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Investigating Users' Attitudes towards Conventional and Automated Buses in Twelve European Cities 在12个欧洲城市调查用户对传统公交车和自动公交车的态度
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-11-01 DOI: 10.19272/201606704001
A. Alessandrini, P. D. Site, V. Gatta, E. Marcucci, Qing Zhang
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引用次数: 19
On Coordination in Ports: A Comparative Study of the Ports of Valencia and Santos 港口协调:以瓦伦西亚港和桑托斯港为例的比较研究
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-01 DOI: 10.1400/240664
G. B. B. Vieira, F. J. K. Neto, L. A. Senna, J. Constante, P. W. Langen
This article reports on a study that compared coordination initiatives in the Spanish ports of Valencia and Santos. The authors fielded a questionnaire of international freight forwarders as primary data collection and also used secondary data (performance indicators) from these ports. The two types of data were used to compare the ports. Results determined that there is a more effective structure for coordination between stakeholders in the port of Valencia. The authors note that their study underscores the need for the port authority to be responsible for developing a port ecosystem that includes effective coordination, even if that coordination may appear to cost more at the outset.
本文报告了一项研究,比较了西班牙瓦伦西亚和桑托斯港口的协调举措。作者对国际货运代理进行了问卷调查,作为主要数据收集,并使用了这些港口的次要数据(绩效指标)。这两种类型的数据被用来比较端口。结果表明,巴伦西亚港的利益相关者之间存在更有效的协调结构。作者指出,他们的研究强调了港务局有必要负责开发一个包括有效协调的港口生态系统,即使这种协调在一开始可能会花费更多。
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引用次数: 2
Green urban distribution : evaluation of adapted measures for the city of Oslo 绿色城市分布:奥斯陆市适应措施的评价
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-11-23 DOI: 10.1400/230918
M. Nordtømme, J. Andersen, Astrid Bjørgen Sund, I. Roche-Cerasi, Tomas Levin, O. Eidhammer, Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan
The paper presents results from a study of urban freight measures in the city of Oslo. More specifically, it presents methods and results from an ex ante study of seven potential city logistics measures. The study is based on a survey among 67 representatives from three stakeholder groups. Furthermore, a generic ex post evaluation framework is presented, and an example of how the framework has been applied to evaluate a demonstration of electric distribution vehicles. The study gives explicit and systematic documentation of multiple stakeholder perceptions related to several measures in urban freight. Only a few studies have done so previously. The measure assessed most positively is environmentally friendly vehicles. The ex post evaluation of demonstrated electric vehicles suggests that electric vans can serve parts of the express shipment market very well with their existing range. Removing uncertainties related to their performance and financial viability is an important task for further take-up of these vehicles. The study provides a basis for designing viable and effective measures in order to achieve more environmentally-friendly and effective freight distribution in the city center of Oslo.
本文介绍了奥斯陆市城市货运措施研究的结果。更具体地说,它提出了七个潜在的城市物流措施的事前研究的方法和结果。这项研究基于对来自三个利益相关者群体的67名代表的调查。在此基础上,提出了一种通用的事后评价框架,并通过实例说明了该框架是如何应用于电力配电网车辆示范评价的。该研究给出了与城市货运的几个措施相关的多个利益相关者的看法的明确和系统的文件。以前只有少数研究这样做过。评价最积极的措施是环保型车辆。对示范电动汽车的事后评估表明,电动货车可以很好地服务于部分快递市场,以其现有的范围。消除与它们的业绩和财务可行性有关的不确定性是进一步采用这些工具的一项重要任务。该研究为设计可行和有效的措施提供了基础,以便在奥斯陆市中心实现更环保和有效的货运分配。
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引用次数: 10
Road freight transport policies and their impact: a comparative study of Germany and Sweden 公路货物运输政策及其影响:德国和瑞典的比较研究
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-10-08 DOI: 10.19272/201706702003
Inge Vierth, Heike Schleussner, Svante Mandell
We compare policy implications from time-based charges on road freight transports, represented by the case of Sweden, to those from distance-based charges, represented by the case of Germany. The analyses based on official statistics from 2005-2014 indicate that the German road freight policy has resulted in substantially larger revenues and a cleaner truck fleet and mileage. Some support is found for that the German policy causes spill-overs to the neighbouring countries. It can be shown that the Swedish hauliers use cleaner trucks for international than for national transports. In general, the firms have incentives to use the cleanest trucks in the countries that have introduced distance-based tolls. As an estimate of the consequences of this in Sweden, the difference in environmental impact is estimated between the case with the actual composition of trucks using the Swedish network and the hypothetical case where the composition is the same as on the German toll roads. The socio-economic costs are estimated to be around € 16 million per year. This puts pressure on countries as Sweden to implement stronger policies to counter the spill-over effect. The time based charges, e.g., the Eurovignette, seem to be outdated.
