Abstract Most societies view infants and partially children, up to a certain age, as not fully human beings and/or persons. This paper takes a longue durée perspective to examine built spaces shared by the living and dead infants during the four millennia (seventh to third millennium BC) in Anatolia. Evidence of infant burials within and around houses in several prehistoric periods and sites is analysed through a child-centred approach to mortuary remains, which does not equate adults with subadults or fully human with not fully human beings. This allows us to gain new perspectives of how age, age groups and infancy or childhood were perceived in prehistory. By perceiving houses as social spaces where ritual and non-ritual mimesis is embodied in shared practices and beliefs, where the material and social collide, rather than simply as signifiers of social units, we are better able to grasp subadult identities and decipher the personhood of infants and children through mortuary practices. Through our Anatolian case study, we provide socio-anthropological explanations for keeping the ‘ghost children’, buried close to houses, due to delayed personhood. We argue for constructing culture-specific models of infancy based on the archaeological evidence in Anatolia and beyond.
{"title":"Ghost Children: Delayed Personhood and Culture-specific Models of Infancy in Western Anatolia","authors":"Sabina Cveček, C. Schwall","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most societies view infants and partially children, up to a certain age, as not fully human beings and/or persons. This paper takes a longue durée perspective to examine built spaces shared by the living and dead infants during the four millennia (seventh to third millennium BC) in Anatolia. Evidence of infant burials within and around houses in several prehistoric periods and sites is analysed through a child-centred approach to mortuary remains, which does not equate adults with subadults or fully human with not fully human beings. This allows us to gain new perspectives of how age, age groups and infancy or childhood were perceived in prehistory. By perceiving houses as social spaces where ritual and non-ritual mimesis is embodied in shared practices and beliefs, where the material and social collide, rather than simply as signifiers of social units, we are better able to grasp subadult identities and decipher the personhood of infants and children through mortuary practices. Through our Anatolian case study, we provide socio-anthropological explanations for keeping the ‘ghost children’, buried close to houses, due to delayed personhood. We argue for constructing culture-specific models of infancy based on the archaeological evidence in Anatolia and beyond.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"544 - 570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45934162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden die Glasgefäße und Mosaikperlen mit Gesichtsmasken aus Fundorten der Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov Kultur in Ostrumänien, Kreis Vaslui, vorgestellt. In der für Vaslui angelegten Datenbank (angelehnt an die Systematik im Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum) sind 84 Glasgefäße unterschiedlicher Typen verzeichnet, datierend vom Ende des 3. bis zum Beginn des 5. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. (bes. der Typ Kowalk und konische Becher mit Facettierung). Im Gräberfeld von Bârlad-Valea Seacă fand sich die bislang größte Anzahl an Glasgefäßen (50 %). Nur indem zukünftig umfassende Fundkataloge für Glaswaren auch für die Nachbarregionen erarbeitet werden, wird man einen Überblick über die sozioökonomischen Beziehungen, die Technologien und den Handel in der gesamten Region erhalten.
摘要本文展示了罗马尼亚东部瓦斯卢伊县Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov文化遗址的玻璃器皿和带口罩的马赛克珠子。在为Vaslui创建的数据库中（基于欧洲Barbaricum罗马发现的语料库中的分类），列出了84个不同类型的玻璃器皿，可追溯到3世纪末。直到5。在公元19世纪（尤其是Kowalk型和带端面的锥形杯）。Bârlad Valea Seacă墓地的玻璃器皿数量最多（50%）。只有在未来为邻近地区制定全面的玻璃器皿发现目录，才能全面了解整个地区的社会经济关系、技术和贸易。
{"title":"Weniger ist mehr: Glas in der Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov Kultur (Kreis Vaslui/Ostrumänien)","authors":"Lavinia Grumeza","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2054","url":null,"abstract":"Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden die Glasgefäße und Mosaikperlen mit Gesichtsmasken aus Fundorten der Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov Kultur in Ostrumänien, Kreis Vaslui, vorgestellt. In der für Vaslui angelegten Datenbank (angelehnt an die Systematik im Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum) sind 84 Glasgefäße unterschiedlicher Typen verzeichnet, datierend vom Ende des 3. bis zum Beginn des 5. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. (bes. der Typ Kowalk und konische Becher mit Facettierung). Im Gräberfeld von Bârlad-Valea Seacă fand sich die bislang größte Anzahl an Glasgefäßen (50 %). Nur indem zukünftig umfassende Fundkataloge für Glaswaren auch für die Nachbarregionen erarbeitet werden, wird man einen Überblick über die sozioökonomischen Beziehungen, die Technologien und den Handel in der gesamten Region erhalten.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"624 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44401680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Childhood is the moment in every man’s life when they learn the rules governing the society to which they belong. This process of learning certain principles usually ends when the individual reaches the appropriate age. In primitive communities it was necessary to undergo complex and sometimes painful initiation processes. These moments could be different from one another depending on the community and gender, and what is more, it was often multi-stage. It usually occurred at the age of 14/15 for boys and even a little earlier for girls. It is assumed that up to 60 % of people in the prehistoric populations were under 18 years of age, so it should be assumed that the very moment of initiation could have occurred particularly early. As part of this study, which is the result of NSC grant implemented by the author concerning age and gender determinants in the graves of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture, the author has developed a logit mathematical model that allows to determine on the basis of two variables (vessel size and amount of remains) whether an adult or a child was buried in a given burial. In the case of adults, this model shows very high effectiveness reaching almost 90 %. However, for children, we record ‘only’ 70 % of the correct determinations. There are some indications to believe that among these 30 % false indications there are burials of children who have undergone the initiation process. Confirmation of this thesis and a thorough investigation of this phenomenon are very important because, in a broader source perspective, they can contribute to the discussion on the cultural and biological age in prehistoric populations. It would also create additional opportunities for cooperation between anthropologists and archaeologists, as it is impossible to identify child burials wrongly qualified by the model without the help of the former. In order to verify this regularity, three groups obtained thanks to the model have been assessed in this paper: adults, children correctly indicated by the model and the ones who had been erroneously identified. The tools in the analytical process were various methods of statistical inference, such as: correspondence table, odds ratio chart and chi^2 test. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it was possible to establish that there had been numerous similarities (including similar dimensions and form of urns) between burials of adults and those of children indicated by the model as adults.
{"title":"The use of statistical models to determine the age of the deceased and the issue of children’s graves identified by the models as adult burials. Based on the example of burials of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture","authors":"Wojciech Rajpold","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Childhood is the moment in every man’s life when they learn the rules governing the society to which they belong. This process of learning certain principles usually ends when the individual reaches the appropriate age. In primitive communities it was necessary to undergo complex and sometimes painful initiation processes. These moments could be different from one another depending on the community and gender, and what is more, it was often multi-stage. It usually occurred at the age of 14/15 for boys and even a little earlier for girls. It is assumed that up to 60 % of people in the prehistoric populations were under 18 years of age, so it should be assumed that the very moment of initiation could have occurred particularly early. As part of this study, which is the result of NSC grant implemented by the author concerning age and gender determinants in the graves of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture, the author has developed a logit mathematical model that allows to determine on the basis of two variables (vessel size and amount of remains) whether an adult or a child was buried in a given burial. In the case of adults, this model shows very high effectiveness reaching almost 90 %. However, for children, we record ‘only’ 70 % of the correct determinations. There are some indications to believe that among these 30 % false indications there are burials of children who have undergone the initiation process. Confirmation of this thesis and a thorough investigation of this phenomenon are very important because, in a broader source perspective, they can contribute to the discussion on the cultural and biological age in prehistoric populations. It would also create additional opportunities for cooperation between anthropologists and archaeologists, as it is impossible to identify child burials wrongly qualified by the model without the help of the former. In order to verify this regularity, three groups obtained thanks to the model have been assessed in this paper: adults, children correctly indicated by the model and the ones who had been erroneously identified. The tools in the analytical process were various methods of statistical inference, such as: correspondence table, odds ratio chart and chi^2 test. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it was possible to establish that there had been numerous similarities (including similar dimensions and form of urns) between burials of adults and those of children indicated by the model as adults.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"159 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45869169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nachruf auf Otto Braasch","authors":"Baoquan Song, Klaus Leidorf","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"362 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48814793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Anthony, A. Khokhlov, S. A. Agapov, D. Agapov, R. Schulting, I. Olalde, D. Reich
Abstract The genetically attested migrations of the third millennium BC have made the origins and nature of the Yamnaya culture a question of broad relevance across northern Eurasia. But none of the key archaeological sites most important for understanding the evolution of Yamnaya culture is published in western languages. These key sites include the fifth-millennium BC Khvalynsk cemetery in the middle Volga steppes. When the first part of the Eneolithic cemetery (Khvalynsk I) was discovered in 1977–1979, the graves displayed many material and ritual traits that were quickly recognized as similar and probably ancestral to Yamnaya customs, but without the Yamnaya kurgans. With the discovery of a second burial plot (Khvalynsk II) 120 m to the south in 1987–1988, Khvalynsk became the largest excavated Eneolithic cemetery in the Don-Volga-Ural steppes (201 recorded graves), dated about 4500–4300 BCE. It has the largest copper assemblage of the fifth millennium BC in the steppes (373 objects) and the largest assemblage of sacrificed domesticated animals (at least 106 sheep-goat, 29 cattle, and 16 horses); and it produced four polished stone maces from well-documented grave contexts. The human skeletons have been sampled extensively for ancient DNA, the basis for an analysis of family relationships. This report compiles information from the relevant Russian-language publications and from the archaeologists who excavated the site, two of whom are co-authors, about the history of excavations, radiocarbon dates, copper finds, domesticated animal sacrifices, polished stone maces, genetic and skeletal studies, and relationships with other steppe cultures as well as agricultural cultures of the North Caucasus (Svobodnoe-Meshoko) and southeastern Europe (Varna and Cucuteni-Tripol’ye B1). Khvalynsk is described as a coalescent culture, integrating and combining northern and southern elements, a hybrid that can be recognized genetically, in cranio-facial types, in exchanged artifacts, and in social segments within the cemetery. Stone maces symbolized the unification and integration of socially defined segments at Khvalynsk.
