Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)6
M. Mierzwa-Hersztek, K. Gondek, M. Kopeć
The aim of the research was to assess the content of total and assimilable forms of sulphur in soil after application of composted materials with the addition of polyethylene and corn starch foils. The experimental design consisted of 7 treatments carried out in 3 replications on two soils: 0 – non-fertilized soil, NPK – soil fertilized with mineral fertilizers, K1 – soil fertilized with composted material without the addition of foil, K2 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil A (which included 47.5% polyethylene C + 45% corn starch + 7.5% compatibilizer), K3 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil B (which included 65% polyethylene C + 30% corn starch + 5% compatibilizer), K4 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil C (which included 65% polyethylene C + 30% corn starch + 5% compatibilizer and copolymer), and K5 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil C and microbiological inoculum. The experiments were conducted in soils with the granulometric composition of light loam and medium loam. Cock’s-foot was the test plant. The mean yield of Dactylis glomerata L., collected from the treatments located in soil with the granulometric composition of light loam, was between 1.4 and 2.4 Mg d.m. ha and between 1.8 and 3.6 Mg d.m. ha for treatments conducted in soil with the granulometric composition of medium loam. Total S content was determined after sample mineralization in a chamber furnace at 450C for 8 h, after prior binding of sulphur sulfate Mg(NO3)2. Assimilable forms of S were extracted with solution of 0.03 mol dm CH3COOH. The S content in the obtained solutions and extracts was determined using the ICP-OES method. The highest content of total forms of sulphur was determined in soil with the granulometric composition of medium loam, to which composted materials K3 and K4 (220 mgS kg d.m. of soil) were introduced. The content of assimilable forms of sulphur ranged from 8.3 to 12.9 mgS kg d.m. of soil in the case of treatments located in soil with the granulometric composition of light loam, and from 13.1 to 17.4 mgS kg d.m. of soil for medium loam treatments.
{"title":"The sulfur content in soil after application of composted materials containing foils","authors":"M. Mierzwa-Hersztek, K. Gondek, M. Kopeć","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)6","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to assess the content of total and assimilable forms of sulphur in soil after application of composted materials with the addition of polyethylene and corn starch foils. The experimental design consisted of 7 treatments carried out in 3 replications on two soils: 0 – non-fertilized soil, NPK – soil fertilized with mineral fertilizers, K1 – soil fertilized with composted material without the addition of foil, K2 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil A (which included 47.5% polyethylene C + 45% corn starch + 7.5% compatibilizer), K3 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil B (which included 65% polyethylene C + 30% corn starch + 5% compatibilizer), K4 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil C (which included 65% polyethylene C + 30% corn starch + 5% compatibilizer and copolymer), and K5 – soil fertilized with composted material with the addition of foil C and microbiological inoculum. The experiments were conducted in soils with the granulometric composition of light loam and medium loam. Cock’s-foot was the test plant. The mean yield of Dactylis glomerata L., collected from the treatments located in soil with the granulometric composition of light loam, was between 1.4 and 2.4 Mg d.m. ha and between 1.8 and 3.6 Mg d.m. ha for treatments conducted in soil with the granulometric composition of medium loam. Total S content was determined after sample mineralization in a chamber furnace at 450C for 8 h, after prior binding of sulphur sulfate Mg(NO3)2. Assimilable forms of S were extracted with solution of 0.03 mol dm CH3COOH. The S content in the obtained solutions and extracts was determined using the ICP-OES method. The highest content of total forms of sulphur was determined in soil with the granulometric composition of medium loam, to which composted materials K3 and K4 (220 mgS kg d.m. of soil) were introduced. The content of assimilable forms of sulphur ranged from 8.3 to 12.9 mgS kg d.m. of soil in the case of treatments located in soil with the granulometric composition of light loam, and from 13.1 to 17.4 mgS kg d.m. of soil for medium loam treatments.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)8