我们比较了以瑞典为代表的基于时间的公路货运收费与以德国为代表的基于距离的收费的政策影响。基于2005-2014年官方统计数据的分析表明,德国公路货运政策带来了大幅增加的收入和更清洁的卡车车队和里程。有人认为,德国的政策会对邻国产生溢出效应。可以看出,瑞典运输公司在国际运输中使用比国内运输更清洁的卡车。总的来说,在实行里程收费的国家,这些公司有动力使用最清洁的卡车。作为对瑞典这一后果的估计,使用瑞典网络的卡车的实际组成情况与使用德国收费公路的卡车组成的假设情况之间的环境影响差异进行了估计。据估计,每年的社会经济成本约为1600万欧元。这给瑞典等国家施加了压力,要求它们实施更强有力的政策,以应对溢出效应。基于时间的收费,例如Eurovignette,似乎已经过时了。
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引用次数: 7
SEAPORT COMPETITIVENESS: A COMPARATIVE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN NORTH AND WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS 海港竞争力:利用主成分分析法对北非和西非国家的比较实证分析
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-09-01 DOI: 10.1400/236143
Souhir Abbes
The measurement and evaluation of seaport competitiveness is of important academic interest, as it is reflected in the increasing amount of international literature in this field. However, in the light of very limited empirical studies about port economics for Africa, this paper aims at identifying the major determinants of competitiveness of the African seaport systems. This was accomplished using Principle Component Analysis. Based on 7-year longitudinal data for 14 countries in North and West Africa, this study shows that handling costs, connectivity, capacity and the quality of port infrastructure are important in explaining port competitiveness. As expected, North African seaports were found to be more competitive than those in the West. This article provides an important literature review on port competitiveness. The empirical study can also contribute substantially to the knowledge of the African seaport systems and be useful for African port policy development and management.
海港竞争力的测量和评估是一个重要的学术兴趣,因为它反映在越来越多的国际文献在这一领域。然而,鉴于非洲港口经济学的实证研究非常有限,本文旨在确定非洲海港系统竞争力的主要决定因素。这是通过主成分分析完成的。基于北非和西非14个国家7年的纵向数据,这项研究表明,港口基础设施的处理成本、连通性、容量和质量是解释港口竞争力的重要因素。不出所料,北非海港比西方海港更具竞争力。本文对港口竞争力进行了重要的文献综述。经验性研究也可以大大促进对非洲海港系统的了解,并对非洲港口政策的制定和管理有用。
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引用次数: 11
The Volkswagen case : what shall we learn? 大众汽车案例:我们从中吸取了什么教训?
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-09-01 DOI: 10.1400/236142
E. Musso, Maria Ines Cusano
This introductory article considers the recent Volkswagen case, presenting it from an economic perspective. The authors note that transportation as a sector has always provided interesting cases for the study of market failures, particularly those connected to external costs. The article discusses the higher costs borne by companies to limit polluting emissions, hiding real emissions values, the motivation behind the cheating, sustainability and its real economic costs, the role of consumer’s trust in a specific company and in a sector as a whole, how much consumers will pay for true sustainability, educational approaches to remedy the lack of understanding of environmental problems, and the role of government and regulatory bodies in addresses these issues. The authors recommend that governments establish goals and undertake efforts toward environmental sustainability that can internalize external costs, such as local congestion traffic schemes, road tolls based on distance, etc., and that can be promoted as a comprehensive approach to sustainable transportation.
