A. Alessandrini, P. D. Site, V. Gatta, E. Marcucci, Qing Zhang
{"title":"Investigating Users' Attitudes towards Conventional and Automated Buses in Twelve European Cities","authors":"A. Alessandrini, P. D. Site, V. Gatta, E. Marcucci, Qing Zhang","doi":"10.19272/201606704001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19272/201606704001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"137 1","pages":"413-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86461472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. B. B. Vieira, F. J. K. Neto, L. A. Senna, J. Constante, P. W. Langen
This article reports on a study that compared coordination initiatives in the Spanish ports of Valencia and Santos. The authors fielded a questionnaire of international freight forwarders as primary data collection and also used secondary data (performance indicators) from these ports. The two types of data were used to compare the ports. Results determined that there is a more effective structure for coordination between stakeholders in the port of Valencia. The authors note that their study underscores the need for the port authority to be responsible for developing a port ecosystem that includes effective coordination, even if that coordination may appear to cost more at the outset.
{"title":"On Coordination in Ports: A Comparative Study of the Ports of Valencia and Santos","authors":"G. B. B. Vieira, F. J. K. Neto, L. A. Senna, J. Constante, P. W. Langen","doi":"10.1400/240664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/240664","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a study that compared coordination initiatives in the Spanish ports of Valencia and Santos. The authors fielded a questionnaire of international freight forwarders as primary data collection and also used secondary data (performance indicators) from these ports. The two types of data were used to compare the ports. Results determined that there is a more effective structure for coordination between stakeholders in the port of Valencia. The authors note that their study underscores the need for the port authority to be responsible for developing a port ecosystem that includes effective coordination, even if that coordination may appear to cost more at the outset.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"53 1","pages":"67-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86880891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Nordtømme, J. Andersen, Astrid Bjørgen Sund, I. Roche-Cerasi, Tomas Levin, O. Eidhammer, Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan
The paper presents results from a study of urban freight measures in the city of Oslo. More specifically, it presents methods and results from an ex ante study of seven potential city logistics measures. The study is based on a survey among 67 representatives from three stakeholder groups. Furthermore, a generic ex post evaluation framework is presented, and an example of how the framework has been applied to evaluate a demonstration of electric distribution vehicles. The study gives explicit and systematic documentation of multiple stakeholder perceptions related to several measures in urban freight. Only a few studies have done so previously. The measure assessed most positively is environmentally friendly vehicles. The ex post evaluation of demonstrated electric vehicles suggests that electric vans can serve parts of the express shipment market very well with their existing range. Removing uncertainties related to their performance and financial viability is an important task for further take-up of these vehicles. The study provides a basis for designing viable and effective measures in order to achieve more environmentally-friendly and effective freight distribution in the city center of Oslo.
{"title":"Green urban distribution : evaluation of adapted measures for the city of Oslo","authors":"M. Nordtømme, J. Andersen, Astrid Bjørgen Sund, I. Roche-Cerasi, Tomas Levin, O. Eidhammer, Kristin Ystmark Bjerkan","doi":"10.1400/230918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/230918","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results from a study of urban freight measures in the city of Oslo. More specifically, it presents methods and results from an ex ante study of seven potential city logistics measures. The study is based on a survey among 67 representatives from three stakeholder groups. Furthermore, a generic ex post evaluation framework is presented, and an example of how the framework has been applied to evaluate a demonstration of electric distribution vehicles. The study gives explicit and systematic documentation of multiple stakeholder perceptions related to several measures in urban freight. Only a few studies have done so previously. The measure assessed most positively is environmentally friendly vehicles. The ex post evaluation of demonstrated electric vehicles suggests that electric vans can serve parts of the express shipment market very well with their existing range. Removing uncertainties related to their performance and financial viability is an important task for further take-up of these vehicles. The study provides a basis for designing viable and effective measures in order to achieve more environmentally-friendly and effective freight distribution in the city center of Oslo.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"34 1","pages":"61-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81775598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We compare policy implications from time-based charges on road freight transports, represented by the case of Sweden, to those from distance-based charges, represented by the case of Germany. The analyses based on official statistics from 2005-2014 indicate that the German road freight policy has resulted in substantially larger revenues and a cleaner truck fleet and mileage. Some support is found for that the German policy causes spill-overs to the neighbouring countries. It can be shown that the Swedish hauliers use cleaner trucks for international than for national transports. In general, the firms have incentives to use the cleanest trucks in the countries that have introduced distance-based tolls. As an estimate of the consequences of this in Sweden, the difference in environmental impact is estimated between the case with the actual composition of trucks using the Swedish network and the hypothetical case where the composition is the same as on the German toll roads. The socio-economic costs are estimated to be around € 16 million per year. This puts pressure on countries as Sweden to implement stronger policies to counter the spill-over effect. The time based charges, e.g., the Eurovignette, seem to be outdated.