K. Mizerna, J. Kuterasińska
{"title":"The release of leachable constituents from copper slag depending on conditions of the leaching process","authors":"K. Mizerna, J. Kuterasińska","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)30
Edyta Łaskawiec, M. Dudziak, J. Wyczarska-Kokot
The paper presents the physicochemical analysis and toxicological assessment of backwashing samples taken after the process of washing filter beds in a raw condition after the process of their aeration and dechlorination. The backwash water under investigation originated from circulation systems existing in two indoor swimming pool facilities. The backwash water, as used at the preliminary and the main stages, was characterized by different physicochemical properties. For toxicological assessment, the Mictorox bioluminescence inhibition test, the Chaoborus sp. insect larva survival test and the phyto test using Lemna minor fine cilium were involved. The investigation presented in the paper included a preliminary phase focusing on the ecotoxic characterization of backwash water subjected to aeration and dechlorination processes. In turn, at the main stage, the effect of aeration duration on the quality of backwash water in terms of its physicochemical parameters was analyzed. The results of the preliminary stage investigation indicate that backwash water, both in a raw condition and after 30 minutes’ aeration, could not be discharged directly to the environment due to the threat to living organisms caused by its high toxicity. Whereas, using 160 minutes’ aeration duration contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of the backwash water and elimination of its toxic properties with respect to the indicator organisms used. The chemical dechlorination process brought about varying effects. In the case of the Microtox test, a stimulation of bacterial bioluminescence was noted, but, at the same time, the death of individual insect larva specimens was observed. In spite of the high biomass increase in the Lemna minor test, a gradual discolouration of fronds under the influence of backwash water was observed. Because of the presence of numerous compounds being disinfection by-products, as well as coagulant residues in backwash water deriving from swimming pool systems, it is necessary to seek further solutions that will allow them to be recycled, which will result in a reduction of water consumption and effluent discharges.
本文介绍了在原始条件下对滤床进行曝气脱氯后的反冲洗样品进行的理化分析和毒理学评价。调查的反冲洗水来自两个室内游泳池设施的循环系统。反冲洗水作为初级和主要阶段使用的水，具有不同的理化性质。在毒理学评价方面，进行了microtorox生物发光抑制试验、超蝽幼虫存活试验和lena minor fine cillum的植物性试验。本文提出的研究包括一个初步阶段，重点是曝气和脱氯过程中反冲洗水的生态毒性特征。在主阶段，分析了曝气时间对反冲洗水质理化参数的影响。初步调查结果表明，反冲洗水无论是在原始条件下还是在曝气30分钟后，由于其高毒性对生物的威胁，都不能直接排放到环境中。然而，使用160分钟的曝气时间有助于显著改善反冲洗水的质量，并消除其对所使用的指示生物的毒性。化学脱氯过程产生了不同的效果。在Microtox试验的情况下，注意到细菌生物发光的刺激，但同时，观察到个别昆虫幼虫标本的死亡。尽管小莱姆纳试验的生物量增加很高，但在反冲洗水的影响下，观察到叶子逐渐变色。由于存在许多化合物作为消毒副产物，以及来自游泳池系统的反冲洗水中的混凝剂残留物，有必要寻求进一步的解决方案，使其能够回收利用，这将导致用水量和废水排放量的减少。
{"title":"Assessment of the possibility of recycling backwashing water from the swimming pool water treatment system","authors":"Edyta Łaskawiec, M. Dudziak, J. Wyczarska-Kokot","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)30","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the physicochemical analysis and toxicological assessment of backwashing samples taken after the process of washing filter beds in a raw condition after the process of their aeration and dechlorination. The backwash water under investigation originated from circulation systems existing in two indoor swimming pool facilities. The backwash water, as used at the preliminary and the main stages, was characterized by different physicochemical properties. For toxicological assessment, the Mictorox bioluminescence inhibition test, the Chaoborus sp. insect larva survival test and the phyto test using Lemna minor fine cilium were involved. The investigation presented in the paper included a preliminary phase focusing on the ecotoxic characterization of backwash water subjected to aeration and dechlorination processes. In turn, at the main stage, the effect of aeration duration on the quality of backwash water in terms of its physicochemical parameters was analyzed. The results of the preliminary stage investigation indicate that backwash