Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61529
Devon Knudsen Ochieng
This paper aims to review and add to the academic literature criticizing how foreign aid acts as an obstacle to African states in the development of a social contract between state and citizens. In the model contract, the government provides social services in exchange for tax revenue, the right to call upon citizens for national defense, and general adherence to basic rules. However, foreign aid enables the evolution of an entirely different social contract in contemporary African states which involves new actors and exchanges. This paper examines how this new social contract impacts taxes, military service and governance and hopes to prove that the aid-supported social contract has negative long-term effects on African states. Key words: Aid, poverty, social contract, governance
{"title":"Foreign Aid, NGO's and the social contract: Wanting to help, ignoring long-term effects","authors":"Devon Knudsen Ochieng","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61529","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to review and add to the academic literature criticizing how foreign aid acts as an obstacle to African states in the development of a social contract between state and citizens. In the model contract, the government provides social services in exchange for tax revenue, the right to call upon citizens for national defense, and general adherence to basic rules. However, foreign aid enables the evolution of an entirely different social contract in contemporary African states which involves new actors and exchanges. This paper examines how this new social contract impacts taxes, military service and governance and hopes to prove that the aid-supported social contract has negative long-term effects on African states. Key words: Aid, poverty, social contract, governance","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114548718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61522
S. Waitiki
The language question has received little attention in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Kenya, yet language has a very fundamental role to play if progress is to be made in responding to this pandemic. The language barrier can completely hinder progress especially in Doctor-patient communication whereby a patient suffering from HIV or AIDS, or indeed any other disease, cannot communicate directly to the doctor in the language he is most competent in. This problem is most prevalent in multilingual nations like Kenya, where knowledge of either the national or official language is the preserve of an educated minority. In linguistically heterogeneous areas, doctors or clinical officers normally require the services of a nurse or close family member for interpretation. This in itself denies the patient the confidentiality they require and may lead to miscommunication or misrepresentation of the ideal picture to either the doctor or the patient. It may also encourage the culture of silence since the patient may shy away from revealing certain personal details related to their condition in the presence of a third party. This has implications for the efficacy of the entire communication process and limits or prevents access to effective treatment for health issues. This paper looks at doctor-patient discourse in some selected health centres in Kenya with a main focus on some of the problems encountered by patients in communicating to doctors and how doctors deal with the language barrier problem in the treatment of HIV and AIDS. It aims at highlighting how linguistic barriers can slow down the efforts made in responding to this global pandemic and makes suggestions on how to manage doctor-patient discourses in a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual setting for efficient communication, especially in the prevention, care and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Key words : HIV, AIDS, language, patients
{"title":"Linguistic challenges in the fight again HIV and AIDS: an analysisi of Doctor-Patient discourse in Kenyan health centres","authors":"S. Waitiki","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61522","url":null,"abstract":"The language question has received little attention in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Kenya, yet language has a very fundamental role to play if progress is to be made in responding to this pandemic. The language barrier can completely hinder progress especially in Doctor-patient communication whereby a patient suffering from HIV or AIDS, or indeed any other disease, cannot communicate directly to the doctor in the language he is most competent in. This problem is most prevalent in multilingual nations like Kenya, where knowledge of either the national or official language is the preserve of an educated minority. In linguistically heterogeneous areas, doctors or clinical officers normally require the services of a nurse or close family member for interpretation. This in itself denies the patient the confidentiality they require and may lead to miscommunication or misrepresentation of the ideal picture to either the doctor or the patient. It may also encourage the culture of silence since the patient may shy away from revealing certain personal details related to their condition in the presence of a third party. This has implications for the efficacy of the entire communication process and limits or prevents access to effective treatment for health issues. This paper looks at doctor-patient discourse in some selected health centres in Kenya with a main focus on some of the problems encountered by patients in communicating to doctors and how doctors deal with the language barrier problem in the treatment of HIV and AIDS. It aims at highlighting how linguistic barriers can slow down the efforts made in responding to this global pandemic and makes suggestions on how to manage doctor-patient discourses in a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual setting for efficient communication, especially in the prevention, care and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Key words : HIV, AIDS, language, patients","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126673440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61528
M. Munene
