Pub Date : 2008-06-05DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41752
D. Muthuuri-Gitonga
The language situation in Kenya is complex. The population is comprised of Africans (99.1%), Asians (0.4%), Europeans (0.2%), Arabs (0.2%), and others (0.1%) - (Kenya Statistical Abstract 1995:19). The forty odd indigenous languages spoken in Kenya are classified into three linguistic family groups: the Bantu, the Nilotes and the Cushitic groups (Abdulaziz, 1982). In addition to these there is the official language, English, which is also the medium of instruction at all levels of education, and Kiswahili which was declared the National language in 1974 (Abdulaziz 1982). The status of Kiswahili was further enhanced when it was made a compulsory examinable subject in primary schools, secondary schools and in teacher training institutes in 1985. Thus those who go through the Kenyan education system can speak at least two languages, namely, English, and Kiswahili which are compulsory subjects in the education system. In the majority of the cases, the speakers can also use one local language in addition to Kiswahili and English. This was the case with our respondents, thus the term multilingual speakers. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 34-37
肯尼亚的语言情况很复杂。人口由非洲人(99.1%)、亚洲人(0.4%)、欧洲人(0.2%)、阿拉伯人(0.2%)和其他民族(0.1%)组成(肯尼亚统计文摘1995:19)。肯尼亚的40多种土著语言被分为三个语系:班图语、尼罗特语和库希蒂语(Abdulaziz, 1982)。除此之外，还有官方语言英语，英语也是各级教育的教学媒介，斯瓦希里语于1974年被宣布为国家语言(Abdulaziz 1982)。1985年，斯瓦希里语成为小学、中学和教师培训机构的必考科目，其地位进一步提高。因此，那些通过肯尼亚教育系统的人至少能说两种语言，即英语和斯瓦希里语，这两种语言是教育系统的必修科目。在大多数情况下，除了斯瓦希里语和英语外，讲话者还可以使用一种当地语言。这就是我们的受访者的情况，也就是说多种语言的人。《非洲语言、技术与创业》Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 34-37
{"title":"Functions of code-switching in a multilingual classroom","authors":"D. Muthuuri-Gitonga","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41752","url":null,"abstract":"The language situation in Kenya is complex. The population is comprised of Africans\u0000(99.1%), Asians (0.4%), Europeans (0.2%), Arabs (0.2%), and others (0.1%) - (Kenya\u0000Statistical Abstract 1995:19). The forty odd indigenous languages spoken in Kenya\u0000are classified into three linguistic family groups: the Bantu, the Nilotes and the Cushitic\u0000groups (Abdulaziz, 1982). In addition to these there is the official language, English,\u0000which is also the medium of instruction at all levels of education, and Kiswahili which\u0000was declared the National language in 1974 (Abdulaziz 1982). The status of Kiswahili\u0000was further enhanced when it was made a compulsory examinable subject in primary\u0000schools, secondary schools and in teacher training institutes in 1985. Thus those who\u0000go through the Kenyan education system can speak at least two languages, namely,\u0000English, and Kiswahili which are compulsory subjects in the education system. In the\u0000majority of the cases, the speakers can also use one local language in addition to\u0000Kiswahili and English. This was the case with our respondents, thus the term\u0000multilingual speakers. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 34-37","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130585180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-05DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41756
Martin C. Njoroge, E. Nyamasyo
English and Kiswahili are the two key languages in Kenya. While Kiswahili is a national language, English is an official language and is actually the medium of instruction in Kenyan schools. The model of English used in Kenyan schools, even at the primary tier is claimed to be the British standard, particularly Received Pronunciation (RP) (Zuengler, 1982; Schmied, 1990, 1991; Kanyoro, 1991; Kioko and Muthwii 2001a, 2001b; 2002; 2004; Kembo-Sure, 2004). RP is the prestigious dialect that is spoken in the southern parts of Britain and it is used in the media and in the education system. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 55-66