{"title":"Road freight transport policies and their impact: a comparative study of Germany and Sweden","authors":"Inge Vierth, Heike Schleussner, Svante Mandell","doi":"10.19272/201706702003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19272/201706702003","url":null,"abstract":"We compare policy implications from time-based charges on road freight transports, represented by the case of Sweden, to those from distance-based charges, represented by the case of Germany. The analyses based on official statistics from 2005-2014 indicate that the German road freight policy has resulted in substantially larger revenues and a cleaner truck fleet and mileage. Some support is found for that the German policy causes spill-overs to the neighbouring countries. It can be shown that the Swedish hauliers use cleaner trucks for international than for national transports. In general, the firms have incentives to use the cleanest trucks in the countries that have introduced distance-based tolls. As an estimate of the consequences of this in Sweden, the difference in environmental impact is estimated between the case with the actual composition of trucks using the Swedish network and the hypothetical case where the composition is the same as on the German toll roads. The socio-economic costs are estimated to be around € 16 million per year. This puts pressure on countries as Sweden to implement stronger policies to counter the spill-over effect. The time based charges, e.g., the Eurovignette, seem to be outdated.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"213-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88388409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The measurement and evaluation of seaport competitiveness is of important academic interest, as it is reflected in the increasing amount of international literature in this field. However, in the light of very limited empirical studies about port economics for Africa, this paper aims at identifying the major determinants of competitiveness of the African seaport systems. This was accomplished using Principle Component Analysis. Based on 7-year longitudinal data for 14 countries in North and West Africa, this study shows that handling costs, connectivity, capacity and the quality of port infrastructure are important in explaining port competitiveness. As expected, North African seaports were found to be more competitive than those in the West. This article provides an important literature review on port competitiveness. The empirical study can also contribute substantially to the knowledge of the African seaport systems and be useful for African port policy development and management.
{"title":"SEAPORT COMPETITIVENESS: A COMPARATIVE EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN NORTH AND WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS","authors":"Souhir Abbes","doi":"10.1400/236143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/236143","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement and evaluation of seaport competitiveness is of important academic interest, as it is reflected in the increasing amount of international literature in this field. However, in the light of very limited empirical studies about port economics for Africa, this paper aims at identifying the major determinants of competitiveness of the African seaport systems. This was accomplished using Principle Component Analysis. Based on 7-year longitudinal data for 14 countries in North and West Africa, this study shows that handling costs, connectivity, capacity and the quality of port infrastructure are important in explaining port competitiveness. As expected, North African seaports were found to be more competitive than those in the West. This article provides an important literature review on port competitiveness. The empirical study can also contribute substantially to the knowledge of the African seaport systems and be useful for African port policy development and management.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"289-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91060392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This introductory article considers the recent Volkswagen case, presenting it from an economic perspective. The authors note that transportation as a sector has always provided interesting cases for the study of market failures, particularly those connected to external costs. The article discusses the higher costs borne by companies to limit polluting emissions, hiding real emissions values, the motivation behind the cheating, sustainability and its real economic costs, the role of consumer’s trust in a specific company and in a sector as a whole, how much consumers will pay for true sustainability, educational approaches to remedy the lack of understanding of environmental problems, and the role of government and regulatory bodies in addresses these issues. The authors recommend that governments establish goals and undertake efforts toward environmental sustainability that can internalize external costs, such as local congestion traffic schemes, road tolls based on distance, etc., and that can be promoted as a comprehensive approach to sustainable transportation.
