Ultrasonics Sonochemistry最新文献_第6页

Ultrasound combined with FeSO4 facilitated the occurrence of ferroptosis in Vibrio parahaemolyticus 超声波与硫酸亚铁结合有助于副溶血性弧菌发生铁变态反应

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107080

Ultrasound (US) as a sustainable non-thermal sterilization technology that is employed either independently alone or in combination with other processing methods to eliminate food-borne pathogens in the food industry. In the present study, the synergistic effects of US combined with FeSO₄ against Vibrio parahaemolyticus were investigated. The results demonstrated that the combination of ultrasound and FeSO₄ had an excellent bactericidal activity on V. parahaemolyticus. Treatment with US (100 W) and FeSO₄ (8 μM) for 15 min could kill more than 99.9 % cells. Furthermore, the observed cell death was identified as classical ferroptosis, characterized by ferroptosis hallmarks including iron-dependent, ROS burst, membrane damage and lipid peroxide accumulation. Addition of ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 alleviated the cell death induced by the combination treatment. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that the US-FeSO₄ treatment significantly influenced pathways related to fatty acid metabolism, ferroptosis, biofilm formation, RNA degradation, oxidative phosphorylation and other key processes, which likely contributed to the occurrence of ferroptosis. Based on these findings, we speculated that cavitation effect of US promoted the entry of Fe²⁺, leading to the generation of free radicals primarily responsible for ferroptosis by US-FeSO₄. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the biological pathway involved in ultrasound sterilization and presents an alternative strategy to eradicate microorganism in food products.

超声波（US）是一种可持续的非热灭菌技术，可单独使用或与其他加工方法结合使用，以消除食品工业中的食源性致病菌。本研究调查了 US 与 FeSO4 结合使用对副溶血性弧菌的协同作用。结果表明，超声波和硫酸亚铁的组合对副溶血性弧菌具有极佳的杀菌活性。使用 US（100 W）和 FeSO4（8 μM）处理 15 分钟可杀死 99.9% 以上的细胞。此外，观察到的细胞死亡被确定为典型的铁变态反应，其特征是铁变态反应的标志，包括铁依赖性、ROS爆发、膜损伤和过氧化脂质积累。加入铁突变抑制剂 liproxstatin-1 可减轻联合治疗诱导的细胞死亡。转录组分析进一步显示，US-FeSO4 处理显著影响了脂肪酸代谢、铁变态反应、生物膜形成、RNA 降解、氧化磷酸化和其他关键过程的相关通路，这可能是铁变态反应发生的原因之一。基于这些发现，我们推测 US 的空化效应促进了 Fe2+ 的进入，导致自由基的产生，而自由基是 US-FeSO4 导致铁变态反应的主要原因。综上所述，本研究为了解超声杀菌的生物途径提供了宝贵的见解，并为消灭食品中的微生物提供了另一种策略。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrasound-assisted extraction, optimization, and purification of total flavonoids from Daphnegenkwa and analysis of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities 超声辅助提取、优化和纯化[式略]中的总黄酮类化合物，并分析其抗氧化、抗炎和镇痛活性

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107079

Daphne genkwa (D. genkwa) is the dried flower buds of a Chinese medicinal plant with multiple biological activities. Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with artificial neural network (ANN) techniques were utilized to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for D. genkwa. Antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of total flavonoids from D. genkwa (TFDG) were assessed. Optimal conditions involving ultrasonic power of 225 W, 30 min extraction time, 30 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, 60 °C extraction temperature, and 70% ethanol concentration yielded a maximum total flavonoids content (TFC) of 5.41 mg/g. After microporous resin purification, four specific flavonoids in D. genkwa were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The TFDG demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with a 94% rate of scavenging the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Furthermore, TFDG exhibited pain-alleviating properties in hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests and noteworthy inhibitory effects on xylene-induced ear swelling in mice. The total flavonoids extracted by ultrasound had excellent biological activity. This establishes a foundation for further investigation into the potential medical value of D. genkwa.

