), and explored the underlying formation mechanism. It was revealed that both increased whey protein content and moderate ultrasonic power significantly reduced the particle size of protein aggregates. Meanwhile, this increased the conversion rate from α-helix to β-sheet and reduced the amount of random coil structures, and decreased the content of free sulfhydryl groups. At 400 W ultrasonic power, the dual-protein gel with an OP:WP ratio of 3:7 exhibited excellent textural properties, rheological behavior, gel strength (147.96 gf) and water-holding capacity (50.96 %). Disulfides and hydrophobic interactions were enhanced by a tight and uniform gel framework. Furthermore, excessive sonication (600 W) disrupted protein conformation by increasing α-helix to 12.90 % and random coiling to 12.99 %, causing a decline in fluorescence intensity and weakening of structural stability of OP-WP gel. This research offers new insights and technical references for the adoption of ultrasonic processing in dual-protein gel systems and the exploitation of novel high-protein food.
{"title":"Mechanism of ultrasonic treatment affecting the conformation and properties of oat-whey dual-protein gel","authors":"Linlin Liu , Shiyu Li , Shuai Wang , Jialing Che , Ping Qin , Zhandong Wang , Yuyang Huang , Yanguo Shi , Yang Li , Qingyun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant and animal proteins can provide beneficial synergistic effects in compensating for their structural and nutritional inadequacies. In this study, oat protein (OP) was combined with whey protein (WP) and were subjected to ultrasonic treatment to produce a dual-protein gel. This investigation systematically analysed the changes in protein aggregation state, conformation, and properties of OP-WP gels with varying protein ratios (OP, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and WP) and ultrasonic power treatments (power 0, 200, 400 and 600 W), and explored the underlying formation mechanism. It was revealed that both increased whey protein content and moderate ultrasonic power significantly reduced the particle size of protein aggregates. Meanwhile, this increased the conversion rate from α-helix to β-sheet and reduced the amount of random coil structures, and decreased the content of free sulfhydryl groups. At 400 W ultrasonic power, the dual-protein gel with an OP:WP ratio of 3:7 exhibited excellent textural properties, rheological behavior, gel strength (147.96 gf) and water-holding capacity (50.96 %). Disulfides and hydrophobic interactions were enhanced by a tight and uniform gel framework. Furthermore, excessive sonication (600 W) disrupted protein conformation by increasing α-helix to 12.90 % and random coiling to 12.99 %, causing a decline in fluorescence intensity and weakening of structural stability of OP-WP gel. This research offers new insights and technical references for the adoption of ultrasonic processing in dual-protein gel systems and the exploitation of novel high-protein food.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107734"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145909441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107733
Nidal Del Valle Raydan , Antoine Loquet , Birgit Habenstein , Brice Kauffmann , Gregory Chatel , Eduardo Robles
This study explores the potential of ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis, employing a cup horn sonoreactor, for the sustainable extraction of keratin from duck feather waste. Unprecedented in its approach, this research evaluates the system’s efficacy in maintaining the structural integrity of cystine—a crucial amino acid—through controlled hydrolysis processes, or promoting disulfide bond rupture and regeneration upon precipitation. By using the unique advantages of the cup horn system, including homogeneous energy distribution and gentle processing, this investigation aims to overcome the limitations of hydrothermal treatments. The obtained keratins were analyzed using advanced spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermal analysis techniques (ATR-IR, Raman, SDS-PAGE, SEM, 13C CP-MAS NMR, XRD, and TGA). These analyses allowed the unveiling of the reaction pathways and structural changes in keratin under various temperatures in alkaline conditions. Lower temperatures (35 °C) favored the preservation of native disulfide linkages, while higher temperatures (75 °C) enhanced disulfide bond rupture and reformation. An intermediate temperature (55–65 °C) offered a balance between structural integrity and yield. This innovative method represents a significant advancement in feather waste valorization, providing a scalable and adaptable platform to tailor keratin properties such as yield, thermal stability, or disulfide bond regeneration, according to specific application needs.
