Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-021-00004-w
K. Hatzell, Yanjie Zheng
Widespread deployment of solid state batteries requires facile, high-throughput coating processes. Solid state batteries that utilize energy dense anodes may have similar manufacturing costs as traditional lithium ion batteries. Widespread deployment of renewable energy and electrification of transportation are necessary to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. All solid-state batteries that employ a solid electrolyte, instead of a liquid electrolyte, are well suited for energy dense anodes (e.g., Li metal, Si, etc.) and may be capable of extending the current driving range of an electric vehicles by nearly 2 ×documentclass[12pt]{minimal} usepackage{amsmath} usepackage{wasysym} usepackage{amsfonts} usepackage{amssymb} usepackage{amsbsy} usepackage{mathrsfs} usepackage{upgreek} setlength{oddsidemargin}{-69pt} begin{document}$$times$$end{document}. However, to achieve giga-scale capacities relevant to the EV market large-scale manufacturing approaches are necessary. Solid-state batteries are likely to adopt coating techniques and processing approaches similar to solid oxide fuel cells and conventional battery systems. While control over microstructure, interfaces, and thickness are paramount for achieving long lifetimes, processing speed governs cost and scalability. This perspective highlights the state-of-the-art for solid-state battery manufacturing approaches and highlights the importance of utilizing conventional battery manufacturing approaches for achieving price parity in the near term. Decreasing material costs and improving cell architecture (biploar) may further decrease manufacturing costs.
Widespread deployment of solid state batteries requires facile, high-throughput coating processes. Solid state batteries that utilize energy dense anodes may have similar manufacturing costs as traditional lithium ion batteries. Widespread deployment of renewable energy and electrification of transportation are necessary to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. All solid-state batteries that employ a solid electrolyte, instead of a liquid electrolyte, are well suited for energy dense anodes (e.g., Li metal, Si, etc.) and may be capable of extending the current driving range of an electric vehicles by nearly 2 ×documentclass[12pt]{minimal} usepackage{amsmath} usepackage{wasysym} usepackage{amsfonts} usepackage{amssymb} usepackage{amsbsy} usepackage{mathrsfs} usepackage{upgreek} setlength{oddsidemargin}{-69pt} begin{document}$$times$$end{document}. However, to achieve giga-scale capacities relevant to the EV market large-scale manufacturing approaches are necessary. Solid-state batteries are likely to adopt coating techniques and processing approaches similar to solid oxide fuel cells and conventional battery systems. While control over microstructure, interfaces, and thickness are paramount for achieving long lifetimes, processing speed governs cost and scalability. This perspective highlights the state-of-the-art for solid-state battery manufacturing approaches and highlights the importance of utilizing conventional battery manufacturing approaches for achieving price parity in the near term. Decreasing material costs and improving cell architecture (biploar) may further decrease manufacturing costs.