玄参（Daphne genkwa）是一种具有多种生物活性的中药植物的干燥花蕾。研究人员利用响应面方法学（RSM）结合人工神经网络（ANN）技术对玄参的超声辅助提取条件进行了优化。评估了玄参总黄酮（TFDG）的抗氧化活性、抗炎和镇痛特性。在超声波功率为 225 W、萃取时间为 30 分钟、液固比为 30 mL/g、萃取温度为 60 °C、乙醇浓度为 70% 的最佳条件下，总黄酮含量（TFC）最高可达 5.41 mg/g。经微孔树脂纯化后，采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）鉴定和定量了 D. genkwa 中的四种特定黄酮类化合物。TFDG 具有很强的抗氧化活性，对 2，2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）的清除率高达 94%。此外，TFDG 在热板和醋酸诱导的蠕动试验中表现出镇痛特性，对二甲苯诱导的小鼠耳肿胀也有显著的抑制作用。用超声波提取的总黄酮具有很好的生物活性。这为进一步研究玄参的潜在医疗价值奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of inorganic salts on the ultrasonic degradation of contaminants: A review 无机盐对污染物超声降解的影响：综述。

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107076

This comprehensive review explores the interplay between inorganic salts and ultrasound-assisted degradation of various contaminants. The addition of salt to aqueous matrices has been attributed to increasing contaminant degradation via the salting-out effect. However, research investigating the impact of salt on degradation has yielded inconsistent results. This review incorporated degradation information from 44 studies organizing data according to compound class and ionic strength to analyze the impact of inorganic salts on cavitation bubble dynamics, contaminant behavior, radical species generation, and contaminant degradation. Frequency and salt type were assessed for potential roles in contaminant degradation. The analysis showed that high intensity ultrasound was most beneficial to degradation in salt solutions. Unexpectedly, hydrophilic compounds showed marked enhancement with increasing ionic strength while many hydrophobic compounds did not benefit as greatly. Based on the collected data and analysis, enhanced degradation in the presence of salt appears to be primarily radical-mediated rather than due to the salting-out effect. Finally, the analysis provides guidance for designing sonolytic reactors for contaminant degradation.

本综述探讨了无机盐与超声波辅助降解各种污染物之间的相互作用。在水性基质中添加盐可通过盐析效应增加污染物降解。不过，有关盐对降解影响的研究结果并不一致。本综述纳入了 44 项研究的降解信息，根据化合物类别和离子强度整理数据，分析无机盐对空化气泡动力学、污染物行为、自由基物种生成和污染物降解的影响。评估了频率和盐类在污染物降解中的潜在作用。分析表明，高强度超声波最有利于盐溶液中的降解。出乎意料的是，随着离子强度的增加，亲水性化合物的降解效果明显增强，而许多疏水性化合物的降解效果并不明显。根据收集的数据和分析，盐存在时降解的增强似乎主要是由自由基介导的，而不是由于盐析效应。最后，该分析为设计用于污染物降解的声解反应器提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Focused shock waves and inertial cavitation release tumor-associated antigens from renal cell carcinoma. 聚焦冲击波和惯性空化释放肾细胞癌的肿瘤相关抗原

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107078

Nushin Hosano, Zahra Moosavi-Nejad, Takuichiro Hide, Hamid Hosano

Tumor biomarkers play an essential role in immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer treatment, contributing to early diagnosis, patient selection, treatment monitoring, and personalized treatment plans. Despite their importance in cancer care, circulating biomarkers may not always be detectable or sufficiently elevated to provide reliable test results. Due to the pressing need for innovative approaches to enhance biomarker levels, this study explored the potential use of focused shock waves and cavitation for non-invasively releasing tumor-associated antigens. Renal carcinoma cell lines ACHN and TOS-1 were used in an in vitro study to analyze the impact of shock waves on two membrane glycosphingolipid antigens, MSGG and G1, respectively. Focused shock waves were generated using a partial spherical piezoceramic dish. Flow-cytometric analysis of treated cells immediately after 1,000 focused shock waves at 16 MPa overpressure showed a 29.4 % and 17.6 % decrease in MSGG and G1 antigens on the cell surfaces. In the immunostaining of glycosphingolipid fractions on thin-layer chromatography (TLC), both tumor markers were reduced by an average of 49.30 % (MSGG) and 57.08 % (G1). Immunoelectron microscopy images confirmed decrease in the cell membrane intensity immediately after shock waves because of the release of antigens into the extracellular spaces. The released antigens were primarily found on cell debris formed by shock waves and cavitation induced damage to the cell membrane. Theoretical analyses were performed to understand antigen release mechanisms. Moreover, the biophysical events that occurred following the interaction of a shock wave with a suspended cell were modeled and clarified. A novel model was used to calculate the tensile stresses following shock waves and to explain the deformations observed in scanning electron microscopy images. The release of tumor antigens by focused shock waves and inertial cavitation represents exciting prospects for advancing cancer care strategies.

