Abstract Plant finds from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland sites in the Alpine region are usually extraordinarily well preserved and thereby offer realms of possibilities to study the relationship between plants and humans in the past. Changes in the importance of cultivating oil- and/or fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in the period between the 43rd and the 20th century BC are discussed. These changes might be explained by innovations in textile production at the same time. Thus, the study is considered to be relevant for both archaeologists and archaeobotanists. Flax seeds from 33 Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland sites were measured. The results show that two transitions in seed size occurred in the entire Alpine region. From the 38th century BC onwards a new variety of flax with smaller seeds was cultivated, and at the same time textile tools such as loom weights and spindle whorls, as well as textiles made of flax increased. In all sites that have been analysed so far, this small-seeded variety that produces a much higher amount of fibres in their stems than the oil variety, dominate from the 35th century onwards. However, during the 3rd millennium a change recurred. Increased flax seed size from locations dated to the 20th century indicates the cultivation of an oil variety. Presumably, fibre flax had lost its importance in favour of usage of animal fibres for textile production.
{"title":"Flax seeds from Neolithic and Bronze Age pile-dwelling sites in Europe","authors":"S. Karg","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plant finds from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland sites in the Alpine region are usually extraordinarily well preserved and thereby offer realms of possibilities to study the relationship between plants and humans in the past. Changes in the importance of cultivating oil- and/or fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in the period between the 43rd and the 20th century BC are discussed. These changes might be explained by innovations in textile production at the same time. Thus, the study is considered to be relevant for both archaeologists and archaeobotanists. Flax seeds from 33 Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland sites were measured. The results show that two transitions in seed size occurred in the entire Alpine region. From the 38th century BC onwards a new variety of flax with smaller seeds was cultivated, and at the same time textile tools such as loom weights and spindle whorls, as well as textiles made of flax increased. In all sites that have been analysed so far, this small-seeded variety that produces a much higher amount of fibres in their stems than the oil variety, dominate from the 35th century onwards. However, during the 3rd millennium a change recurred. Increased flax seed size from locations dated to the 20th century indicates the cultivation of an oil variety. Presumably, fibre flax had lost its importance in favour of usage of animal fibres for textile production.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"90 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Archaeology has been attempting to explain the purpose of medieval hemispherical artefacts called glass smoothers, found in much of Europe, for a century and a half. The oldest and most widespread opinion considers them to be tools designed for the care of clothing. This article presents the results of SEM observations of the surface of selected specimens. The identification of streaks of non-ferrous, especially precious metals, shows that they were intended for another purpose. After discussing the anthropological contexts, including burial finds, the authors conclude that glass smoothers were developed and primarily intended for gilding murals with metal leaves. The inertness of glass to mercury also made it possible to use these artefacts in another method of gilding – amalgamation. It was the contact with precious metal that justified the transformation of a glass smoother on the occasion of a funeral from a working tool into an object with symbolic value. Therefore, the occurrence of glass smoothers in graves cannot be associated with the activities of the deceased individual.