{"title":"The Question of the Standard English Model in the Achievement of Universal Primary Education in Kenya","authors":"Martin C. Njoroge, E. Nyamasyo","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41756","url":null,"abstract":"English and Kiswahili are the two key languages in Kenya. While Kiswahili is a\u0000national language, English is an official language and is actually the medium of\u0000instruction in Kenyan schools. The model of English used in Kenyan schools, even at\u0000the primary tier is claimed to be the British standard, particularly Received\u0000Pronunciation (RP) (Zuengler, 1982; Schmied, 1990, 1991; Kanyoro, 1991; Kioko and\u0000Muthwii 2001a, 2001b; 2002; 2004; Kembo-Sure, 2004). RP is the prestigious dialect\u0000that is spoken in the southern parts of Britain and it is used in the media and in the\u0000education system. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 55-66","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125564297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-05DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41763
M. Muniafu, Fk Iraki, E. Otiato
Mwingi and Kyuso districts are located in the semi-arid zone V region of Kenya with annual rainfall of less than 400 mm. The biggest town of the districts is Mwingi town and it is located about 170km east of Kenya's capital city Nairobi. The two districts are agro-climatically placed into arid and semiarid zones (ASALs) and they take up 33.6 million hectares of the country's 44.6 million hectares of arable land with substantial areas, apart from the two districts, being in Machakos, Makueni, Kitui and Kajiado districts (Gachimbi et al., 2001). It is a region that has traditionally supported low populations of the Kamba people who were hunters that at the same time practiced an extremely low intensity form of agriculture and reared livestock (especially goats). Over several years, they developed sustainable and effective exploitation mechanisms of the existing biodiversity resources to satisfy their individual needs and those of their societies in general. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 126-133
Mwingi和Kyuso地区位于肯尼亚半干旱地区，年降雨量不到400毫米。该地区最大的城镇是Mwingi镇，它位于肯尼亚首都内罗毕以东约170公里处。这两个区在农业气候上属于干旱半干旱区(ASALs)，占全国4460万公顷耕地的3360万公顷，除这两个区外，大部分地区位于Machakos、Makueni、Kitui和(Gachimbi et al.， 2001)。这是一个传统上支持低人口的坎巴人的地区，他们是猎人，同时从事极低强度的农业和饲养牲畜(特别是山羊)。多年来，他们发展了可持续和有效的利用现有生物多样性资源的机制，以满足他们个人和社会的总体需求。《非洲语言、技术与创业》Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 126-133
{"title":"Exploiting indigenous knowledge in the environmental conservation and promotion of African plants: case study on Mwingi and Kyuso districts, Kenya","authors":"M. Muniafu, Fk Iraki, E. Otiato","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41763","url":null,"abstract":"Mwingi and Kyuso districts are located in the semi-arid zone V region of Kenya with\u0000annual rainfall of less than 400 mm. The biggest town of the districts is Mwingi town\u0000and it is located about 170km east of Kenya's capital city Nairobi. The two districts are\u0000agro-climatically placed into arid and semiarid zones (ASALs) and they take up 33.6\u0000million hectares of the country's 44.6 million hectares of arable land with substantial\u0000areas, apart from the two districts, being in Machakos, Makueni, Kitui and Kajiado\u0000districts (Gachimbi et al., 2001). It is a region that has traditionally supported low\u0000populations of the Kamba people who were hunters that at the same time practiced\u0000an extremely low intensity form of agriculture and reared livestock (especially goats).\u0000Over several years, they developed sustainable and effective exploitation mechanisms\u0000of the existing biodiversity resources to satisfy their individual needs and those of\u0000their societies in general. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 126-133","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128622015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-05DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41761
Mbithe Anzaya