肿瘤生物标志物在癌症治疗的免疫治疗策略中发挥着至关重要的作用，有助于早期诊断、患者选择、治疗监测和个性化治疗计划。尽管循环生物标志物在癌症治疗中非常重要，但它们并不总能被检测到或升高到足以提供可靠的检测结果。由于迫切需要创新方法来提高生物标志物水平，本研究探索了利用聚焦冲击波和空化技术非侵入性释放肿瘤相关抗原的可能性。体外研究使用肾癌细胞系 ACHN 和 TOS-1，分别分析冲击波对两种膜糖磷脂抗原 MSGG 和 G1 的影响。聚焦冲击波是利用部分球形压电陶瓷盘产生的。在 16 兆帕超压下产生 1000 次聚焦冲击波后，立即对处理过的细胞进行流式计量分析，结果显示细胞表面的 MSGG 和 G1 抗原分别减少了 29.4% 和 17.6%。在薄层色谱（TLC）上对糖磷脂馏分进行免疫染色时，这两种肿瘤标志物平均减少了 49.30 %（MSGG）和 57.08 %（G1）。免疫电镜图像证实，由于抗原释放到细胞外空间，冲击波后细胞膜强度立即下降。释放的抗原主要存在于由冲击波和空化引起的细胞膜损伤所形成的细胞碎片上。为了解抗原释放机制，进行了理论分析。此外，还模拟并阐明了冲击波与悬浮细胞相互作用后发生的生物物理事件。一个新颖的模型被用来计算冲击波后的拉伸应力，并解释扫描电子显微镜图像中观察到的变形。聚焦冲击波和惯性空化释放肿瘤抗原，为推进癌症治疗策略带来了令人兴奋的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the formation and characteristics of unstable sheet cavitation on hydrofoils 水翼上不稳定片状气蚀的形成和特征研究

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107074

Hydrofoils, as fundamental components of hydraulic machinery, directly influence the performance of such machinery. This study conducted an analysis of the cavitation characteristics of hydrofoils at a + 4° angle of attack under various cavitation numbers using numerical simulation and experimental research methods. The focus of the research was to explore the phenomenon of unstable sheet cavitation and its causes, as well as to reveal the characteristics of the re-entrant jet. The large eddy simulation method was employed to calculate the cavitation morphology under three different cavitation numbers. The method is highly consistent with the experimental results in simulating the small-scale detachment at the tail of unstable sheet cavitation and the large-scale shedding of cloud cavitation. The study found that the detachment of unstable sheet cavitation is closely related to the re-entrant jet, which exhibits transient and abrupt characteristics during the unstable sheet cavitation phase. Furthermore, by applying FFT processing to the distribution of maximum reverse velocity and the spatiotemporal changes of Ux on characteristic lines, eigenfrequency of the detachment of unstable sheet cavitation were identified. The research results indicate that cavitation mainly show as sheet cavitation when the cavitation closure point does not exceed the zero-slope point. Beyond this point, it transitions to cloud cavitation. This study provides new insights into the cavitation phenomenon of hydrofoils and offers quantitative research on the phenomenon of unstable sheet cavitation.

水翼作为液压机械的基本部件，直接影响着液压机械的性能。本研究采用数值模拟和实验研究方法，分析了水翼在 + 4° 攻角条件下不同空化数下的空化特性。研究的重点是探索不稳定片气蚀现象及其原因，并揭示再入射流的特征。采用大涡模拟方法计算了三种不同空化数下的空化形态。该方法在模拟不稳定片空化尾部的小尺度脱离和云空化的大尺度脱落方面与实验结果高度一致。研究发现，不稳定片空化的脱落与再入射流密切相关，后者在不稳定片空化阶段表现出瞬态和突变的特征。此外，通过对最大反向速度的分布和 Ux 在特征线上的时空变化进行 FFT 处理，确定了不稳定片空化脱离的特征频率。研究结果表明，当空化闭合点不超过零斜点时，空化主要表现为片状空化。超过这个点，就会过渡到云空化。这项研究为水翼的空化现象提供了新的见解，并对不稳定片状空化现象进行了定量研究。

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引用次数: 0

Compressible effect on the mutual interaction of two cavitation bubbles in radial oscillations and translational motion 两个空化气泡在径向振荡和平移运动中相互影响的可压缩效应

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107075

In this study, we considered the compressible effect on the mutual interaction of two cavitation bubbles by correcting the sound field emitted by one bubble in the radial equations of the other bubble to first order in the Mach number of the flow, and the effect is represented by the incident wave acting on bubbles. The results illustrates that the incident wave can enhance the resonance response at the redistributed resonance frequency, which leads to an increase in radial acceleration and the secondary Bjerknes force, and rapid approach of bubbles. Furthermore, the influence of incident wave on the interaction of bubbles driven at lower frequencies is more significant, due to resonance enhancement caused by the proximity of natural frequencies and frequency multiplications of the external sound field. Our findings reveal that the compressible effect is not only critical to interaction in radial oscillations, but also in translational motion.