{"title":"The Eneolithic cemetery at Khvalynsk on the Volga River","authors":"D. Anthony, A. Khokhlov, S. A. Agapov, D. Agapov, R. Schulting, I. Olalde, D. Reich","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The genetically attested migrations of the third millennium BC have made the origins and nature of the Yamnaya culture a question of broad relevance across northern Eurasia. But none of the key archaeological sites most important for understanding the evolution of Yamnaya culture is published in western languages. These key sites include the fifth-millennium BC Khvalynsk cemetery in the middle Volga steppes. When the first part of the Eneolithic cemetery (Khvalynsk I) was discovered in 1977–1979, the graves displayed many material and ritual traits that were quickly recognized as similar and probably ancestral to Yamnaya customs, but without the Yamnaya kurgans. With the discovery of a second burial plot (Khvalynsk II) 120 m to the south in 1987–1988, Khvalynsk became the largest excavated Eneolithic cemetery in the Don-Volga-Ural steppes (201 recorded graves), dated about 4500–4300 BCE. It has the largest copper assemblage of the fifth millennium BC in the steppes (373 objects) and the largest assemblage of sacrificed domesticated animals (at least 106 sheep-goat, 29 cattle, and 16 horses); and it produced four polished stone maces from well-documented grave contexts. The human skeletons have been sampled extensively for ancient DNA, the basis for an analysis of family relationships. This report compiles information from the relevant Russian-language publications and from the archaeologists who excavated the site, two of whom are co-authors, about the history of excavations, radiocarbon dates, copper finds, domesticated animal sacrifices, polished stone maces, genetic and skeletal studies, and relationships with other steppe cultures as well as agricultural cultures of the North Caucasus (Svobodnoe-Meshoko) and southeastern Europe (Varna and Cucuteni-Tripol’ye B1). Khvalynsk is described as a coalescent culture, integrating and combining northern and southern elements, a hybrid that can be recognized genetically, in cranio-facial types, in exchanged artifacts, and in social segments within the cemetery. Stone maces symbolized the unification and integration of socially defined segments at Khvalynsk.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"22 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47690014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Finds of vitreous material from Poland are proof of the long-distance trade routes that passed through the region in the 2nd–1st millennium BC. Faience beads produced in central Europe are known from the Early Bronze Age. Objects made of glass melted in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Alpine region broadly considered made their way into Polish territory from the Bronze Age II. In the Bronze Age II–III faience beads of Mycenaean and Egyptian provenience are encountered on rare occasions. Glassy faience, made in Italy or the Alpine region, was the most common during the Hallstatt C period. The leader in trading glassy material products in Europe from the BA II–III to the La Tène B period was the Alpine region (especially region of northern Italy). The initial aim of mediating in the transfer to the north of faience and glass beads of Eastern Mediterranean origin grew to include also distribution of products of local production. Artifacts of northern Black Sea provenance started streaming into central Europe in the Hallstatt D, whereas in the La Tène C the Danubian Celtic workshops took over as the primary dealers of the glass jewelry that they produced.