Although modern technology has been used to improve business performance, it has also been realized that competent people are crucial in the implementation and utilization of innovative work systems. Traditionally, technology and information have been the sources of competitive advantage, but the scenario has changed significantly and technology and information alone cannot be relied on as the sole means of gaining a competitive advantage (Tung & Punnet, 1993). Although modern technology has been used to improve business performance, it has also been realized that competent people are crucial in the implementation and utilization of innovative work systems (Torraco & Swanson, 1995). Competitive advantage is affected by the globalization challenges such as bigger markets, information flow or exchange, and better products or services. However, businesses can face the challenges by having a better-skilled, well-informed and adaptive or flexible work force through the mechanism of training, thus, the need for the use of strategies to accomplish this. Business organizations are now viewing people as strategic resources (Salaman, 1992). Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 103-118
{"title":"Is There a Relationship between Business Strategies and Training Emphasis on Job Categories in Successful Companies in Kenya","authors":"Mbithe Anzaya","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V1I1.41761","url":null,"abstract":"Although modern technology has been used to improve business performance, it has\u0000also been realized that competent people are crucial in the implementation and\u0000utilization of innovative work systems. Traditionally, technology and information have\u0000been the sources of competitive advantage, but the scenario has changed significantly\u0000and technology and information alone cannot be relied on as the sole means of gaining\u0000a competitive advantage (Tung & Punnet, 1993). Although modern technology has\u0000been used to improve business performance, it has also been realized that competent\u0000people are crucial in the implementation and utilization of innovative work systems\u0000(Torraco & Swanson, 1995). Competitive advantage is affected by the globalization\u0000challenges such as bigger markets, information flow or exchange, and better products\u0000or services. However, businesses can face the challenges by having a better-skilled,\u0000well-informed and adaptive or flexible work force through the mechanism of training,\u0000thus, the need for the use of strategies to accomplish this. Business organizations are\u0000now viewing people as strategic resources (Salaman, 1992). Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (1) 2007 pp. 103-118","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122645543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V3I1.66591
B. W. Mwangi
For a long time in Kenya, the practices and principles of accounting have been viewed to be for use by corporate and other formally structured organizations. This paper seeks to investigate what accounting means to small and micro traders in Kenya, by reviewing the practices and principles they use in running their businesses. Indeed, little attention has been paid to accounting systems in small and micro enterprises in Kenya and the extent of their conformity to International Financial Reporting Standards. It also seeks to investigate the reasons why some small trade enterprises succeed while some close shop. An analysis of how small traders in Kenya keep business records, whether these records are in written form or are held in the memory of the trader, will inform the reasons behind the success of small trading in Kenya. It will also explain the extent to which accounting principles as outlined in the International Financial Reporting Standards are relevant to the small and micro enterprise. Informal interviews with small traders in Nairobi, Nakuru and Kisumu were used to gather qualitative data. Some of the factors to be considered in the interviews were age of the trader, level of education and gender among others. Key words: SME, accounting, informal.