{"title":"Early medieval glass smoothers as a manifestation of the spread of Christianity in Mainland Europe","authors":"Martin Ježek, J. Zavřel","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Archaeology has been attempting to explain the purpose of medieval hemispherical artefacts called glass smoothers, found in much of Europe, for a century and a half. The oldest and most widespread opinion considers them to be tools designed for the care of clothing. This article presents the results of SEM observations of the surface of selected specimens. The identification of streaks of non-ferrous, especially precious metals, shows that they were intended for another purpose. After discussing the anthropological contexts, including burial finds, the authors conclude that glass smoothers were developed and primarily intended for gilding murals with metal leaves. The inertness of glass to mercury also made it possible to use these artefacts in another method of gilding – amalgamation. It was the contact with precious metal that justified the transformation of a glass smoother on the occasion of a funeral from a working tool into an object with symbolic value. Therefore, the occurrence of glass smoothers in graves cannot be associated with the activities of the deceased individual.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"324 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47097827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emilian Teleagă, Florin Ridiche, M. Constantinescu, Adrian Bălășescu, Virgil Apostol, Leonard Ionescu
Zusammenfassung In Desa sind in den Bereichen Castravița und Lunculița zwei Latène-Nekropolen gefunden worden. Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița ist die erste Nekropole der Mittel- und Spätlatène-Zeit in der Region des Eisernen Tores, für die menschliche und tierische Überreste paläoanthropologisch und archäozoologisch analysiert worden sind. Menschliche Überreste konnten in sechs Gräbern in kleinen Mengen gefunden werden; sie sind stark fragmentiert und deformiert. Die Bestatteten wurden bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen, zwischen 600–900º C, in einem sauerstoffreichen Milieu verbrannt. Nicht alle Knochen sind dem Scheiterhaufen entnommen worden. Es gibt keine Auswahl bestimmter Körperteile. Eine Sica wurde bei einer Temperatur von 570–900° C verbrannt und dabei entstand eine Magnetitschicht, deren Konservierung das Dekor erkennen lässt. Die Bestatteten waren adulte, männliche Individuen oder Individuen unbestimmten Geschlechtes; nur der Bestattete aus Grab 6 ist ein Jüngling. Die archäozoologische Analyse der Tierknochenreste dreier Gräber ergab, dass sie entweder bei einer niedrigen Temperatur verbrannt oder unverbrannt beigegegen worden sind. Nur die drei am häufigsten belegten Haustiere dieser Zeit konnten bestimmt werden: Rind, Schaf/Ziege und Schwein (durch Kieferknochen). Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița wurde in der Mittellatènezeit C1 angelegt und existierte bis in die Spätlatène D1-Stufe weiter; später, wahrscheinlich kurz nach der Mitte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr., wurde dort eine Befestigungsanlage errichtet. Das unvollständing ausgegrabene Gräberfeld besteht aus elf Gräbern (Brandschüttungsgräber und sogenannte Kenotaphe), die zwei sich parallel entwickelnde Gruppen bilden. Die Nekropole im Bereich Lunculiţa wurde zufällig entdeckt, geborgen wurden ausschließlich Metallgegenstände zweier Gräber der Spätlatènezeit. Der archäologische Katalog beschreibt die Befundlage und die Grabbeigaben der elf Gräber aus Desa-Castravița und der zwei aus Lunculița. Die Auswertung der Castravița-Nekropole, die teilweise der aus Karaburma ähnelt, wird in einer späteren Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift erfolgen.
{"title":"Die mittel- und spätlatènezeitlichen Nekropolen in Desa, jud. Dolj, Rumänien. Beiträge zu dem Bestattungswesen in der Region des Eisernen Tores. Teil 1","authors":"Emilian Teleagă, Florin Ridiche, M. Constantinescu, Adrian Bălășescu, Virgil Apostol, Leonard Ionescu","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2013","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung In Desa sind in den Bereichen Castravița und Lunculița zwei Latène-Nekropolen gefunden worden. Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița ist die erste Nekropole der Mittel- und Spätlatène-Zeit in der Region des Eisernen Tores, für die menschliche und tierische Überreste paläoanthropologisch und archäozoologisch analysiert worden sind. Menschliche Überreste konnten in sechs Gräbern in kleinen Mengen gefunden werden; sie sind stark fragmentiert und deformiert. Die Bestatteten wurden bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen, zwischen 600–900º C, in einem sauerstoffreichen Milieu verbrannt. Nicht alle Knochen sind dem Scheiterhaufen entnommen worden. Es gibt keine Auswahl bestimmter Körperteile. Eine Sica wurde bei einer Temperatur von 570–900° C verbrannt und dabei entstand eine Magnetitschicht, deren Konservierung das Dekor erkennen lässt. Die Bestatteten waren adulte, männliche Individuen oder Individuen unbestimmten Geschlechtes; nur der Bestattete aus Grab 6 ist ein Jüngling. Die archäozoologische Analyse der Tierknochenreste dreier Gräber ergab, dass sie entweder bei einer niedrigen Temperatur verbrannt oder unverbrannt beigegegen worden sind. Nur die drei am häufigsten belegten Haustiere dieser Zeit konnten bestimmt werden: Rind, Schaf/Ziege und Schwein (durch Kieferknochen). Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița wurde in der Mittellatènezeit C1 angelegt und existierte bis in die Spätlatène D1-Stufe weiter; später, wahrscheinlich kurz nach der Mitte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr., wurde dort eine Befestigungsanlage errichtet. Das unvollständing ausgegrabene Gräberfeld besteht aus elf Gräbern (Brandschüttungsgräber und sogenannte Kenotaphe), die zwei sich parallel entwickelnde Gruppen bilden. Die Nekropole im Bereich Lunculiţa wurde zufällig entdeckt, geborgen wurden ausschließlich Metallgegenstände zweier Gräber der Spätlatènezeit. Der archäologische Katalog beschreibt die Befundlage und die Grabbeigaben der elf Gräber aus Desa-Castravița und der zwei aus Lunculița. Die Auswertung der Castravița-Nekropole, die teilweise der aus Karaburma ähnelt, wird in einer späteren Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift erfolgen.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"239 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44759569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung Zwischen der früheisenzeitlichen Kultur in Schlesien und der Hallstatt-Kultur lassen sich deutliche Verbindungen erkennen, die vor allem mittels der Erforschung von Brandgräberfriedhöfen studiert wurden. Demgegenüber wird im Beitrag der Versuch unternommen, das Phänomen mit Hilfe archäologisch entsprechend datierender Siedlungen zu untermauern. Die Mehrzahl der Forscher, die sich mit der Hallstatt-Kultur beschäftigen, stellen den Wandel sozialer Strukturen heraus, welcher in dieser Zeit stattfand und sich in archäologischem Material widerspiegelt. Ein analoges Phänomen kann bei mehreren Urnenfriedhöfen aus Schlesien festgestellt werden, insbesondere bei gut ausgestatteten Kammergräbern (etwa Domasław, Wrocław), aber auch innerhalb einiger Siedlungen, wie beispielsweise dem früheisenzeitlichen Fundplatz in Milejowice, Kreis Breslau, der während einer großflächigen Untersuchung entdeckt wurde. Hierbei konnten einige Gruppen von Bauwerken unterschieden wurden. Eines davon war mit monumentalen, 85 m durchmessenden, aufeinander folgenden Kreisen umgeben. Die Kreise bestanden aus zahlreichen Pfostenlöchern, die so eine palisadenartige Struktur bildeten. Im Beitrag werden außerdem Siedlungsreste analysiert, die darauf hindeuten, dass der soziale Status und der Wohlstand der Bewohner des Siedlungsareals herausragend gewesen sein muss. Die Untersuchungen ausgewählter schlesischer Fundstätten lassen den Schluss zu, dass das Gebiet kulturell als eine weitere regionale Randgruppe des Hallstattkreises betrachtet werden kann
{"title":"Gesellschaftlicher Wandel in der frühen Eisenzeit im Lichte neuer Siedlungsgrabungen in Schlesien","authors":"Ewa Bugaj, Bogusław Gediga","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Zwischen der früheisenzeitlichen Kultur in Schlesien und der Hallstatt-Kultur lassen sich deutliche Verbindungen erkennen, die vor allem mittels der Erforschung von Brandgräberfriedhöfen studiert wurden. Demgegenüber wird im Beitrag der Versuch unternommen, das Phänomen mit Hilfe archäologisch entsprechend datierender Siedlungen zu untermauern. Die Mehrzahl der Forscher, die sich mit der Hallstatt-Kultur beschäftigen, stellen den Wandel sozialer Strukturen heraus, welcher in dieser Zeit stattfand und sich in archäologischem Material widerspiegelt. Ein analoges Phänomen kann bei mehreren Urnenfriedhöfen aus Schlesien festgestellt werden, insbesondere bei gut ausgestatteten Kammergräbern (etwa Domasław, Wrocław), aber auch innerhalb einiger Siedlungen, wie beispielsweise dem früheisenzeitlichen Fundplatz in Milejowice, Kreis Breslau, der während einer großflächigen Untersuchung entdeckt wurde. Hierbei konnten einige Gruppen von Bauwerken unterschieden wurden. Eines davon war mit monumentalen, 85 m durchmessenden, aufeinander folgenden Kreisen umgeben. Die Kreise bestanden aus zahlreichen Pfostenlöchern, die so eine