{"title":"Glass and faience in the territory of Poland in the 2nd–1st millennium BC: production technology, origin and incoming directions","authors":"T. Purowski","doi":"10.1515/pz-2020-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2020-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Finds of vitreous material from Poland are proof of the long-distance trade routes that passed through the region in the 2nd–1st millennium BC. Faience beads produced in central Europe are known from the Early Bronze Age. Objects made of glass melted in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Alpine region broadly considered made their way into Polish territory from the Bronze Age II. In the Bronze Age II–III faience beads of Mycenaean and Egyptian provenience are encountered on rare occasions. Glassy faience, made in Italy or the Alpine region, was the most common during the Hallstatt C period. The leader in trading glassy material products in Europe from the BA II–III to the La Tène B period was the Alpine region (especially region of northern Italy). The initial aim of mediating in the transfer to the north of faience and glass beads of Eastern Mediterranean origin grew to include also distribution of products of local production. Artifacts of northern Black Sea provenance started streaming into central Europe in the Hallstatt D, whereas in the La Tène C the Danubian Celtic workshops took over as the primary dealers of the glass jewelry that they produced.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"291 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42463746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum to: The tradition of pottery painting in the Upper Silesian-Lesser Polish regional group of the Lusatian culture in the Early Iron Age. The example of the cemetery at Dobrzeń Mały, Opole district.","authors":"Małgorzata Markiewicz, Eugeniusz Tomczak","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"219 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48910260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Terberger, Ronald Borgwardt, J. Krüger, S. Lorenz, Jens‐Peter Schmidt, Lorenz Rahmstorf
Abstract The Tollense valley in northeast Germany is well known for its substantial evidence indicating a violent conflict dated to the early 13th century BC (Period III of the Nordic Bronze Age). This article presents a significant new find from a later Bronze Age context, found in the river at a known Bronze Age valley crossing (site Weltzin 13) by Ronald Borgwardt in 2020. The small bronze figurine (14.7 cm tall) has an egg-shaped head with a prominent nose, looped arms, a neckring, two knobs signifying breasts, a belt, an indication of a female sex and two slightly differently shaped legs. In the 19th century a similar female statuette was found near the village of Klein Zastrow, just a few kilometres from the valley crossing, but mostly these figurines are known from Zealand and Scania. Belts are only present on the statuettes from Zealand and northern Germany, and their presence suggests a close connection between the figures from these areas. Typological evidence places the figure from the Tollense river to the Late Bronze Age (Periods V–VI). Some time ago the figures were discussed as possible balance weights, but their small number does not support this theory. With a mass of 155 g, however, the new figure could be seen as a multiple of 26 g, the previously proposed weight unit of the time. The new find further suggests a connection between the find spots of the statuettes and routes of communication. There is little evidence to support an interpretation as a goddess. The deposition of the new figure at a valley crossing where hundreds of years before a violent conflict happened, might indicate that this was still a place of commemoration.
{"title":"Worship or weight? A Bronze Age ‘goddess with a necklace’ from River Tollense (NE Germany)","authors":"T. Terberger, Ronald Borgwardt, J. Krüger, S. Lorenz, Jens‐Peter Schmidt, Lorenz Rahmstorf","doi":"10.1515/pz-2022-2035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2022-2035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Tollense valley in northeast Germany is well known for its substantial evidence indicating a violent conflict dated to the early 13th century BC (Period III of the Nordic Bronze Age). This article presents a significant new find from a later Bronze Age context, found in the river at a known Bronze Age valley crossing (site Weltzin 13) by Ronald Borgwardt in 2020. The small bronze figurine (14.7 cm tall) has an egg-shaped head with a prominent nose, looped arms, a neckring, two knobs signifying breasts, a belt, an indication of a female sex and two slightly differently shaped legs. In the 19th century a similar female statuette was found near the village of Klein Zastrow, just a few kilometres from the valley crossing, but mostly these figurines are known from Zealand and Scania. Belts are only present on the statuettes from Zealand and northern Germany, and their presence suggests a close connection between the figures from these areas. Typological evidence places the figure from the Tollense river to the Late Bronze Age (Periods V–VI). Some time ago the figures were discussed as possible balance weights, but their small number does not support this theory. With a mass of 155 g, however, the new figure could be seen as a multiple of 26 g, the previously proposed weight unit of the time. The new find further suggests a connection between the find spots of the statuettes and routes of communication. There is little evidence to support an interpretation as a goddess. The deposition of the new figure at a valley crossing where hundreds of years before a violent conflict happened, might indicate that this was still a place of commemoration.","PeriodicalId":44421,"journal":{"name":"Praehistorische Zeitschrift","volume":"97 1","pages":"110 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43239849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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