{"title":"Accounting Systems in Small and Micro Enterprises in Kenya","authors":"B. W. Mwangi","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V3I1.66591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V3I1.66591","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time in Kenya, the practices and principles of accounting have been viewed to be for use by corporate and other formally structured organizations. This paper seeks to investigate what accounting means to small and micro traders in Kenya, by reviewing the practices and principles they use in running their businesses. Indeed, little attention has been paid to accounting systems in small and micro enterprises in Kenya and the extent of their conformity to International Financial Reporting Standards. It also seeks to investigate the reasons why some small trade enterprises succeed while some close shop. An analysis of how small traders in Kenya keep business records, whether these records are in written form or are held in the memory of the trader, will inform the reasons behind the success of small trading in Kenya. It will also explain the extent to which accounting principles as outlined in the International Financial Reporting Standards are relevant to the small and micro enterprise. Informal interviews with small traders in Nairobi, Nakuru and Kisumu were used to gather qualitative data. Some of the factors to be considered in the interviews were age of the trader, level of education and gender among others. Key words: SME, accounting, informal.","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127341117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng’, an evolving Kenyan language has been blamed for a myriad of things by parents and teachers in the local communities. Among these are: Loss of paternity and patrimony, these being the identity and connection to any particular roots among the youth, especially the urbanite youth. This Kiswahili-based pidgin-like language is blamed for having negatively impacted its speakers’ affinity to their past, the feeling of their continuity and their ethnic legacy as passed on from one generation to another. There is evidence too, that speakers of Sheng’, especially those of the second generation, meaning those whose parents also speak it, have developed monostylism thus reducing the number of stylistic variants in their linguistic repertoire. Sheng’ has also been blamed for its speaker’s poor learning and mastery of other languages. But, can it be wished away? In this paper, I will first discuss the distribution and spread of Sheng’ in Kenya, and secondly, I will show the effects of Sheng’ on its speakers’ phenomenology, patrimony and paternity. I will conclude by suggesting ways in which language spread can be a useful element to society and by showing how Sheng’ can co-exist with tens of other languages spoken in Kenya, without negatively impacting on its speakers. Key words : sheng, phenomenology, patrimony, Kiswahili, Kenya
{"title":"Effects of Language Spread on a People’ Phenomenology: The Case of Sheng’ in Kenya","authors":"J. Mutiga","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V4I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V4I1","url":null,"abstract":"Sheng’, an evolving Kenyan language has been blamed for a myriad of things by parents and teachers in the local communities. Among these are: Loss of paternity and patrimony, these being the identity and connection to any particular roots among the youth, especially the urbanite youth. This Kiswahili-based pidgin-like language is blamed for having negatively impacted its speakers’ affinity to their past, the feeling of their continuity and their ethnic legacy as passed on from one generation to another. There is evidence too, that speakers of Sheng’, especially those of the second generation, meaning those whose parents also speak it, have developed monostylism thus reducing the number of stylistic variants in their linguistic repertoire. Sheng’ has also been blamed for its speaker’s poor learning and mastery of other languages. But, can it be wished away? In this paper, I will first discuss the distribution and spread of Sheng’ in Kenya, and secondly, I will show the effects of Sheng’ on its speakers’ phenomenology, patrimony and paternity. I will conclude by suggesting ways in which language spread can be a useful element to society and by showing how Sheng’ can co-exist with tens of other languages spoken in Kenya, without negatively impacting on its speakers. Key words : sheng, phenomenology, patrimony, Kiswahili, Kenya","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125902747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V1I2.41787
F. K. Iraki