palisadenartige Struktur bildeten. Im Beitrag werden außerdem Siedlungsreste analysiert, die darauf hindeuten, dass der soziale Status und der Wohlstand der Bewohner des Siedlungsareals herausragend gewesen sein muss. Die Untersuchungen ausgewählter schlesischer Fundstätten lassen den Schluss zu, dass das Gebiet kulturell als eine weitere regionale Randgruppe des Hallstattkreises betrachtet werden kann","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"179 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47000450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung Ein einfacher Goldfingerring mit Schlaufenzier von Nackenheim (Lkr. Mainz-Bingen) ohne bekannten Fundkontext wird anhand typologischer und materialanalytischer Parallelen chronologisch näher eingeordnet. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es sich um eine schlichte und daher langlebige Form handelt, die im Raum zwischen Hessen und dem Schweizer Mittelland anzutreffen ist und in ähnlicher Form noch bis in die Spätlatènezeit reicht. Archäometrische Analysen ordnen das Stück in eine Gruppe mit relativ hohem Silber- und Kupfergehalt ein, wie es eigentlich erst als „gestrecktes Münzgold“ ab der Mittellatènezeit üblich wird. Ein Vergleich der Spurenelementmuster, speziell der Platin-Palladium-Verhältnisse, weist darauf hin, dass ein Rohmaterial für seine Herstellung zum Einsatz kam, welches regional bereits ab der Stufe Lt A im nördlichen Oberrheingebiet verwendet wird. Da auch die Mehrheit der stilistischen Parallelen in die Frühlatènezeit (insbesondere Lt B) datiert, spricht Vieles für eine Datierung des Rings in diese Zeitstufe.
{"title":"Goldobjekte und Goldgruppen – Untersuchungen und Analysen zum latènezeitlichen Goldfingerring von Nackenheim, Lkr. Mainz-Bingen","authors":"S. Fürst, M. Schönfelder, Nicole Lockhoff","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2010","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung Ein einfacher Goldfingerring mit Schlaufenzier von Nackenheim (Lkr. Mainz-Bingen) ohne bekannten Fundkontext wird anhand typologischer und materialanalytischer Parallelen chronologisch näher eingeordnet. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es sich um eine schlichte und daher langlebige Form handelt, die im Raum zwischen Hessen und dem Schweizer Mittelland anzutreffen ist und in ähnlicher Form noch bis in die Spätlatènezeit reicht. Archäometrische Analysen ordnen das Stück in eine Gruppe mit relativ hohem Silber- und Kupfergehalt ein, wie es eigentlich erst als „gestrecktes Münzgold“ ab der Mittellatènezeit üblich wird. Ein Vergleich der Spurenelementmuster, speziell der Platin-Palladium-Verhältnisse, weist darauf hin, dass ein Rohmaterial für seine Herstellung zum Einsatz kam, welches regional bereits ab der Stufe Lt A im nördlichen Oberrheingebiet verwendet wird. Da auch die Mehrheit der stilistischen Parallelen in die Frühlatènezeit (insbesondere Lt B) datiert, spricht Vieles für eine Datierung des Rings in diese Zeitstufe.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"220 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helle Vandkilde, Valentina Matta, L. Ahlqvist, Heide W. Nørgaard
Abstract Horned-helmet imagery continues to raise questions about what is local and what is global in Bronze Age Europe. How similar is the imagery found on Sardinia, in southwestern Iberia and southern Scandinavia in material appearance, medium of representation, and sociocultural setting? Does it occur at the same point in time? Does it spring from or transmit a shared idea? Analysis reveals intriguing patterns of similarity and difference between the three zones of horned-helmet imagery 1000–750 BC. The results point to actors and processes at the local level while also pinpointing interconnections. Across all three contexts, horns signify the potency of the helmet wearer, the quintessential warrior. Horns visualise a defined group of bellicose beings whose significance stems from commemorative and mortuary rites, sites, and beliefs – in conjunction with political processes. We suggest that the eye-catching imagery of very particular males wearing horned insignia relates on the one hand to local control of metals and on the other to the transfer of novel beliefs and cults involving embodied gigantisation. It is characteristic that the horned figure is adapted into some settings, but only sparingly or not at all in others. This imagery has a complex history, with Levantine roots in the LBA Mediterranean. The Scandinavian addendum to the network coincides with the metal-led Phoenician expansion and consolidation in the west from c. 1000 BC. A Mediterranean–Atlantic sea route is suggested, independent of the otherwise flourishing transalpine trading route.