The Sahrawi are a hybrid people found in parts of northwest Africa, mostly Western Sahara and they are victims of multiple colonialism. The decision by European powers to include parts of their land in various colonies subjected many Sahrawi to different French and Spanish colonial policies and experiences in Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania and Western Sahara. The Spaniards took control of Western Sahara and when they decided to leave, Morocco, with its irredentist dreams stepped in. Morocco became the new colonial power as it claimed Western Sahara territory as a province. It behaves in the same way as the French did when they claimed that Algeria was a province of France. Morocco exploited the prevailing international climate to advance its colonialistic proclivities at a time when territorial colonialism had become anathema internationally. That climate made the big powers, whether communistic or capitalistic, appear to support Morocco. This way their perceived interests seemed to dictate that they be in good books with Morocco and they thus condoned Morocco's annexationist designs. The fact that Morocco itself used to be colonized by the French and the Spaniards tends to hide the fact that it is a colonial power imposing itself on the Sahrawi. Key words: Western Sahara, colonialism, Morocco, Spain
{"title":"Multiple colonialism in Western Sahara","authors":"M. Munene","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61528","url":null,"abstract":"The Sahrawi are a hybrid people found in parts of northwest Africa, mostly Western Sahara and they are victims of multiple colonialism. The decision by European powers to include parts of their land in various colonies subjected many Sahrawi to different French and Spanish colonial policies and experiences in Morocco, Algeria, Mauretania and Western Sahara. The Spaniards took control of Western Sahara and when they decided to leave, Morocco, with its irredentist dreams stepped in. Morocco became the new colonial power as it claimed Western Sahara territory as a province. It behaves in the same way as the French did when they claimed that Algeria was a province of France. Morocco exploited the prevailing international climate to advance its colonialistic proclivities at a time when territorial colonialism had become anathema internationally. That climate made the big powers, whether communistic or capitalistic, appear to support Morocco. This way their perceived interests seemed to dictate that they be in good books with Morocco and they thus condoned Morocco's annexationist designs. The fact that Morocco itself used to be colonized by the French and the Spaniards tends to hide the fact that it is a colonial power imposing itself on the Sahrawi. Key words: Western Sahara, colonialism, Morocco, Spain","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122060254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61519
D. Minja
Leadership determines whether an organization, a nation or a group will achieve its goals and also satisfy the followers’ needs. This study focused on leadership practices in selected institutions in Nairobi-Kenya. The design of the study was exploratory and snowball sampling methodology was used. The results of this study revealed that majority of executives in Kenya practiced participative and a combination of transactional and transformational styles of leadership. Majority of the respondents indicated that most of the leaders practice effective leadership. The study respondents revealed that effective leaders are guided by a leadership philosophy. They also stated that valued-based leadership practice is at the core of effective leadership. Based on the results of these findings, the researcher proposed a value-based leadership model and several values that effective leaders ought to possess have been suggested. The conclusion made as a result of this study is that effective leadership is both task and people-oriented. A leader must always strive to strike a balance between these two.
{"title":"Leadership Practices: A case of selected corporate institutions in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"D. Minja","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61519","url":null,"abstract":"Leadership determines whether an organization, a nation or a group will achieve its goals and also satisfy the followers’ needs. This study focused on leadership practices in selected institutions in Nairobi-Kenya. The design of the study was exploratory and snowball sampling methodology was used. The results of this study revealed that majority of executives in Kenya practiced participative and a combination of transactional and transformational styles of leadership. Majority of the respondents indicated that most of the leaders practice effective leadership. The study respondents revealed that effective leaders are guided by a leadership philosophy. They also stated that valued-based leadership practice is at the core of effective leadership. Based on the results of these findings, the researcher proposed a value-based leadership model and several values that effective leaders ought to possess have been suggested. The conclusion made as a result of this study is that effective leadership is both task and people-oriented. A leader must always strive to strike a balance between these two.","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125915007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51991
J. Akinyi
There has been tremendous increase in Kiswahili usage in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This has been credited to the various projects that have been initiated in the computer and internet. In addition, Kiswahili is among the languages that have been accepted for use in ICT.This paper discusses Kiswahili usage in ICT in two New Partnerships for Africa's Development (NEPAD) sponsored schools in Kenya that use Microsoft software: Chavakali and Maranda Boy's secondary schools. This study is guided by a model developed from a combination of two theories: Use and Gratification theory and Symbolic Interaction theory. Data from the two schools are analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis.An attempt is also made to demonstrate that Kiswahili usage in ICT in school is influenced by the language used in teaching and learning in school. The data for this work came from 120 students selected through simple random sampling and 8 teachers of Kiswahili from the two schools selected through saturated sampling technique.From the analysis of the responses from the study it is evident that a small percentage of teachers and students use Kiswahili in ICT in school. However, the study was able to come up with various uses of Kiswahili in ICT such as accessing the internet, learning and communicating with friends through email.Keywords: ICT, NEPAD, Kiswahili, Kenya, Chavakali Boys Secondary school, Maranda Boys Secondary School.