water, both in a raw condition and after 30 minutes’ aeration, could not be discharged directly to the environment due to the threat to living organisms caused by its high toxicity. Whereas, using 160 minutes’ aeration duration contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of the backwash water and elimination of its toxic properties with respect to the indicator organisms used. The chemical dechlorination process brought about varying effects. In the case of the Microtox test, a stimulation of bacterial bioluminescence was noted, but, at the same time, the death of individual insect larva specimens was observed. In spite of the high biomass increase in the Lemna minor test, a gradual discolouration of fronds under the influence of backwash water was observed. Because of the presence of numerous compounds being disinfection by-products, as well as coagulant residues in backwash water deriving from swimming pool systems, it is necessary to seek further solutions that will allow them to be recycled, which will result in a reduction of water consumption and effluent discharges.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)1
M. Niemiec, B. Wiśniowska-Kielian, M. Komorowska, K. Zmuda, N. Kuzminowa
For many years there has been intensified human pressure in the region of Sevastopol, arising out of its strategic role as the main city in the region as well as a port where the Russian or Soviet Black Sea fleet was stationed. The industry in Sevastopol, municipal sewage as well as agriculture are important sources of pollutants that enter the Black Sea in the region of this city. In terms of shaping the environmental protection policy (not only in the research region but in the whole basin), it is important to conduct monitoring research connected with the pollution of the Black Sea in regions with different levels of human pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the content of zinc and lead in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna and the Sevastopol Bays) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were taken from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their zinc and lead contents were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. The lead content was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization, and the zinc content was determined using the ICP-OES method. The zinc content in water ranged from 36.43 to 233.3 g Zn dm, and the lead content was between 1.32 and 38.32 g Pb dm. Considerable differences in contents of the studied elements in water of individual bays were found. Variability of zinc and lead concentration in the studied water samples was 69 and 112%, respectively. The highest zinc contents were found in water from the Striletska, Kozacha, and Sevastopol Bays, and the highest lead contents from the Kozacha and Kruhla Bays. Their lowest concentration was found in the water collected in the open sea. Moreover, the lower zinc concentration was in water from Pivdenna and DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2016.23(1)1 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2016;23(1):7-19 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Poland, email: niemiecm@tlen.pl, rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl, komorowska.monika@interia.pl 2 Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Ukraine, email: kunast@rambler.ru * Corresponding author: rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl Pishchana Bays, and the lowest lead concentration was found in the Galubaja and Pishchana Bays. The zinc content in the algae ranged between 6.517 and 30.21 mg kg. The Cystoseira barbata algae contained over twice more zinc than the Ulva rigida. The lead content in the algae ranged between 0.567 and 7.692 mg Pb kg. Compared with the Ulva rigida, almost a half more lead was found in the Cystoseira barbata. No statistically signi