{"title":"Ultrasound-Assisted alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin using a cup horn sonoreactor","authors":"Nidal Del Valle Raydan , Antoine Loquet , Birgit Habenstein , Brice Kauffmann , Gregory Chatel , Eduardo Robles","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the potential of ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis, employing a cup horn sonoreactor, for the sustainable extraction of keratin from duck feather waste. Unprecedented in its approach, this research evaluates the system’s efficacy in maintaining the structural integrity of cystine—a crucial amino acid—through controlled hydrolysis processes, or promoting disulfide bond rupture and regeneration upon precipitation. By using the unique advantages of the cup horn system, including homogeneous energy distribution and gentle processing, this investigation aims to overcome the limitations of hydrothermal treatments. The obtained keratins were analyzed using advanced spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermal analysis techniques (ATR-IR, Raman, SDS-PAGE, SEM, 13C CP-MAS NMR, XRD, and TGA). These analyses allowed the unveiling of the reaction pathways and structural changes in keratin under various temperatures in alkaline conditions. Lower temperatures (35 °C) favored the preservation of native disulfide linkages, while higher temperatures (75 °C) enhanced disulfide bond rupture and reformation. An intermediate temperature (55–65 °C) offered a balance between structural integrity and yield. This innovative method represents a significant advancement in feather waste valorization, providing a scalable and adaptable platform to tailor keratin properties such as yield, thermal stability, or disulfide bond regeneration, according to specific application needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107733"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107730
Zhiheng Zhao , Yijun Liu , Hua Chen , Xin Jia , Lijun Yin , Xiaoping Hu , Xue Lin
Calamansi (Citrus × microcarpa) peel, a byproduct of juice processing, is often discarded, leading to resource waste and environmental issues. This study developed an eco-friendly and efficient method for extracting essential oil (EO) from calamansi peel using deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with simultaneous ultrasound-microwave-assisted steam distillation (DES-UM-SD). Through screening ten DES formulations and eight extraction methods, choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-LA) was identified as the optimal solvent, and DES-UM-SD was selected as the most effective method. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: DES water content of 55.4 %, solid–liquid ratio of 1:4, ultrasonic power of 432 W for 30 min, and microwave treatment at 52 °C and 300 W for 30 min. Under these conditions, the EO yield reached 1.76 % ± 0.02 %, a 120 % increase over conventional steam distillation (0.80 % ± 0.02 %). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed different effects of ultrasound, microwave and DES on the peel’s microstructure. A total of 139 volatile compounds were identified based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, with D-limonene as the most abundant. The DES-UM-SD-extracted EO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays and moderate ABTS scavenging capacity. Correlation analysis indicated that DES altered the profile of minor volatile compounds, influencing antioxidant properties. This work provides a sustainable strategy for high-value utilization of calamansi peel byproducts.
桔皮是果汁加工的副产品，经常被丢弃，造成资源浪费和环境问题。研究了采用深度共晶溶剂（DES）结合超声微波辅助蒸汽蒸馏法（DES- um - sd）从菖蒲皮中提取精油的环保高效方法。通过对十种DES配方和八种提取方法的筛选，确定氯胆碱-乳酸（ChCl-LA）为最佳溶剂，选择DES- um - sd为最有效的提取方法。确定最佳提取条件为：DES水含量55.4%，料液比1:4，超声功率432 W，超声处理30 min， 52℃，300 W，微波处理30 min。在此条件下，环氧乙烷收率达到1.76%±0.02%，比常规蒸汽蒸馏（0.80%±0.02%）提高了120%。扫描电镜（SEM）分析了超声、微波和DES对果皮微观结构的不同影响。通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析共鉴定出139种挥发性化合物，其中d -柠檬烯含量最高。des - um - sd提取的EO在DPPH和FRAP实验中表现出最高的抗氧化活性，并具有中等的ABTS清除能力。相关分析表明，DES改变了少量挥发性化合物的分布，影响了抗氧化性能。本研究为菖蒲果皮副产物的高价值利用提供了可持续发展策略。
{"title":"Simultaneous ultrasound-microwave assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of essential oil from calamansi (Citrus × microcarpa) peel: optimization, volatile profiling, and antioxidant activities","authors":"Zhiheng Zhao , Yijun Liu , Hua Chen , Xin Jia , Lijun Yin , Xiaoping Hu , Xue Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calamansi (<em>Citrus × microcarpa</em>) peel, a byproduct of juice processing, is often discarded, leading to resource waste and environmental issues. This study developed an eco-friendly and efficient method for extracting essential oil (EO) from calamansi peel using deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with simultaneous ultrasound-microwave-assisted steam distillation (DES-UM-SD). Through screening ten DES formulations and eight extraction methods, choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-LA) was identified as the optimal solvent, and DES-UM-SD was selected as the most effective method. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: DES water content of 55.4 %, solid–liquid ratio of 1:4, ultrasonic power of 432 W for 30 min, and microwave treatment at 52 °C and 300 W for 30 min. Under these conditions, the EO yield reached 1.76 % ± 0.02 %, a 120 % increase over conventional steam distillation (0.80 % ± 0.02 %). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed different effects of ultrasound, microwave and DES on the peel’s microstructure. A total of 139 volatile compounds were identified based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, with D-limonene as the most abundant. The DES-UM-SD-extracted EO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays and moderate ABTS scavenging capacity. Correlation analysis indicated that DES altered the profile of minor volatile compounds, influencing antioxidant properties. This work provides a sustainable strategy for high-value utilization of calamansi peel byproducts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107730"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107724
Xin You , Liyun Wu , Feilong Zhang , Yuze Ou , Juming Tang , Hu Shi , Fanbin Kong , Feng Li , Qingqing Zeng , Yang Jiao
Traditional ultrasound-assisted meat tempering usually adopts the water-immersion method, which requires water as a coupling medium and is inconvenient for application in most scenarios. Direct contact ultrasound tempering treatment was proposed to improve the tempering conveniency and retain the freshness of frozen meat products. In this study, the effects of water immersion ultrasound (WUT), direct contact ultrasound with water bag (CUTW), and direct contact ultrasound with ultrasonic couplant bag (CUTC) were compared with traditional air (AT) and water (WT) tempering on the tempering rate and quality of meat. The results demonstrated that, compared with conventional ultrasound methods, direct contact ultrasound tempering (CUTW) achieved comparable efficiency while avoiding the need for water immersion. CUTW produced the highest water-holding capacity (74.64 %) and the lowest cooking loss (25.26 %). It also reduced myofibrillar protein (MP) aggregation and oxidation during tempering, and caused less disruption to MP tertiary structures. Microstructural observations further revealed that muscle fibers in the CUTW-treated samples were denser and exhibited minimal damage. Overall, CUTW provides an effective alternative to immersion-based ultrasound tempering, offering similar or even improved quality outcomes without the inconvenience of water usage, making it more practical for household refrigerator applications.
{"title":"Direct contact ultrasound tempering of frozen pork: Effects on physicochemical properties, myofibrillar protein and microstructure","authors":"Xin You , Liyun Wu , Feilong Zhang , Yuze Ou , Juming Tang , Hu Shi , Fanbin Kong , Feng Li , Qingqing Zeng , Yang Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional ultrasound-assisted meat tempering usually adopts the water-immersion method, which requires water as a coupling medium and is inconvenient for application in most scenarios. Direct contact ultrasound tempering treatment was proposed to improve the tempering conveniency and retain the freshness of frozen meat products. In this study, the effects of water immersion ultrasound (WUT), direct contact ultrasound with water bag (CUTW), and direct contact ultrasound with ultrasonic couplant bag (CUTC) were compared with traditional air (AT) and water (WT) tempering on the tempering rate and quality of meat. The results demonstrated that, compared with conventional ultrasound methods, direct contact ultrasound tempering (CUTW) achieved comparable efficiency while avoiding the need for water immersion. CUTW produced the highest water-holding capacity (74.64 %) and the lowest cooking loss (25.26 %). It also reduced myofibrillar protein (MP) aggregation and oxidation during tempering, and caused less disruption to MP tertiary structures. Microstructural observations further revealed that muscle fibers in the CUTW-treated samples were denser and exhibited minimal damage. Overall, CUTW provides an effective alternative to immersion-based ultrasound tempering, offering similar or even improved quality outcomes without the inconvenience of water usage, making it more practical for household refrigerator applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107724"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107727
Yu-Hang Zhang , Zhi-Ying Zheng , David Ezekoye , Lu Wang , Li-Ming Yao , Vladimir A. Kulagin , Jian Wu
Driven by the increasing demand for efficient, energy-saving and sustainable processing technologies, rotational cavitators have shown considerable promise across a range of industrial applications. By inducing intense shear forces and turbulent flow through high-speed rotation in liquid media, rotational cavitation enables strong cavitation effects under controlled conditions, thereby intensifying transport and reaction processes under lower energy input. This review systematically examines the fundamentals, cavitation characteristics and structural evolution of rotational cavitators, with a particular focus on their applications in biofuel production, droplet emulsification, food processing, wastewater treatment and other process intensification. The review comprehensively discusses the benefits of rotational cavitation in multiple application domains, outlines current research progress and emerging trends, and provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for future research and industrial implementation.