{"title":"Prospects on large-scale manufacturing of solid state batteries","authors":"K. Hatzell, Yanjie Zheng","doi":"10.1557/s43581-021-00004-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-021-00004-w","url":null,"abstract":"Widespread deployment of solid state batteries requires facile, high-throughput coating processes. Solid state batteries that utilize energy dense anodes may have similar manufacturing costs as traditional lithium ion batteries. Widespread deployment of renewable energy and electrification of transportation are necessary to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. All solid-state batteries that employ a solid electrolyte, instead of a liquid electrolyte, are well suited for energy dense anodes (e.g., Li metal, Si, etc.) and may be capable of extending the current driving range of an electric vehicles by nearly 2 ×documentclass[12pt]{minimal} usepackage{amsmath} usepackage{wasysym} usepackage{amsfonts} usepackage{amssymb} usepackage{amsbsy} usepackage{mathrsfs} usepackage{upgreek} setlength{oddsidemargin}{-69pt} begin{document}$$times$$end{document}. However, to achieve giga-scale capacities relevant to the EV market large-scale manufacturing approaches are necessary. Solid-state batteries are likely to adopt coating techniques and processing approaches similar to solid oxide fuel cells and conventional battery systems. While control over microstructure, interfaces, and thickness are paramount for achieving long lifetimes, processing speed governs cost and scalability. This perspective highlights the state-of-the-art for solid-state battery manufacturing approaches and highlights the importance of utilizing conventional battery manufacturing approaches for achieving price parity in the near term. Decreasing material costs and improving cell architecture (biploar) may further decrease manufacturing costs.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46140424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-020-00002-4
P. Lloveras, J. Tamarit
Highlights Barocaloric methods offer the widest range among solid-state caloric materials where to pick and choose. However, ideal barocaloric materials do not exist and a trade-off is required; Materials with high refrigerant capacity suffer from poor thermal conductivity and low density, and conversely. Abstract Solid-state caloric effects promise since decades a disruptive cooling technology that should be more efficient and cleaner than current vapor compression. However, despite relevant achievements have been made, it is still difficult to foresee the time left for the development and wide implementation of competitive devices. Recent progress in the response of materials under hydrostatic pressure offers hope for overcoming some of the shortcomings posed by other solid-state methods and augurs a good outlook for barocaloric cooling, but there are still many struggles ahead to address in order to demonstrate its viability as a commercial cooling technique. Here we briefly review the milestones achieved in terms of barocaloric materials and discuss the pending challenges and expectations for the oncoming years. Graphic abstract
{"title":"Advances and obstacles in pressure-driven solid-state cooling: A review of barocaloric materials","authors":"P. Lloveras, J. Tamarit","doi":"10.1557/s43581-020-00002-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-020-00002-4","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Barocaloric methods offer the widest range among solid-state caloric materials where to pick and choose. However, ideal barocaloric materials do not exist and a trade-off is required; Materials with high refrigerant capacity suffer from poor thermal conductivity and low density, and conversely. Abstract Solid-state caloric effects promise since decades a disruptive cooling technology that should be more efficient and cleaner than current vapor compression. However, despite relevant achievements have been made, it is still difficult to foresee the time left for the development and wide implementation of competitive devices. Recent progress in the response of materials under hydrostatic pressure offers hope for overcoming some of the shortcomings posed by other solid-state methods and augurs a good outlook for barocaloric cooling, but there are still many struggles ahead to address in order to demonstrate its viability as a commercial cooling technique. Here we briefly review the milestones achieved in terms of barocaloric materials and discuss the pending challenges and expectations for the oncoming years. Graphic abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41558245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review focuses on state-of-the-art research and development in the areas of flexible and stretchable inorganic solar cells, explains the principles behind the main technologies, highlights their key applications, and discusses future challenges. Flexible and stretchable solar cells have gained a growing attention in the last decade due to their ever-expanding range of applications from foldable electronics and robotics to wearables, transportation, and buildings. In this review, we discuss the different absorber and substrate materials in addition to the techniques that have been developed to achieve conformal and elastic inorganic solar cells which show improved efficiencies and enhanced reliabilities compared with their organic counterparts. The reviewed absorber materials range from thin films, including a-Si, copper indium gallium selenide, cadmium telluride, SiGe/III–V, and inorganic perovskite to low-dimensional and bulk materials. The development techniques are generally based on either the transfer-printing of thin cells onto various flexible substrates (e.g., metal foils, polymers, and thin glass) with or without shape engineering, the direct deposition of thin films on flexible substrates, or the etch-based corrugation technique applied on originally rigid cells. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches are analyzed in terms of achieved efficiency, thermal and mechanical reliability, flexibility/stretchability, and economical sustainability.