{"title":"Content of zinc and lead in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol","authors":"M. Niemiec, B. Wiśniowska-Kielian, M. Komorowska, K. Zmuda, N. Kuzminowa","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(1)1","url":null,"abstract":"For many years there has been intensified human pressure in the region of Sevastopol, arising out of its strategic role as the main city in the region as well as a port where the Russian or Soviet Black Sea fleet was stationed. The industry in Sevastopol, municipal sewage as well as agriculture are important sources of pollutants that enter the Black Sea in the region of this city. In terms of shaping the environmental protection policy (not only in the research region but in the whole basin), it is important to conduct monitoring research connected with the pollution of the Black Sea in regions with different levels of human pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the content of zinc and lead in water and in algae from selected Black Sea bays near Sevastopol. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2012 from eight bays of Sevastopol (Galubaja, Kozacha, Kamyshova, Kruhla, Striletska, Pishchana, Pivdenna and the Sevastopol Bays) as well as one sample from the open sea near Fiolent. Cystoseira barbata and Ulva rigida algae were taken from the same places. The collected water samples were conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory their zinc and lead contents were determined. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. The lead content was determined in mineralisates by AAS method with electrothermal atomization, and the zinc content was determined using the ICP-OES method. The zinc content in water ranged from 36.43 to 233.3 g Zn dm, and the lead content was between 1.32 and 38.32 g Pb dm. Considerable differences in contents of the studied elements in water of individual bays were found. Variability of zinc and lead concentration in the studied water samples was 69 and 112%, respectively. The highest zinc contents were found in water from the Striletska, Kozacha, and Sevastopol Bays, and the highest lead contents from the Kozacha and Kruhla Bays. Their lowest concentration was found in the water collected in the open sea. Moreover, the lower zinc concentration was in water from Pivdenna and DOI: 10.2428/ecea.2016.23(1)1 ECOL CHEM ENG A. 2016;23(1):7-19 1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture, al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31–120 Kraków, Poland, email: niemiecm@tlen.pl, rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl, komorowska.monika@interia.pl 2 Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Ukraine, email: kunast@rambler.ru * Corresponding author: rrkielia@cyf-kr.edu.pl Pishchana Bays, and the lowest lead concentration was found in the Galubaja and Pishchana Bays. The zinc content in the algae ranged between 6.517 and 30.21 mg kg. The Cystoseira barbata algae contained over twice more zinc than the Ulva rigida. The lead content in the algae ranged between 0.567 and 7.692 mg Pb kg. Compared with the Ulva rigida, almost a half more lead was found in the Cystoseira barbata. No statistically signi","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)25
K. Pietrucha-Urbanik, A. Studziński
{"title":"Surveys of consumer preferences of the operation and management of water supply","authors":"K. Pietrucha-Urbanik, A. Studziński","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)35
I. Zawieja
The efficiency of conversion of organic substances contained in the excess sludge to the dissolved form is considered as an important factor limiting the process of anaerobic stabilization. Direct effect, occurring in the disintegrated sludge, lysis process is to increase the value of the total organic carbon (TOC), correlates with the increase of the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The total organic carbon content is indicative of the supernatant liquid of total organic carbon in dissolved form (DOC) and suspended (SOC). Together with occurring, as a result of biochemical processes, increase the degree of decomposition of organic substances contained in the sludge decreases the value of the ratio of COD to TOC. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the process of excess sludge disintegration on the changes of the total organic carbon values. The process of chemical disintegration of excess sludge was treated using the selected acidic ie HCl, alkaline ie KOH and oxidizing reagents ie H2O2. The modification was carried out at ambient temperature for 6 and 24 h. During sludge disintegration it was noticed the increase of total organic carbon values, disintegration degree as well as the concentration of volatile fatty acids that confirmed the susceptibility of prepared sludge to biodegradation. The highest TOC value of 2150 mg C/dm obtained in case of chemical disintegration of potassium hydroxide at a dose of 12.0 g/dm and preparation time 24 h. For given conditions of preparing a concentration of VFAs was 523 mg CH3COOH/dm .