{"title":"Anthropomorphised warlike beings with horned helmets: Bronze Age Scandinavia, Sardinia, and Iberia compared","authors":"Helle Vandkilde, Valentina Matta, L. Ahlqvist, Heide W. Nørgaard","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Horned-helmet imagery continues to raise questions about what is local and what is global in Bronze Age Europe. How similar is the imagery found on Sardinia, in southwestern Iberia and southern Scandinavia in material appearance, medium of representation, and sociocultural setting? Does it occur at the same point in time? Does it spring from or transmit a shared idea? Analysis reveals intriguing patterns of similarity and difference between the three zones of horned-helmet imagery 1000–750 BC. The results point to actors and processes at the local level while also pinpointing interconnections. Across all three contexts, horns signify the potency of the helmet wearer, the quintessential warrior. Horns visualise a defined group of bellicose beings whose significance stems from commemorative and mortuary rites, sites, and beliefs – in conjunction with political processes. We suggest that the eye-catching imagery of very particular males wearing horned insignia relates on the one hand to local control of metals and on the other to the transfer of novel beliefs and cults involving embodied gigantisation. It is characteristic that the horned figure is adapted into some settings, but only sparingly or not at all in others. This imagery has a complex history, with Levantine roots in the LBA Mediterranean. The Scandinavian addendum to the network coincides with the metal-led Phoenician expansion and consolidation in the west from c. 1000 BC. A Mediterranean–Atlantic sea route is suggested, independent of the otherwise flourishing transalpine trading route.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"130 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42429897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Gothic migrations have been repeatedly discussed by historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, and linguists, with the literature on the subject comprising over 1,400 articles and monographs. The interpretation of the notion of Goths has evolved from seeing them as a nation to a multi-ethnic formation. Archaeology therefore distinguishes four Gothic cultures: the Wielbark culture, the Masłomęcz group, the Tschernjachov culture and the Sântana de Mureş culture. DNA tests may support the thesis about multiple multiplicity. The pretext for writing this text is a publication of 2019. In part, it was based on untrue materials. Interpretation of the obtained results is in contradiction with the current state of knowledge about the chronology of the analysed materials. The conclusions of a historical nature are contrary to the entire scientific output of historians and archaeologists.
历史学家、考古学家、人类学家和语言学家一直在反复讨论哥特人的迁徙问题，有关这一主题的文献包括1400多篇文章和专著。对哥特人概念的解释已经从把他们看作一个民族演变成一个多民族的组织。因此，考古学区分了四种哥特式文化:Wielbark文化，Masłomęcz群体，Tschernjachov文化和santana de mureek文化。DNA测试可能支持多重性的论点。写这篇文章的借口是2019年的出版物。在某种程度上，它是基于不真实的材料。对所得结果的解释与目前对所分析材料年表的认识状态相矛盾。历史性质的结论与历史学家和考古学家的全部科学成果是相反的。
{"title":"Gothic migrations: In search of the truth","authors":"A. Kokowski","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gothic migrations have been repeatedly discussed by historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, and linguists, with the literature on the subject comprising over 1,400 articles and monographs. The interpretation of the notion of Goths has evolved from seeing them as a nation to a multi-ethnic formation. Archaeology therefore distinguishes four Gothic cultures: the Wielbark culture, the Masłomęcz group, the Tschernjachov culture and the Sântana de Mureş culture. DNA tests may support the thesis about multiple multiplicity. The pretext for writing this text is a publication of 2019. In part, it was based on untrue materials. Interpretation of the obtained results is in contradiction with the current state of knowledge about the chronology of the analysed materials. The conclusions of a historical nature are contrary to the entire scientific output of historians and archaeologists.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"313 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45823341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Two features recorded in the 1960s and 1980s in the course of excavations at Flögeln and Hainmühlen, both District of Cuxhaven, in the northern Elbe-Weser triangle, have since been repeatedly discussed in connection with cult houses from Denmark. Parts of these sites, finds and features have only been published in rudimentary form and have so far not been subject of comparative analysis. For some aspects, the information has been passed down orally for decades and has eventually found its way into the literature. In order to improve the record, the two features are presented here, followed by a comparison with similar features from the wider area of the Funnel Beaker Culture.