{"title":"Flexible and stretchable inorganic solar cells: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Nazek El‐atab, M. Hussain","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.22","url":null,"abstract":"This review focuses on state-of-the-art research and development in the areas of flexible and stretchable inorganic solar cells, explains the principles behind the main technologies, highlights their key applications, and discusses future challenges. Flexible and stretchable solar cells have gained a growing attention in the last decade due to their ever-expanding range of applications from foldable electronics and robotics to wearables, transportation, and buildings. In this review, we discuss the different absorber and substrate materials in addition to the techniques that have been developed to achieve conformal and elastic inorganic solar cells which show improved efficiencies and enhanced reliabilities compared with their organic counterparts. The reviewed absorber materials range from thin films, including a-Si, copper indium gallium selenide, cadmium telluride, SiGe/III–V, and inorganic perovskite to low-dimensional and bulk materials. The development techniques are generally based on either the transfer-printing of thin cells onto various flexible substrates (e.g., metal foils, polymers, and thin glass) with or without shape engineering, the direct deposition of thin films on flexible substrates, or the etch-based corrugation technique applied on originally rigid cells. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches are analyzed in terms of achieved efficiency, thermal and mechanical reliability, flexibility/stretchability, and economical sustainability.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45524080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Seidler, J. Strugatchi, Tobias Gärtner, S. Waldvogel
The electrification of organic syntheses is a vividly growing research field and has attracted tremendous attention by the chemical industry. This review highlights aspects of electrosynthesis that are rarely addressed in other articles on the topic: the energy consumption and energy efficiency of technically relevant electro-organic syntheses. Four examples on different scales are outlined. Electro-organic synthesis has experienced a renaissance within the past years. This review addresses the energy efficiency or energy demand of electrochemically driven transformations as it is a key parameter taken into account by, for example, decision makers in industry. The influential factors are illustrated that determine the energy efficiency and discussed what it takes for an electrochemical process to be classified as “energy efficient.” Typical advantages of electrosynthetic approaches are summarized and characteristic aspects regarding the efficiency of electro-organic processes, such as electric energy consumption, are defined. Technically well-implemented examples are described to illustrate the possible benefits of electrochemical approaches. Further, promising research examples are highlighted and show that the conversion of fine chemicals is rather attractive than the electrochemical generation of synthetic fuels.
{"title":"Does electrifying organic synthesis pay off? The energy efficiency of electro-organic conversions","authors":"Johannes Seidler, J. Strugatchi, Tobias Gärtner, S. Waldvogel","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.42","url":null,"abstract":"The electrification of organic syntheses is a vividly growing research field and has attracted tremendous attention by the chemical industry. This review highlights aspects of electrosynthesis that are rarely addressed in other articles on the topic: the energy consumption and energy efficiency of technically relevant electro-organic syntheses. Four examples on different scales are outlined. Electro-organic synthesis has experienced a renaissance within the past years. This review addresses the energy efficiency or energy demand of electrochemically driven transformations as it is a key parameter taken into account by, for example, decision makers in industry. The influential factors are illustrated that determine the energy efficiency and discussed what it takes for an electrochemical process to be classified as “energy efficient.” Typical advantages of electrosynthetic approaches are summarized and characteristic aspects regarding the efficiency of electro-organic processes, such as electric energy consumption, are defined. Technically well-implemented examples are described to illustrate the possible benefits of electrochemical approaches. Further, promising research examples are highlighted and show that the conversion of fine chemicals is rather attractive than the electrochemical generation of synthetic fuels.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45843199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kali Frost, Hongyue Jin, William Olson, M. Schaffer, Gary Spencer, C. Handwerker
A case study of hard disk drives (HDDs) and rare-earth magnets is presented to show the use of decision support tools to identify and assess the barriers and opportunities for circular business models. Pilot demonstration projects, which showcased HDD circular recovery strategies, were useful as a low-risk opportunity for business model experimentation and to build trust among key supply chain actors. A case study of hard disk drives and rare-earth magnets is presented to show the use of decision support tools (DSTs) to assess the complex interaction of variables that must be considered when demonstrating the viability of circular business models (CBMs). A mix of quantitative and qualitative DSTs such as life cycle assessment, techno-economic assessment, Ostrom's Framework for social-ecological systems, decision trees, and others were implemented by the iNEMI Value Recovery Project team to overcome many of the identified barriers to circular economy. The DSTs were used to guide stakeholder coordination, create and share environmental, logistical and financial data, and generate decision-making flowcharts which promote circular economic strategies. Demonstration projects were used as a low-risk opportunity for business model experimentation and to build trust among key supply chain actors. The tools highlighted by this case study could be useful for establishing or expanding CBMs for other electronic products or components, especially components containing critical materials.