{"title":"The impact of excess sludge disintegration on the changes of total organic carbon value","authors":"I. Zawieja","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)35","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of conversion of organic substances contained in the excess sludge to the dissolved form is considered as an important factor limiting the process of anaerobic stabilization. Direct effect, occurring in the disintegrated sludge, lysis process is to increase the value of the total organic carbon (TOC), correlates with the increase of the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The total organic carbon content is indicative of the supernatant liquid of total organic carbon in dissolved form (DOC) and suspended (SOC). Together with occurring, as a result of biochemical processes, increase the degree of decomposition of organic substances contained in the sludge decreases the value of the ratio of COD to TOC. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the process of excess sludge disintegration on the changes of the total organic carbon values. The process of chemical disintegration of excess sludge was treated using the selected acidic ie HCl, alkaline ie KOH and oxidizing reagents ie H2O2. The modification was carried out at ambient temperature for 6 and 24 h. During sludge disintegration it was noticed the increase of total organic carbon values, disintegration degree as well as the concentration of volatile fatty acids that confirmed the susceptibility of prepared sludge to biodegradation. The highest TOC value of 2150 mg C/dm obtained in case of chemical disintegration of potassium hydroxide at a dose of 12.0 g/dm and preparation time 24 h. For given conditions of preparing a concentration of VFAs was 523 mg CH3COOH/dm .","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)10
A. Janicka, D. Michniewicz, M. Skrętowicz, Kamil Trzmiel, R. Wróbel, M. Zawiślak
Nowadays the motorization is one of the basic branch of industry. Dynamic development of the – transportation sector has very positive impact on the social and civilization benefits, but on the other side, it generates also a lot of problems, especially related to the people health and life. The road transport is one of the main air pollution source, particularly in the cities. Furthermore, the motorization development caused increased in residence time inside vehicles. In the cities the traffic intensity is significantly higher than in the rural areas. This is the reason why road congestions are created. Exhausts, including hazardous volatile organic compounds, can easily penetrate into the cabin in the road congestion situation and they are the serious danger to the drivers and passengers. In the new cars, additional sources of volatile organic compounds are elements of the cabin interior. In this paper the results of the research on volatile organic compounds concentration inside passenger car in simulated conditions were presented. Additionally, the main sources of volatile organic compounds inside the car cabin were identify and the evaluation of driver exposure was defined.
{"title":"Exposure of the Driver Staying Inside the Car Cabin to Volatile Organic Compounds","authors":"A. Janicka, D. Michniewicz, M. Skrętowicz, Kamil Trzmiel, R. Wróbel, M. Zawiślak","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)10","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the motorization is one of the basic branch of industry. Dynamic development of the – transportation sector has very positive impact on the social and civilization benefits, but on the other side, it generates also a lot of problems, especially related to the people health and life. The road transport is one of the main air pollution source, particularly in the cities. Furthermore, the motorization development caused increased in residence time inside vehicles. In the cities the traffic intensity is significantly higher than in the rural areas. This is the reason why road congestions are created. Exhausts, including hazardous volatile organic compounds, can easily penetrate into the cabin in the road congestion situation and they are the serious danger to the drivers and passengers. In the new cars, additional sources of volatile organic compounds are elements of the cabin interior. In this paper the results of the research on volatile organic compounds concentration inside passenger car in simulated conditions were presented. Additionally, the main sources of volatile organic compounds inside the car cabin were identify and the evaluation of driver exposure was defined.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)31
J. Kapusta-Duch, B. Kusznierewicz, T. Leszczyńska, B. Borczak
{"title":"Effect of conventional cooking on changes in the contents of basic composition and glucosinolates in kale","authors":"J. Kapusta-Duch, B. Kusznierewicz, T. Leszczyńska, B. Borczak","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(4)31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68906242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)14
G. Kamińska, M. Dudziak, J. Bohdziewicz, E. Kudlek
This study addressed the removal efficiency of five different compounds classified as biologically active compounds ie benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), anthracene (ANT), diclofenac (DCL), pentachlorophenol (PCP), octylphenol (OP) in nanofiltration. They were removed from deionized water solution (500 g/dm) and comparatively from synthetic and municipal effluent. It was found that the efficiency of the nanofiltration depends on significantly both on type of membrane and the environmental matrix and physic-chemical properties of the compounds contained in the treated feed. The highest retention was observed for benzo(a)pyrene removed from deionized water. In this case, the retention of BaP varied from 99.82% to 99.94%. For other compounds (excluding octylphenol) we observed an inverse trend, higher retention degrees were obtained when the synthetic or real effluent were filtered. This study documented a complex mechanism of separation of low molecular weight organic micropollutants in nanofiltration, which could be a result of intermolecular interactions, sieve effect and adsorption. In addition, in the last part we compare our experimental data with predicted retention coefficients, which were computed from models for predicting retention of micropollutants in nanofiltration.