{"title":"Kiswahili usage in ICT in NEPAD secondary schools in Kenya","authors":"J. Akinyi","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51991","url":null,"abstract":"There has been tremendous increase in Kiswahili usage in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This has been credited to the various projects that have been initiated in the computer and internet. In addition, Kiswahili is among the languages that have been accepted for use in ICT.This paper discusses Kiswahili usage in ICT in two New Partnerships for Africa's Development (NEPAD) sponsored schools in Kenya that use Microsoft software: Chavakali and Maranda Boy's secondary schools. This study is guided by a model developed from a combination of two theories: Use and Gratification theory and Symbolic Interaction theory. Data from the two schools are analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis.An attempt is also made to demonstrate that Kiswahili usage in ICT in school is influenced by the language used in teaching and learning in school. The data for this work came from 120 students selected through simple random sampling and 8 teachers of Kiswahili from the two schools selected through saturated sampling technique.From the analysis of the responses from the study it is evident that a small percentage of teachers and students use Kiswahili in ICT in school. However, the study was able to come up with various uses of Kiswahili in ICT such as accessing the internet, learning and communicating with friends through email.Keywords: ICT, NEPAD, Kiswahili, Kenya, Chavakali Boys Secondary school, Maranda Boys Secondary School.","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132741271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51993
Irene Ngunjiri
Africa has many bridges that dot the landscape with no roads to lead to them. This is because many projects are started but never get completed due to corruption. The bridge is completed but government often run out of funds to build the road. Corruption has become a common phenomenon in many developing and emerging economies. There are different views on the effects of corruption on entrepreneurship. What is clear is that entrepreneurship is paramount for economic growth. Entrepreneurship development is driven by a number of factors principally social, psychological and economic. All these factors are subject to corruption and consequently can deter entrepreneurship. This paper examines the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship in Kenya. The findings indicate that when formal institutions are inefficient corruption which subverts these institutions is beneficial in terms of economic development. Conversely, where formal institutions are relatively efficient, corruption is detrimental. Key words: corruption, business, entrepreneurship, Kenya, economy
{"title":"Corruption and Entrepreneurship in Kenya","authors":"Irene Ngunjiri","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51993","url":null,"abstract":"Africa has many bridges that dot the landscape with no roads to lead to them. This is because many projects are started but never get completed due to corruption. The bridge is completed but government often run out of funds to build the road. Corruption has become a common phenomenon in many developing and emerging economies. There are different views on the effects of corruption on entrepreneurship. What is clear is that entrepreneurship is paramount for economic growth. Entrepreneurship development is driven by a number of factors principally social, psychological and economic. All these factors are subject to corruption and consequently can deter entrepreneurship. This paper examines the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship in Kenya. The findings indicate that when formal institutions are inefficient corruption which subverts these institutions is beneficial in terms of economic development. Conversely, where formal institutions are relatively efficient, corruption is detrimental. Key words: corruption, business, entrepreneurship, Kenya, economy","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122951651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52003
Frederick K. Iraki
Culture encompasses, without being reducible to, values and norms that underpin a people's way of thinking and doing things. Development on the other hand can be analyzed as any progression toward a goal. If this is the case then we instantly appreciate the nexus between the two concepts. A community will have a certain perception of the world (culture) and how it would like to transform that world to its own good (development) through various initiatives and processes. Some scholars argue that development should be anchored in a people's culture. It cannot be brought to them from the outside because that would be someone else' idea of development (Boukary 2003). Others might argue that development can be introduced from outside to create awareness, then the culture of the people accommodates and domesticates it. In market studies terms, development should be a felt need by a community to develop a product in the case of the first theory or a product introduced into the market that people learn to appreciate in the latter scenario. We believe the two models are complementary. This paper discusses the concepts of culture and development with respect to the post-election violence in Kenya that left 1,200 people dead and another 400,000 displaced from their homes. We recast the violence within the wider context of the history, cultural diversity and economics of Kenya. How can an island of peace for 45 years plunge into senseless killings overnight that negate a sound development record of 7% GDP growth? Key words : culture, development, violence, ethnicity, values