The disproportionate use of English, during and after colonisation, has had some consequences on the development of Kenyan indigenous languages. Indeed, the English language has a lion's share in the school curriculum to the detriment of other languages. As a result, the scenario of the 1920s, where English was the idiom for the privileged minority, seems to persist today. Kenya has 42 ethnic communities with Kiswahili emerging as the most widelyaccepted language for national unity. However, the political elites continue to favour the development of English without due attention to Kiswahili and the indigenous languages. The Sheng language, spoken and popularized by the youth deserves special mention. It is argued it here that it has its place in the linguistic lay-out of Kenya. The paper reviews the languages of Kenya and underscores their relevance in the political economy of pre- and post-independence period in Kenya. It further seeks to lay bare the rationale behind the inordinate usage of English in Kenya by bringing in a historical perspective. Finally, the paper proposes a framework for the co-existence of local and foreign languages in Kenya as a prelude to the development of a language policy in Kenya. Keywords : language, politics, resources, identity, hegemony, culture ethnicity, co-existence Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 229-243
在殖民时期和殖民之后，英语的过度使用对肯尼亚本土语言的发展产生了一些影响。事实上，英语在学校课程中占有很大的份额，这对其他语言是不利的。因此，20世纪20年代的情景——英语是少数特权阶层的惯用语言——似乎在今天依然存在。肯尼亚有42个民族社区，斯瓦希里语是最被广泛接受的民族团结语言。然而，政治精英们继续支持英语的发展，而没有对斯瓦希里语和土著语言给予应有的重视。青年所使用和普及的盛语值得特别提及。这里有人认为它在肯尼亚的语言布局中占有一席之地。本文回顾了肯尼亚的语言，并强调了它们在肯尼亚独立前后的政治经济时期的相关性。它进一步试图通过引入历史视角来揭示肯尼亚英语过度使用背后的原因。最后，本文提出了一个肯尼亚本地语言和外语共存的框架，作为肯尼亚语言政策发展的前奏。关键词:语言、政治、资源、认同、霸权、文化族群、共存《非洲语言与科技创业》Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 229-243
{"title":"Language and political economy: A historical perspective on Kenya","authors":"F. K. Iraki","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V1I2.41787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V1I2.41787","url":null,"abstract":"The disproportionate use of English, during and after colonisation, has had some\u0000consequences on the development of Kenyan indigenous languages. Indeed, the\u0000English language has a lion's share in the school curriculum to the detriment of\u0000other languages. As a result, the scenario of the 1920s, where English was the idiom\u0000for the privileged minority, seems to persist today.\u0000Kenya has 42 ethnic communities with Kiswahili emerging as the most widelyaccepted\u0000language for national unity. However, the political elites continue to favour\u0000the development of English without due attention to Kiswahili and the indigenous\u0000languages.\u0000The Sheng language, spoken and popularized by the youth deserves special mention.\u0000It is argued it here that it has its place in the linguistic lay-out of Kenya.\u0000The paper reviews the languages of Kenya and underscores their relevance in the\u0000political economy of pre- and post-independence period in Kenya. It further seeks\u0000to lay bare the rationale behind the inordinate usage of English in Kenya by bringing\u0000in a historical perspective.\u0000Finally, the paper proposes a framework for the co-existence of local and foreign\u0000languages in Kenya as a prelude to the development of a language policy in Kenya. Keywords : language, politics, resources, identity, hegemony, culture ethnicity, co-existence Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa Vol. 1 (2) 2009: pp. 229-243","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126663018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61525
J. Opiyo
Insecurity is a major problem amongst the nomadic communities in North western Kenya. The communities include the Pokots, Turkana, Marakwet, Toposa and Karamoja. Using the Pokot Community as a case study of nomadic life style, this paper examines the environmental constraints, cattle rustling and small arms as triggers of Pokot community movements into their frontiers; -zones of contact of states or communities. In search of water and pasture, the Pokot traverse their frontiers and interact socially, economically and environmentally with their neighbours. The movements expose their cattle and property to banditry and cattle rustling. The Pokots thus acquire small arms to protect their livestock and property even though the acquisition of and stocking of arms is the responsibility of the government. So the acquirement of small arms by the Pokot creates a fragile insecurity situation characterised by cattle rustling and banditry. As Kenyan citizens, the Pokots have a social contract with the state to provide security but this is not the case because of the transitional nature, as nomads. Insecurity to the nomadic communities manifests in terms of environmental, natural resource based and identity based conflicts. It is concluded that addressing insecurity in this region has to lessen banditry, cattle rustling, social underdevelopment and negative ethnicity. The steps towards solving state fragility and insecurity ought to take cognizance of the interactions between frontier citizens, environmental constraints, traditions, politics and acquisition of small arms. Key words: security, frontier, cattle rustling, democracy