{"title":"The use of decision support tools to accelerate the development of circular economic business models for hard disk drives and rare-earth magnets","authors":"Kali Frost, Hongyue Jin, William Olson, M. Schaffer, Gary Spencer, C. Handwerker","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.21","url":null,"abstract":"A case study of hard disk drives (HDDs) and rare-earth magnets is presented to show the use of decision support tools to identify and assess the barriers and opportunities for circular business models. Pilot demonstration projects, which showcased HDD circular recovery strategies, were useful as a low-risk opportunity for business model experimentation and to build trust among key supply chain actors. A case study of hard disk drives and rare-earth magnets is presented to show the use of decision support tools (DSTs) to assess the complex interaction of variables that must be considered when demonstrating the viability of circular business models (CBMs). A mix of quantitative and qualitative DSTs such as life cycle assessment, techno-economic assessment, Ostrom's Framework for social-ecological systems, decision trees, and others were implemented by the iNEMI Value Recovery Project team to overcome many of the identified barriers to circular economy. The DSTs were used to guide stakeholder coordination, create and share environmental, logistical and financial data, and generate decision-making flowcharts which promote circular economic strategies. Demonstration projects were used as a low-risk opportunity for business model experimentation and to build trust among key supply chain actors. The tools highlighted by this case study could be useful for establishing or expanding CBMs for other electronic products or components, especially components containing critical materials.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46555360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen is a versatile energy storage medium with significant potential for integration into the modernized grid. Advanced materials for hydrogen energy storage technologies including adsorbents, metal hydrides, and chemical carriers play a key role in bringing hydrogen to its full potential. The U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office leads a portfolio of hydrogen and fuel cell research, development, and demonstration activities, including hydrogen energy storage to enable resiliency and optimal use of diverse domestic energy resources. Today, the technology around generating and storing efficient and sustainable energy is rapidly evolving and hydrogen technologies offer versatile options. This perspective provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office's R&D activities in hydrogen storage technologies within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, with a focus on their relevance and adaptation to the evolving energy storage needs of a modernized grid, as well as discussion of identified R&D needs and challenges. The role of advanced materials research programs focused on addressing energy storage challenges is framed in the context of DOE's H2@Scale initiative, which will enable innovations to generate cost-competitive hydrogen as an energy carrier, coupling renewables, as well as nuclear, fossil fuels, and the grid, to enhance the economics of both baseload power plants and intermittent solar and wind, to enhance resiliency and avoid curtailment. Continued growth and engagement of domestic and international policy stakeholders, industry partnerships, and economic coalitions supports a positive future outlook for hydrogen in the global energy system.