{"title":"Culture & Development: Lessons learnt from the Post-Election Violence in Kenya","authors":"Frederick K. Iraki","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52003","url":null,"abstract":"Culture encompasses, without being reducible to, values and norms that underpin a people's way of thinking and doing things. Development on the other hand can be analyzed as any progression toward a goal. If this is the case then we instantly appreciate the nexus between the two concepts. A community will have a certain perception of the world (culture) and how it would like to transform that world to its own good (development) through various initiatives and processes. Some scholars argue that development should be anchored in a people's culture. It cannot be brought to them from the outside because that would be someone else' idea of development (Boukary 2003). Others might argue that development can be introduced from outside to create awareness, then the culture of the people accommodates and domesticates it. In market studies terms, development should be a felt need by a community to develop a product in the case of the first theory or a product introduced into the market that people learn to appreciate in the latter scenario. We believe the two models are complementary. This paper discusses the concepts of culture and development with respect to the post-election violence in Kenya that left 1,200 people dead and another 400,000 displaced from their homes. We recast the violence within the wider context of the history, cultural diversity and economics of Kenya. How can an island of peace for 45 years plunge into senseless killings overnight that negate a sound development record of 7% GDP growth? Key words : culture, development, violence, ethnicity, values","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115246962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51994
Zachary Mosoti, B. Masheka
In the rapidly changing environment and the high technology atmosphere of the 21 st century, organizations are becoming more innovative than ever before. Most organizations in the developed and the developing world are opting for change in management, looking for ways to improve their ability to create new ideas and to develop the best environment for creation of ideas. Knowledge management is now recognized as an organization's most valuable asset. Because knowledge is a complex asset, it must be managed in a different way unlike other resources. In this research, we examine how knowledge management practices are carried out and their contribution to the development in Kenya and Africa. Key words : Knowledge, management, technology, organizations, change
{"title":"Knowledge Management: The Case for Kenya","authors":"Zachary Mosoti, B. Masheka","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51994","url":null,"abstract":"In the rapidly changing environment and the high technology atmosphere of the 21 st century, organizations are becoming more innovative than ever before. Most organizations in the developed and the developing world are opting for change in management, looking for ways to improve their ability to create new ideas and to develop the best environment for creation of ideas. Knowledge management is now recognized as an organization's most valuable asset. Because knowledge is a complex asset, it must be managed in a different way unlike other resources. In this research, we examine how knowledge management practices are carried out and their contribution to the development in Kenya and Africa. Key words : Knowledge, management, technology, organizations, change","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116300870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51990
Assumptor Mkangi
To commence this essay, REBT theory will be introduced then discussed along the Ethical guidelines governing the Psychology profession. This essay will try to address whether or not the REBT theory proposed by Ellis (1955) can stand alone in therapeutic sessions or whether the theory has to be used in collaboration with ethics in order to provide clients with the best service. It is crucial to assess the extent to which the theory can stand alone and still provide the best service to its consumers so that if it proves not to be a dependable theory on its own, then implementations can be made in light of ethics for the purpose of strengthening the theory and making it more applicable in the therapeutic sessions. To start off a description of REBT theory and practice shall be illustrated. It should be noted that REBT is a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and that all the CBT approaches share similar themes, Corey (2009); Frank (2009). It should be noted that REBT was invented by Ellis (1955); after noting the lack of efficiency in psychoanalytic theory, Ellis (2002). This will then be followed by a comprehensive critical evaluation of REBT theory. Key words : rational, behaviour. Therapy, emotive, cognitive