这篇介绍性的文章考虑了最近的大众汽车案例,从经济的角度提出它。作者指出,作为一个行业,交通运输一直为研究市场失灵提供了有趣的案例,尤其是那些与外部成本相关的案例。本文讨论了企业为限制污染排放而承担的更高成本、隐藏真实排放值、欺诈背后的动机、可持续性及其实际经济成本、消费者对特定公司和整个行业的信任的作用、消费者将为真正的可持续性支付多少钱、弥补对环境问题缺乏理解的教育方法,以及政府和监管机构在解决这些问题方面的作用。作者建议政府制定目标并努力实现环境可持续性,将外部成本内部化,如地方拥堵交通方案、基于距离的道路收费等,并可作为可持续交通的综合方法加以推广。
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引用次数: 1
Carbon Emissions from Container Shipping: An Analysis of New Empirical Evidence 集装箱航运的碳排放:一个新的实证分析
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-06-01 DOI: 10.1400/234302
M. Acciaro, A. McKinnon
In the last decade researchers have been looking at ways of reducing the carbon intensity of shipping operations that globally account for approximately 3 % of world carbon emissions. As a result of regulation and firms’ efforts to innovate, the maritime sector has introduced new technologies and practices such as slow steaming which have contributed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere. The impact of technological and operational developments on global GHG emissions is difficult to assess, however, without empirical evidence. So far such evidence has been only partially available and most of the data sources used in the literature have been compiled for different purposes or are based on single firm case studies. This paper reports the results of an analysis of a fuel consumption database compiled by the BSR Clean Cargo Working Group (CCWG) with the specific purpose of benchmarking and collecting emission data and comprising 2,300 container ship voyages (reporting year 2013, data for 2012). This analysis has examined the effect of technical and operational parameters on these vessels’ fuel consumption and emissions and is the first to be performed on the dataset and in general on self-reported data across multiple companies. In 2012, carriers in the CCWG accounted for approximately 65% of total world deep-sea container traffic. The paper outlines an econometric model that regresses carbon emissions from container shipping on particular trade routes against a range of independent variables, such as vessel age, size and average speed. The paper results indicate that significant differences exist among carriers both in terms of energy efficiency and carbon intensity. The analysis also suggests that while the emission profiles of some trade routes have remained relatively stable in recent years, others have witnessed an increase in emissions mainly as a result of a concentration of container flows. By improving our understanding of the determinants of carbon emissions from container shipping, this research should help shipping lines develop carbon-reduction plans and governments to devise appropriate policies to incentivise the decarbonisation of the maritime sector.
在过去的十年中,研究人员一直在寻找降低航运业务碳强度的方法,全球航运业务约占全球碳排放量的3%。由于监管和公司的创新努力,海事部门引入了新技术和实践,如慢速航行,有助于减少大气中的温室气体(GHG)排放。然而,如果没有经验证据,很难评估技术和业务发展对全球温室气体排放的影响。到目前为止,这种证据只是部分可用,文献中使用的大多数数据来源是为不同目的汇编的,或者是基于单一的公司案例研究。本文报告了BSR清洁货物工作组(CCWG)编制的燃料消耗数据库的分析结果,该数据库的具体目的是对基准和收集排放数据,包括2,300艘集装箱船航行(报告年度为2013年,数据为2012年)。该分析研究了技术和操作参数对这些船舶燃料消耗和排放的影响,这是第一次在数据集上进行分析,通常是在多家公司的自我报告数据上进行分析。2012年,CCWG的承运商约占全球深海集装箱运输量的65%。这篇论文概述了一个计量经济学模型,该模型将特定贸易路线上集装箱运输的碳排放量与一系列独立变量(如船龄、尺寸和平均航速)进行回归。研究结果表明,不同载体在能源效率和碳强度方面存在显著差异。分析还表明,虽然近年来一些贸易路线的排放情况保持相对稳定,但其他贸易路线的排放量增加,主要是由于集装箱流量的集中。通过提高我们对集装箱航运碳排放决定因素的理解,这项研究应该有助于航运公司制定碳减排计划,帮助政府制定适当的政策来激励海事部门的脱碳。
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引用次数: 5
Empirical Evidence on the Relationship between Fare and Travel Distance 票价与出行距离关系的实证研究
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.1400/230920
T. Mathisen
The literature has discussed the relationship between fare and travel distance theoretically, but the empirical evidence supporting the conclusions is limited. This article provides a review of fare schemes for several public transport modes operating under both high- and low levels of regulation in Norway. A general model for the passenger transport market is presented and the derived relationships between fare and trip distance under different company goals and forms of competition are discussed in relation to the empirical evidence. The empirical evidence confirms a close relationship between fare and distance and largely supports the conclusions of the theoretical model with respect to how firm goals and quality influence fares. Perhaps surprisingly, transport firms able to set fares freely demonstrate more or less the same close relationship between fares and travel distance as companies with regulated fare schemes. The empirical review provides information relevant for the practical application of theoretical models derived in previous studies.