{"title":"Effectivness of Removal of Selected Biologically Active Micropollutants in Nanofiltration","authors":"G. Kamińska, M. Dudziak, J. Bohdziewicz, E. Kudlek","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(2)14","url":null,"abstract":"This study addressed the removal efficiency of five different compounds classified as biologically active compounds ie benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), anthracene (ANT), diclofenac (DCL), pentachlorophenol (PCP), octylphenol (OP) in nanofiltration. They were removed from deionized water solution (500 g/dm) and comparatively from synthetic and municipal effluent. It was found that the efficiency of the nanofiltration depends on significantly both on type of membrane and the environmental matrix and physic-chemical properties of the compounds contained in the treated feed. The highest retention was observed for benzo(a)pyrene removed from deionized water. In this case, the retention of BaP varied from 99.82% to 99.94%. For other compounds (excluding octylphenol) we observed an inverse trend, higher retention degrees were obtained when the synthetic or real effluent were filtered. This study documented a complex mechanism of separation of low molecular weight organic micropollutants in nanofiltration, which could be a result of intermolecular interactions, sieve effect and adsorption. In addition, in the last part we compare our experimental data with predicted retention coefficients, which were computed from models for predicting retention of micropollutants in nanofiltration.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)22
A. Kwiecińska, T. Iluk, S. Stelmach
Gasification, regardless of the fuel type, is always accompanied with the generation of highly loaded wastewater. Those streams are formed during cooling and cleaning of process gas and comprise of tars, condensed water vapor and a range of organic and inorganic compounds. Nowadays, there are no treatment systems of those wastewater, especially dedicated to small and medium size gasification plants, operated with alternative fuels, ie biomass and wastes, what is the main limitation in the technology popularization and industrial commercialization. On the other hand, conventional methods proposed for the treatment characterize with the narrow spectrum of action dedicated, mainly to the removal of tar substances. In the presented paper the possibility of utilization of waste gasification wastewater by means of membrane processes is proposed. The technology was based on the two stage treatment system enabling the separation of tars by spontaneous sedimentation/floatation and low pressure drive aqueous phase filtration. Polymeric, ultrafiltration membranes of various cut off were investigated due to the contaminants removal effectiveness and capacity. It was shown, that the use of membrane processes assures the concentration of soluble organic contaminants to the rate enabling their recycle to the gasifier. The filtrate obtained during the process characterized with much decreased load of contaminants and after the proper polishing could be directly deposited to the environment.
{"title":"Membrane processes in the utilization of wastewater generated during waste gasification","authors":"A. Kwiecińska, T. Iluk, S. Stelmach","doi":"10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2428/ECEA.2016.23(3)22","url":null,"abstract":"Gasification, regardless of the fuel type, is always accompanied with the generation of highly loaded wastewater. Those streams are formed during cooling and cleaning of process gas and comprise of tars, condensed water vapor and a range of organic and inorganic compounds. Nowadays, there are no treatment systems of those wastewater, especially dedicated to small and medium size gasification plants, operated with alternative fuels, ie biomass and wastes, what is the main limitation in the technology popularization and industrial commercialization. On the other hand, conventional methods proposed for the treatment characterize with the narrow spectrum of action dedicated, mainly to the removal of tar substances. In the presented paper the possibility of utilization of waste gasification wastewater by means of membrane processes is proposed. The technology was based on the two stage treatment system enabling the separation of tars by spontaneous sedimentation/floatation and low pressure drive aqueous phase filtration. Polymeric, ultrafiltration membranes of various cut off were investigated due to the contaminants removal effectiveness and capacity. It was shown, that the use of membrane processes assures the concentration of soluble organic contaminants to the rate enabling their recycle to the gasifier. The filtrate obtained during the process characterized with much decreased load of contaminants and after the proper polishing could be directly deposited to the environment.","PeriodicalId":44472,"journal":{"name":"ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A-CHEMIA I INZYNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68905747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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