{"title":"Rotational cavitator: advances and applications in cavitation-enhanced technologies","authors":"Yu-Hang Zhang , Zhi-Ying Zheng , David Ezekoye , Lu Wang , Li-Ming Yao , Vladimir A. Kulagin , Jian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the increasing demand for efficient, energy-saving and sustainable processing technologies, rotational cavitators have shown considerable promise across a range of industrial applications. By inducing intense shear forces and turbulent flow through high-speed rotation in liquid media, rotational cavitation enables strong cavitation effects under controlled conditions, thereby intensifying transport and reaction processes under lower energy input. This review systematically examines the fundamentals, cavitation characteristics and structural evolution of rotational cavitators, with a particular focus on their applications in biofuel production, droplet emulsification, food processing, wastewater treatment and other process intensification. The review comprehensively discusses the benefits of rotational cavitation in multiple application domains, outlines current research progress and emerging trends, and provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for future research and industrial implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107727"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107711
Romee Jan , Adil Gani , Asima Shah , Irfan Ahmad Raina , Asir Gani
Starch is a popular type of biopolymer that has multiple uses in industry and there is an increased interest in searching the possible sustainable sources in underutilized plants. The paper was aimed at extracting and characterizing starch from macrophyte narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) of Dal Lake, Kashmir. The two species possessed high starch content of 67.11 ± 1.03 % and 66.18 ± 1.04 % with moderate amylose content of 13.67 ± 0.70 % and 13.45 ± 0.11 %, respectively, indicating their alternative use in the food industry. Proximate analysis showed that cattail starch contained more protein (6.28 ± 0.55 %) and fat (2.15 ± 0.03 %) than lotus, indicating that the two species are functionally different and may be applied in specific functional applications. Ultrasonic processing, a green efficient method was used where the acoustic cavitation by high frequency sound waves improved mass transfer and destruction of plant cell walls, leading to structural changes in the extracted starches thereby enhancing the functional and physicochemical properties. Ultrasonic nano-reduction minimized particle size and improved the colloidal stability of the particles as shown by the low polydispersity index and high negative zeta potential. Such physicochemical improvements would increase starch functionality in biodegradable packaging, pharmaceutical, and food technology applications. This study identifies the untapped potential of macrophytes from Dal Lake as renewable sources of biodegradable starch, encouraging the sustainable use of local biodiversity and valuable addition products, which boosts the economic growth of the area.
{"title":"Ultrasonication as a tool to develop starch nanoparticles from macrophytes to tailor starch properties","authors":"Romee Jan , Adil Gani , Asima Shah , Irfan Ahmad Raina , Asir Gani","doi":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Starch is a popular type of biopolymer that has multiple uses in industry and there is an increased interest in searching the possible sustainable sources in underutilized plants. The paper was aimed at extracting and characterizing starch from macrophyte narrowleaf cattail (<em>Typha angustifolia</em>) and lotus (<em>Nelumbo nucifera</em>) of Dal Lake, Kashmir. The two species possessed high starch content of 67.11 ± 1.03 % and 66.18 ± 1.04 % with moderate amylose content of 13.67 ± 0.70 % and 13.45 ± 0.11 %, respectively, indicating their alternative use in the food industry. Proximate analysis showed that cattail starch contained more protein (6.28 ± 0.55 %) and fat (2.15 ± 0.03 %) than lotus, indicating that the two species are functionally different and may be applied in specific functional applications. Ultrasonic processing, a green efficient method was used where the acoustic cavitation by high frequency sound waves improved mass transfer and destruction of plant cell walls, leading to structural changes in the extracted starches thereby enhancing the functional and physicochemical properties. Ultrasonic nano-reduction minimized particle size and improved the colloidal stability of the particles as shown by the low polydispersity index and high negative zeta potential. Such physicochemical improvements would increase starch functionality in biodegradable packaging, pharmaceutical, and food technology applications. This study identifies the untapped potential of macrophytes from Dal Lake as renewable sources of biodegradable starch, encouraging the sustainable use of local biodiversity and valuable addition products, which boosts the economic growth of the area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":442,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry","volume":"124 ","pages":"Article 107711"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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