文献从理论上讨论了票价与出行距离的关系,但支持结论的经验证据有限。这篇文章提供了票价方案的几种公共交通模式下运行的高水平和低水平的监管在挪威的审查。提出了客运市场的一般模型,并结合经验证据讨论了不同公司目标和竞争形式下票价与行程距离之间的关系。经验证据证实了票价与距离之间的密切关系,并在很大程度上支持了理论模型关于企业目标和质量如何影响票价的结论。也许令人惊讶的是,能够自由设定票价的运输公司或多或少表现出票价与旅行距离之间的密切关系,就像那些有管制票价方案的公司一样。实证研究为以往研究中推导的理论模型的实际应用提供了相关信息。
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引用次数: 1
IMPACTS OF NEW TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON TOURISM BEHAVIOR: THE EXPERIENCE OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL 新交通系统对旅游行为的影响:高铁体验
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.1400/230919
Oliver F. Shyr, C. Chao, Chunhui Huang
This article reports on a study of the impact of Taiwan’s new high-speed rail system on tourist’s behavior, including transportation and lodging choices. The authors used a multinomial logit model to quantify the tourists’ characteristics, the elasticity and cross-elasticity, and the value of the tourists’ time. The study found that while the new high-speed rail has alleviated some traffic congestion, many people still prefer using private automobiles. The authors also discuss the impact of the high-speed rail on Taiwan’s domestic airlines; consumer behavior in tourism; utility specification and definition of variables; the relationships among transportation mode, lodging choice, and trip purpose; and travel costs and in-vehicle time (another type of “cost”). The authors conclude that, in order for a high-speed rail system to be fully successful, it is necessary for transportation authorities to promote high-speed rail access, improve transferability with existing transportation modes, and develop integrated transportation networks within tourism destinations.
本文研究台湾新高铁系统对游客行为的影响,包括交通和住宿选择。运用多项logit模型对游客特征、弹性和交叉弹性以及游客时间价值进行量化。研究发现,虽然新的高铁缓解了一些交通拥堵,但许多人仍然喜欢使用私家车。本文还讨论了高铁对台湾国内航空公司的影响;旅游消费行为;效用说明和变量定义;交通方式、住宿选择与出行目的的关系;以及旅行成本和车内时间(另一种“成本”)。作者得出结论,为了使高铁系统取得全面成功,交通部门有必要促进高铁接入,提高与现有交通方式的可转让性,并在旅游目的地内发展综合交通网络。
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引用次数: 4
Towards a bio-based economy in ports : the case of the Flemish-Dutch Delta 港口发展生物经济:以佛兰德-荷兰三角洲为例
IF 0.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1400/234303
Joost Hintjens, T. Vanelslander, M. Horst, B. Kuipers
The storage and distribution of hydrocarbons constitutes for many ports an important part of their activity. However, the use of fossil carbon will diminish during the next decades. This happens because of economic reasons (the supply is running out), ecological reasons (to diminish the impact of the greenhouse gasses), and technological reasons (new and more sustainable processing techniques have emerged). The shift from a fossil fuel based economy towards a bio-based economy has received a lot of attention since about 2010. From an academic perspective, the role of seaports and its chemical complexes in the bio-based economy is in an emerging stage and not clearly defined. This paper defines the relatively new role of ports in the bio-based economy and comes up with a set of indicators to measure the size and development of the bio-based economy on ports. The approach is founded on a literature review and interviews with key informed persons. Although the paper is conceptual in nature, it finds its application in the Flemish Dutch Delta – a port delta with one of the largest chemical clusters worldwide. The formation of clusters and their relation to the ports is analysed. It also describes different possible scenarios from a logistics viewpoint after the take-off of the BBE economy, which today is still in its infancy, and their effects on seaports.
对许多港口来说,碳氢化合物的储存和分配是其活动的重要组成部分。然而,化石碳的使用将在未来几十年减少。这种情况的发生有经济原因(供应即将耗尽)、生态原因(减少温室气体的影响)和技术原因(新的、更可持续的加工技术已经出现)。自2010年左右以来,从化石燃料经济向生物经济的转变受到了广泛关注。从学术角度来看,海港及其化学复合物在生物经济中的作用处于新兴阶段,尚未明确界定。本文界定了港口在生物经济中的相对较新的角色,并提出了一套衡量港口生物经济规模和发展的指标。该方法是建立在文献综述和采访关键知情人士。虽然这篇论文本质上是概念性的,但它在佛兰德-荷兰三角洲——一个拥有世界上最大的化工集群之一的港口三角洲——找到了它的应用。分析了集群的形成及其与港口的关系。报告还从物流的角度描述了目前仍处于起步阶段的BBE经济起飞后可能出现的不同情景,以及它们对海港的影响。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
International Journal of Transport Economics
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