{"title":"Danish cult houses in north-western Germany? Rethinking the Funnel Beaker buildings of Flögeln and Hainmühlen, District of Cuxhaven","authors":"M. Mennenga","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two features recorded in the 1960s and 1980s in the course of excavations at Flögeln and Hainmühlen, both District of Cuxhaven, in the northern Elbe-Weser triangle, have since been repeatedly discussed in connection with cult houses from Denmark. Parts of these sites, finds and features have only been published in rudimentary form and have so far not been subject of comparative analysis. For some aspects, the information has been passed down orally for decades and has eventually found its way into the literature. In order to improve the record, the two features are presented here, followed by a comparison with similar features from the wider area of the Funnel Beaker Culture.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"68 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44096257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Przemysław Dulęba, R. Abłamowicz, Agata Sady-Bugajska, Jacek Soida
Abstract The results of excavations show that the La Tène culture community which inhabited the microregion of the contemporary village of Samborowice (Upper Silesia, Poland) in the Iron Age did not differ from its brethren from the area of Moravia and the middle basin of the Danube. Our intention is to try to identify the most important features of local economy based on newly acquired archaeobotanical and archaeozoological sources. The results from Samborowice in the form of a set of cereals characteristic of La Tène culture settlements from Central Europe suggest that the set of remains being analysed comes from a period when changes to the selection of cereals had yet to occur. The population in this period of history applied a model of economy based on agriculture and livestock rearing, with cattle being the most important animals, followed by pigs and small ruminants interchangeably.
{"title":"The economy of the La Tène culture communities based on the example of research from Upper Silesia","authors":"Przemysław Dulęba, R. Abłamowicz, Agata Sady-Bugajska, Jacek Soida","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The results of excavations show that the La Tène culture community which inhabited the microregion of the contemporary village of Samborowice (Upper Silesia, Poland) in the Iron Age did not differ from its brethren from the area of Moravia and the middle basin of the Danube. Our intention is to try to identify the most important features of local economy based on newly acquired archaeobotanical and archaeozoological sources. The results from Samborowice in the form of a set of cereals characteristic of La Tène culture settlements from Central Europe suggest that the set of remains being analysed comes from a period when changes to the selection of cereals had yet to occur. The population in this period of history applied a model of economy based on agriculture and livestock rearing, with cattle being the most important animals, followed by pigs and small ruminants interchangeably.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"96 1","pages":"511 - 531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41940581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Gold snake-head rings are a famous and much studied artefact group of the Late Roman Period in Scandinavia. But before and during their heyday, women in the same areas were occasionally buried with shield-head and snake-head rings made of silver or bronze. This paper surveys the material and traces the origin of these designs from the Wielbark Culture in coastal Poland about AD 100. The early shield-head rings probably arrived across the Baltic with the women who wore them. After the AD 210s, non-gold rings are a feature of the gold snake-head rings’ core production and distribution area on the Baltic Islands and south-east mainland Sweden. The women who wore them were not tribal royalty, but enjoyed comfortable economic means and had the right to display this top-level symbol in more affordable materials.
{"title":"Noble shape, humble metals. Bronze and silver shield-head and snake-head rings of Roman era Scandinavia","authors":"M. Rundkvist","doi":"10.1515/pz-2021-2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gold snake-head rings are a famous and much studied artefact group of the Late Roman Period in Scandinavia. But before and during their heyday, women in the same areas were occasionally buried with shield-head and snake-head rings made of silver or bronze. This paper surveys the material and traces the origin of these designs from the Wielbark Culture in coastal Poland about AD 100. The early shield-head rings probably arrived across the Baltic with the women who wore them. After the AD 210s, non-gold rings are a feature of the gold snake-head rings’ core production and distribution area on the Baltic Islands and south-east mainland Sweden. The women who wore them were not tribal royalty, but enjoyed comfortable economic means and had the right to display this top-level symbol in more affordable materials.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"96 1","pages":"571 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43278233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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