{"title":"Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT): A critical review.","authors":"Assumptor Mkangi","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.51990","url":null,"abstract":"To commence this essay, REBT theory will be introduced then discussed along the Ethical guidelines governing the Psychology profession. This essay will try to address whether or not the REBT theory proposed by Ellis (1955) can stand alone in therapeutic sessions or whether the theory has to be used in collaboration with ethics in order to provide clients with the best service. It is crucial to assess the extent to which the theory can stand alone and still provide the best service to its consumers so that if it proves not to be a dependable theory on its own, then implementations can be made in light of ethics for the purpose of strengthening the theory and making it more applicable in the therapeutic sessions. To start off a description of REBT theory and practice shall be illustrated. It should be noted that REBT is a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and that all the CBT approaches share similar themes, Corey (2009); Frank (2009). It should be noted that REBT was invented by Ellis (1955); after noting the lack of efficiency in psychoanalytic theory, Ellis (2002). This will then be followed by a comprehensive critical evaluation of REBT theory. Key words : rational, behaviour. Therapy, emotive, cognitive","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115116277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-25DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52009
M. Muniafu, E. Otiato
Industrialization and globalization have increased the quantity and quality of goods that are produced and moved around the world mainly through trade. This has led to an increased generation of waste since due to availability; items are discarded with no real attachment or need for repair. Improved quality has seen the use of materials, which are either synthetic or not common in high concentrations in natures living life cycles and thus are potentially hazardous when released from consumer products into the environment. The question of what to do with human trash has been of concern to every society and over time, the concerned local authorities have set up waste collection and disposal systems. There are numerous reasons why we need to be concerned with waste. It is costly to dispose of, and the generation of large amounts of wastes impacts the environment. Domestic and industrial discharges of waste contaminate air, land and water with pollutants and toxics that can harm human and animal health and plant life. Waste technologies must therefore grow hand in hand with changing societal complexities to cope with the high volumes and new types of wastes produced. The question of cost also arises and becomes significant where national economies are weak or disorganized. The paper gives an overview of the solid waste technology status in the capital city of a slowly industrializing country in Africa, Kenya, and suggests a way forward in improving waste technology. Currently the city, Nairobi, lacks an effective waste management system leading to high possibilities of negative short and long-term impacts on human health and the environment in general. To overcome these, there are wide ranges of requirements and suggested solutions, which include creation and enforcement of waste management policies as well as procedures, incentives, community participation, education and awareness, proper waste collection procedures and disposal sites among others. Key words: Solid waste management, open dumpsite, policies, legislature
{"title":"Solid Waste Management in Nairobi, Kenya. A case for emerging economies.","authors":"M. Muniafu, E. Otiato","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I1.52009","url":null,"abstract":"Industrialization and globalization have increased the quantity and quality of goods that are produced and moved around the world mainly through trade. This has led to an increased generation of waste since due to availability; items are discarded with no real attachment or need for repair. Improved quality has seen the use of materials, which are either synthetic or not common in high concentrations in natures living life cycles and thus are potentially hazardous when released from consumer products into the environment. The question of what to do with human trash has been of concern to every society and over time, the concerned local authorities have set up waste collection and disposal systems. There are numerous reasons why we need to be concerned with waste. It is costly to dispose of, and the generation of large amounts of wastes impacts the environment. Domestic and industrial discharges of waste contaminate air, land and water with pollutants and toxics that can harm human and animal health and plant life. Waste technologies must therefore grow hand in hand with changing societal complexities to cope with the high volumes and new types of wastes produced. The question of cost also arises and becomes significant where national economies are weak or disorganized. The paper gives an overview of the solid waste technology status in the capital city of a slowly industrializing country in Africa, Kenya, and suggests a way forward in improving waste technology. Currently the city, Nairobi, lacks an effective waste management system leading to high possibilities of negative short and long-term impacts on human health and the environment in general. To overcome these, there are wide ranges of requirements and suggested solutions, which include creation and enforcement of waste management policies as well as procedures, incentives, community participation, education and awareness, proper waste collection procedures and disposal sites among others. Key words: Solid waste management, open dumpsite, policies, legislature","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133045649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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