{"title":"FRONTIER CITIZENSHIP AND STATE FRAGILITY IN KENYA","authors":"J. Opiyo","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V2I2.61525","url":null,"abstract":"Insecurity is a major problem amongst the nomadic communities in North western Kenya. The communities include the Pokots, Turkana, Marakwet, Toposa and Karamoja. Using the Pokot Community as a case study of nomadic life style, this paper examines the environmental constraints, cattle rustling and small arms as triggers of Pokot community movements into their frontiers; -zones of contact of states or communities. In search of water and pasture, the Pokot traverse their frontiers and interact socially, economically and environmentally with their neighbours. The movements expose their cattle and property to banditry and cattle rustling. The Pokots thus acquire small arms to protect their livestock and property even though the acquisition of and stocking of arms is the responsibility of the government. So the acquirement of small arms by the Pokot creates a fragile insecurity situation characterised by cattle rustling and banditry. As Kenyan citizens, the Pokots have a social contract with the state to provide security but this is not the case because of the transitional nature, as nomads. Insecurity to the nomadic communities manifests in terms of environmental, natural resource based and identity based conflicts. It is concluded that addressing insecurity in this region has to lessen banditry, cattle rustling, social underdevelopment and negative ethnicity. The steps towards solving state fragility and insecurity ought to take cognizance of the interactions between frontier citizens, environmental constraints, traditions, politics and acquisition of small arms. Key words: security, frontier, cattle rustling, democracy","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131245266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4314/JOLTE.V3I1.66718
C. Nyambura
This article has identified the factors influencing achievement of sustainable peace in former Italian Somaliland (currently known as Somalia) since 1960. The study was conducted with the objective of establishing the internal and external factors influencing sustainable peace in Somalia. The factors studied are clanism, religion, politics, economy, piracy, and peace agreements, United Nations, United States, Italy, African Union, Al-Qaeda and the Arab League. It also explored possible solutions that could be implemented to achieve sustainable peace in Somalia. The study found that the internal factors of clanism and religion can be positively influenced to bring back peace in Somalia while piracy, politics and the economy were seen to be hindering efforts for sustainable peace. On the external factors the study confirmed that the United Nations has not given enough assistance to Somalis to enable them end the continuous conflict and bring sustainable peace. The study also explored solutions that could lead to sustainable peace; some of the suggested solutions include disarming the outlawed groups and the civilians, unified international support on peace initiatives and strengthening local institutions that could be used as vehicles to peace. In the efforts to achieve sustainable peace the report of this study has recommended that Somalia army should be strengthened to be able to protect its people instead of having foreign armies such as Ethiopian troops and AMISOM. The locals should own the peace processes and the agreements should be made in Somalia instead of holding them in other countries. Key words: Somalia, Conflict, causes, politics, peace.
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Dans cet article, il s'agit de savoir pourquoi les apprenants kenyans de l’ecole secondaire abandonnent l’etude du francais a la fin de la deuxieme annee. L’objectif de l’article est de mettre en relief les causes de l’abandon du francais. La langue en question, a savoir le francais, se trouve dans cette societe kenyane est enseignee a partir de l’ecole secondaire jusqu'au niveau superieur. A l’issue de cette recherche, nous devrions pouvoir mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’apprenant de langue etrangere et les contextes micro, meso et macro (la classe, l’ecole, la famille et la societe) et leur role dans le processus qui mene a l’abandon de l’etude d’une langue etrangere. Mots-cle : Abandon, Form Deux, francais, Kenya.
{"title":"LES CAUSES DE L’ABANDON DE L’ETUDE DU FRANÇAIS EN FORM DEUX AU KENYA","authors":"Bernard Nzuki Kyuma","doi":"10.4314/JOLTE.V5I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOLTE.V5I1","url":null,"abstract":"Dans cet article, il s'agit de savoir pourquoi les apprenants kenyans de l’ecole secondaire abandonnent l’etude du francais a la fin de la deuxieme annee. L’objectif de l’article est de mettre en relief les causes de l’abandon du francais. La langue en question, a savoir le francais, se trouve dans cette societe kenyane est enseignee a partir de l’ecole secondaire jusqu'au niveau superieur. A l’issue de cette recherche, nous devrions pouvoir mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’apprenant de langue etrangere et les contextes micro, meso et macro (la classe, l’ecole, la famille et la societe) et leur role dans le processus qui mene a l’abandon de l’etude d’une langue etrangere. Mots-cle : Abandon, Form Deux, francais, Kenya.","PeriodicalId":447944,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114829646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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