在这项研究中，我们考虑了两个空化气泡相互影响的可压缩效应，方法是将一个气泡发出的声场在另一个气泡的径向方程中修正为流动马赫数的一阶，并用作用于气泡的入射波来表示这种效应。结果表明，入射波能增强再分布共振频率下的共振响应，从而导致径向加速度和次生比氏力的增加，气泡迅速接近。此外，入射波对低频驱动气泡相互作用的影响更为显著，这是由于固有频率接近和外部声场的频率倍增导致共振增强。我们的研究结果表明，可压缩效应不仅对径向振荡中的相互作用至关重要，而且对平移运动也至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Sustainable ultrasonic extraction of antibacterial Basella alba fruit dye for cotton, silk, and leather 棉花、丝绸和皮革用抗菌白苏果染料的可持续超声波提取

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107069

Alternative to synthetic dyes containing harmful compounds, dyes derived from natural sources are gaining popularity due to their safer and eco-friendly nature. This study focuses on extracting red dye from Basella alba fruit and optimising the extraction methods, including ultrasonic bath, ultrasonic probe, and direct heating. The extracted dye was then used for dyeing cotton, silk, and leather without needing a mordant. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of the extracted red dye were evaluated against skin bacteria. The UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the maximum red colour in the methanol extract (λ_max 270 and λ_max 542 nm) was achieved at 60 °C for 30 min using the ultrasonic water bath extraction method, followed by the ultrasonic probe and direct heating methods. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of flavonoids, betacyanin, and gomphrenin-I in the extracted dye. The ultrasonic dyeing process at 50 °C yielded a K/s value 6.3 for the dyed cotton, silk, and leather without using a mordant. Additionally, the fatness test indicated a high grade of 0.5–1.5 for the ultrasonic dyeing method compared to other dyeing techniques. The extracted dye exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all Pseudomonas sp. after extraction in methanol, with the highest inhibition observed against Pseudomonas sp. with a MIC of 1.56 mg/ml.

作为含有害化合物的合成染料的替代品，从天然资源中提取的染料因其更安全、更环保的特性而越来越受欢迎。本研究的重点是从巴沙拉果实中提取红色染料，并优化提取方法，包括超声波浴、超声波探头和直接加热。提取的染料可用于棉花、丝绸和皮革染色，无需媒染剂。此外，还评估了提取的红色染料对皮肤细菌的抗菌性能。紫外-可见分光光度分析表明，使用超声波水浴萃取法，在 60 °C 条件下 30 分钟，甲醇提取物中的红色达到最大值（λmax 270 和 λmax 542 nm），随后是超声波探针法和直接加热法。傅立叶变换红外光谱证实了提取的染料中含有黄酮类化合物、贝特矢车菊素和甘菊素-I。在不使用媒染剂的情况下，在 50 °C 下进行超声波染色，染色后的棉花、丝绸和皮革的 K/s 值为 6.3。此外，与其他染色技术相比，超声波染色法的匀染度为 0.5-1.5 级。在甲醇中提取后，提取的染料对所有假单胞菌都有明显的抗菌活性，其中对假单胞菌的抑制率最高，MIC 为 1.56 mg/ml。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancement of zein-based films for mango preservation using high-intensity ultrasound and castor oil plasticization 利用高强度超声波和蓖麻油塑化技术提高芒果保鲜用玉米蛋白薄膜的性能

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107067

Zein-based films exhibit high efficiency in ethylene adsorption. However, its brittleness limits the practical applications. To address this issue, this study synergizes the plasticizing effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) and castor oil (CO) to reduce the brittleness of zein-based films. The plasticizing mechanism was demonstrated through the formation of new intermolecular hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, as evidenced by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential measurements. The tensile strength of 6 % CO-zein film increased eightfold. Additionally, the freshness of mangoes stored with 6 % CO-zein film significantly improved, extending their shelf life from 5 days to 15 days. Therefore, this study investigated the synergistic plasticization of zein-based films through the addition of CO, based on HIU. It also provides a theoretical basis for fruit packaging.