{"title":"Hydrogen technologies for energy storage: A perspective","authors":"N. Stetson, Marika Wieliczko","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.43","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen is a versatile energy storage medium with significant potential for integration into the modernized grid. Advanced materials for hydrogen energy storage technologies including adsorbents, metal hydrides, and chemical carriers play a key role in bringing hydrogen to its full potential. The U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office leads a portfolio of hydrogen and fuel cell research, development, and demonstration activities, including hydrogen energy storage to enable resiliency and optimal use of diverse domestic energy resources. Today, the technology around generating and storing efficient and sustainable energy is rapidly evolving and hydrogen technologies offer versatile options. This perspective provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office's R&D activities in hydrogen storage technologies within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, with a focus on their relevance and adaptation to the evolving energy storage needs of a modernized grid, as well as discussion of identified R&D needs and challenges. The role of advanced materials research programs focused on addressing energy storage challenges is framed in the context of DOE's H2@Scale initiative, which will enable innovations to generate cost-competitive hydrogen as an energy carrier, coupling renewables, as well as nuclear, fossil fuels, and the grid, to enhance the economics of both baseload power plants and intermittent solar and wind, to enhance resiliency and avoid curtailment. Continued growth and engagement of domestic and international policy stakeholders, industry partnerships, and economic coalitions supports a positive future outlook for hydrogen in the global energy system.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43618564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Role of MOFs in CO_2 chemical conversion; Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO_2 reduction; Role of linkers and metals in CO_2 chemical conversion; and MOF composites and films in CO_2 conversion. In this review, we analyze the emerging field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts for chemical conversion of CO_2, with examples ranging from heterogeneous CO_2 organic transformation to heterogeneous CO_2 hydrogenation, from photocatalytic to electrocatalytic CO_2 reduction. We also discuss the role of MOF composites and films in CO_2 transformation. Our goal is to have an instrument useful to identify the best MOFs for CO_2 conversion.
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks for chemical conversion of carbon dioxide","authors":"C. Pettinari, Alessia Tombesi","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.35","url":null,"abstract":"Role of MOFs in CO_2 chemical conversion; Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO_2 reduction; Role of linkers and metals in CO_2 chemical conversion; and MOF composites and films in CO_2 conversion. In this review, we analyze the emerging field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as catalysts for chemical conversion of CO_2, with examples ranging from heterogeneous CO_2 organic transformation to heterogeneous CO_2 hydrogenation, from photocatalytic to electrocatalytic CO_2 reduction. We also discuss the role of MOF composites and films in CO_2 transformation. Our goal is to have an instrument useful to identify the best MOFs for CO_2 conversion.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.35","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46360311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A perspective on the current state of battery recycling and future improved designs to promote sustainable, safe, and economically viable battery recycling strategies for sustainable energy storage. Recent years have seen the rapid growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) production to serve emerging markets in electric vehicles and grid storage. As large volumes of these batteries reach their end of life, the need for sustainable battery recycling and recovery of critical materials is a matter of utmost importance. Global reserves for critical LIB elements such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel will soon be outstripped by growing cumulative demands. Despite advances in conventional recycling strategies such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, they still face limitations in high energy consumption, high greenhouse gas emissions, as well as limited profitability. While new direct recycling methods are promising, they also face obstacles such as the lack of proper battery labeling, logistical challenges of inefficient spent battery collection, and components separation. Here, we discuss the importance of recovering critical materials, and how battery designs can be improved from the cell to module level in order to facilitate recyclability. The economic and environmental implications of various recycling approaches are analyzed, along with policy suggestions to develop a dedicated battery recycling infrastructure. We also discuss promising battery recycling strategies and how these can be applied to existing and future new battery chemistries.
{"title":"Enabling sustainable critical materials for battery storage through efficient recycling and improved design: A perspective","authors":"Darren H. S. Tan, Panpan Xu, Zheng Chen","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.31","url":null,"abstract":"A perspective on the current state of battery recycling and future improved designs to promote sustainable, safe, and economically viable battery recycling strategies for sustainable energy storage. Recent years have seen the rapid growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) production to serve emerging markets in electric vehicles and grid storage. As large volumes of these batteries reach their end of life, the need for sustainable battery recycling and recovery of critical materials is a matter of utmost importance. Global reserves for critical LIB elements such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel will soon be outstripped by growing cumulative demands. Despite advances in conventional recycling strategies such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, they still face limitations in high energy consumption, high greenhouse gas emissions, as well as limited profitability. While new direct recycling methods are promising, they also face obstacles such as the lack of proper battery labeling, logistical challenges of inefficient spent battery collection, and components separation. Here, we discuss the importance of recovering critical materials, and how battery designs can be improved from the cell to module level in order to facilitate recyclability. The economic and environmental implications of various recycling approaches are analyzed, along with policy suggestions to develop a dedicated battery recycling infrastructure. We also discuss promising battery recycling strategies and how these can be applied to existing and future new battery chemistries.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47578702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 250kW hydrogen electrolysis facility was recently installed at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority's (NELHA's) campus. This facility that will begin operation in 2020 to produce hydrogen for fuel cell buses on the island to demonstrate of the application of hydrogen to decarbonize transportation. Given the size of the electrolysis station, it has the potential to significantly increase electricity costs for the campus, which is subject to energy and peak demand charges from the local utility. In this paper, we analyze the cost of hydrogen production at NELHA given the rate structure options available from the utility. Production costs are estimated using optimal versus constant scheduling of the facility to meet the buses’ demand. A model of the electrolysis station is used to capture changes in production efficiency over the power range in the optimization routine. The effects of combining the station and campus load versus standalone operation and increasing solar generation are also explored. The analyses surrounding this scenario show the importance of multiple factors on the potential profitability of hydrogen production in behind-the-meter applications and show trends that could have implications for other similar installations.