Zein 基薄膜具有很高的乙烯吸附效率。然而，它的脆性限制了其实际应用。针对这一问题，本研究协同高强度超声（HIU）和蓖麻油（CO）的增塑作用，以降低玉米蛋白基薄膜的脆性。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和 ZETA 电位测量结果表明，塑化机制是通过形成新的分子间氢键和静电作用实现的。6 % CO-zein 薄膜的拉伸强度提高了八倍。此外，用 6 % CO-zein 薄膜储存的芒果的新鲜度显著提高，保质期从 5 天延长到 15 天。因此，本研究以 HIU 为基础，通过添加 CO，研究了玉米蛋白薄膜的协同增塑作用。它还为水果包装提供了理论依据。

引用次数: 0

Ultrasonic field-assisted metal additive manufacturing (U-FAAM): Mechanisms, research and future directions 超声波场辅助金属增材制造（U-FAAM）：机制、研究和未来方向

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107070

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that provides unprecedented design freedom and manufacturing flexibility for the forming of complex components. Despite its unparalleled advantages over traditional manufacturing methods, the existence of fatal issues still seriously hinders its large-scale industrial application. Against this backdrop, U-FAAM is emerging as a focus, integrating ultrasonic energy into conventional metal AM processes to harness distinctive advantages. This work offers an up-to-date, specialized review of U-FAAM, articulating the integrated modes, mechanisms, pivotal research achievements, and future development trends in a systematic manner. By synthesizing existing research, it highlights future directions in further optimizing process parameters, expanding material applicability, etc., to advance the industrial application and development of U-FAAM technology.

金属增材制造（AM）是一项颠覆性技术，可为复杂部件的成型提供前所未有的设计自由度和制造灵活性。尽管它与传统制造方法相比具有无可比拟的优势，但致命问题的存在仍然严重阻碍了其大规模工业应用。在这一背景下，U-FAAM 正成为一个焦点，它将超声波能量集成到传统的金属 AM 工艺中，以利用其独特的优势。本著作对 U-FAAM 进行了最新的专业综述，系统阐述了其集成模式、机理、关键研究成果和未来发展趋势。通过对现有研究的归纳总结，它强调了进一步优化工艺参数、扩大材料适用性等未来发展方向，以推动 U-FAAM 技术的工业应用和发展。

引用次数: 0

Ultrasound effect on a biorefinery lignin-cellulose mixture 超声波对生物精炼木质素-纤维素混合物的影响

IF 8.7 1区化学 Q1 ACOUSTICS

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107071

Forest biorefineries provide multiple new avenues for applied research. The main concept lies in the malleability of the processes and their stepwise organization. The core element of the biorefinery concept addressed in the present study is the pretreatment step; here, wood biomass is converted into free hemicellulosic sugars, lignin and cellulose. In traditional approaches, the pretreatment step is a starting point for isolating and separating lignin or cellulose through different processes. In this study, instead of performing any separation, a lignin-cellulose mixture was used as its own material, and the effects of ultrasound treatment with a probe system at 20 kHz, with various amplitude, sonication time and dry matter content were investigated with the aim of assessing the formation of a nanocellulose structure with a high lignin content (>30 %) and investigating the stability of the lignin-cellulose mixture under aqueous conditions. We demonstrated the importance of dry matter content for the specific particle size and water retention values for this mixture. US treatment of lignin-cellulose mixtures <4 % dry matter formed a gel-like material, with low particle size (90 % below 30 μm and smallest at nanoscale). Low dry matter loading led to better US transfer and higher conversion of cellulose to <100 nm nanoparticles. Our study can serve as a baseline for future developments in the field of stable emulsions, filtering materials or inputs for material synthesis.

森林生物精炼厂为应用研究提供了多种新途径。其主要概念在于工艺的延展性及其分步组织。本研究探讨的生物精炼概念的核心要素是预处理步骤；在这一步骤中，木材生物质被转化为游离的半纤维素糖、木质素和纤维素。在传统方法中，预处理步骤是通过不同工艺分离木质素或纤维素的起点。在这项研究中，我们没有进行任何分离，而是将木质素-纤维素混合物作为自己的材料，研究了使用探头系统以 20 千赫、不同振幅、超声时间和干物质含量进行超声处理的效果，目的是评估高木质素含量（30%）纳米纤维素结构的形成，并研究木质素-纤维素混合物在水性条件下的稳定性。我们证明了干物质含量对这种混合物的特定粒度和保水值的重要性。对干物质含量为 4% 的木质素-纤维素混合物进行 US 处理可形成凝胶状物质，且粒径较小（90% 低于 30 μm，最小为纳米级）。干物质含量低，US 转化率更高，纤维素向 100 纳米颗粒的转化率也更高。我们的研究可作为未来稳定乳液、过滤材料或材料合成投入领域发展的基准。

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引用次数: 0