{"title":"Valuation and cost reduction of behind-the-meter hydrogen production in Hawaii","authors":"A. Headley, G. Randolf, M. Virji, M. Ewan","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.20","url":null,"abstract":"A 250kW hydrogen electrolysis facility was recently installed at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority's (NELHA's) campus. This facility that will begin operation in 2020 to produce hydrogen for fuel cell buses on the island to demonstrate of the application of hydrogen to decarbonize transportation. Given the size of the electrolysis station, it has the potential to significantly increase electricity costs for the campus, which is subject to energy and peak demand charges from the local utility. In this paper, we analyze the cost of hydrogen production at NELHA given the rate structure options available from the utility. Production costs are estimated using optimal versus constant scheduling of the facility to meet the buses’ demand. A model of the electrolysis station is used to capture changes in production efficiency over the power range in the optimization routine. The effects of combining the station and campus load versus standalone operation and increasing solar generation are also explored. The analyses surrounding this scenario show the importance of multiple factors on the potential profitability of hydrogen production in behind-the-meter applications and show trends that could have implications for other similar installations.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46468117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For energy storage to be part of the transmission solution, storage developers need to work with transmission owners and follow the Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) transmission planning protocols. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 841 mostly treats Electric Storage Resource (ESR) as a generation asset. To date, no FERC order lays out a path for treating energy storage as a transmission asset. One of FERC-jurisdictional RTOs–Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO)–has sent a “storage as a transmission-only asset” proposal to FERC, which FERC did not reject but did not approve either. This MISO filing begs the question–how to treat energy storage as a transmission project? The industry needs to understand how RTO cost allocation works for new and existing transmission projects. To appreciate cost allocation, stakeholders need to grasp the fundamentals of transmission project categories. Because to put together a business case for storage, modeling is essential. And modeling for reliability and economic projects vary. Getting into the weeds of transmission planning is what it takes to treat storage as a transmission asset.
{"title":"How to treat energy storage as a transmission asset?","authors":"R. Konidena","doi":"10.1557/mre.2020.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2020.24","url":null,"abstract":"For energy storage to be part of the transmission solution, storage developers need to work with transmission owners and follow the Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) transmission planning protocols. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 841 mostly treats Electric Storage Resource (ESR) as a generation asset. To date, no FERC order lays out a path for treating energy storage as a transmission asset. One of FERC-jurisdictional RTOs–Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO)–has sent a “storage as a transmission-only asset” proposal to FERC, which FERC did not reject but did not approve either. This MISO filing begs the question–how to treat energy storage as a transmission project? The industry needs to understand how RTO cost allocation works for new and existing transmission projects. To appreciate cost allocation, stakeholders need to grasp the fundamentals of transmission project categories. Because to put together a business case for storage, modeling is essential. And modeling for reliability and economic projects vary. Getting into the weeds of transmission planning is what it takes to treat storage as a transmission asset.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1557/mre.2020.24","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42494225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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