{"title":"The Volkswagen case : what shall we learn?","authors":"E. Musso, Maria Ines Cusano","doi":"10.1400/236142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/236142","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory article considers the recent Volkswagen case, presenting it from an economic perspective. The authors note that transportation as a sector has always provided interesting cases for the study of market failures, particularly those connected to external costs. The article discusses the higher costs borne by companies to limit polluting emissions, hiding real emissions values, the motivation behind the cheating, sustainability and its real economic costs, the role of consumer’s trust in a specific company and in a sector as a whole, how much consumers will pay for true sustainability, educational approaches to remedy the lack of understanding of environmental problems, and the role of government and regulatory bodies in addresses these issues. The authors recommend that governments establish goals and undertake efforts toward environmental sustainability that can internalize external costs, such as local congestion traffic schemes, road tolls based on distance, etc., and that can be promoted as a comprehensive approach to sustainable transportation.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"52 1","pages":"285-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85877094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decade researchers have been looking at ways of reducing the carbon intensity of shipping operations that globally account for approximately 3 % of world carbon emissions. As a result of regulation and firms’ efforts to innovate, the maritime sector has introduced new technologies and practices such as slow steaming which have contributed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere. The impact of technological and operational developments on global GHG emissions is difficult to assess, however, without empirical evidence. So far such evidence has been only partially available and most of the data sources used in the literature have been compiled for different purposes or are based on single firm case studies. This paper reports the results of an analysis of a fuel consumption database compiled by the BSR Clean Cargo Working Group (CCWG) with the specific purpose of benchmarking and collecting emission data and comprising 2,300 container ship voyages (reporting year 2013, data for 2012). This analysis has examined the effect of technical and operational parameters on these vessels’ fuel consumption and emissions and is the first to be performed on the dataset and in general on self-reported data across multiple companies. In 2012, carriers in the CCWG accounted for approximately 65% of total world deep-sea container traffic. The paper outlines an econometric model that regresses carbon emissions from container shipping on particular trade routes against a range of independent variables, such as vessel age, size and average speed. The paper results indicate that significant differences exist among carriers both in terms of energy efficiency and carbon intensity. The analysis also suggests that while the emission profiles of some trade routes have remained relatively stable in recent years, others have witnessed an increase in emissions mainly as a result of a concentration of container flows. By improving our understanding of the determinants of carbon emissions from container shipping, this research should help shipping lines develop carbon-reduction plans and governments to devise appropriate policies to incentivise the decarbonisation of the maritime sector.
{"title":"Carbon Emissions from Container Shipping: An Analysis of New Empirical Evidence","authors":"M. Acciaro, A. McKinnon","doi":"10.1400/234302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/234302","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade researchers have been looking at ways of reducing the carbon intensity of shipping operations that globally account for approximately 3 % of world carbon emissions. As a result of regulation and firms’ efforts to innovate, the maritime sector has introduced new technologies and practices such as slow steaming which have contributed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere. The impact of technological and operational developments on global GHG emissions is difficult to assess, however, without empirical evidence. So far such evidence has been only partially available and most of the data sources used in the literature have been compiled for different purposes or are based on single firm case studies. This paper reports the results of an analysis of a fuel consumption database compiled by the BSR Clean Cargo Working Group (CCWG) with the specific purpose of benchmarking and collecting emission data and comprising 2,300 container ship voyages (reporting year 2013, data for 2012). This analysis has examined the effect of technical and operational parameters on these vessels’ fuel consumption and emissions and is the first to be performed on the dataset and in general on self-reported data across multiple companies. In 2012, carriers in the CCWG accounted for approximately 65% of total world deep-sea container traffic. The paper outlines an econometric model that regresses carbon emissions from container shipping on particular trade routes against a range of independent variables, such as vessel age, size and average speed. The paper results indicate that significant differences exist among carriers both in terms of energy efficiency and carbon intensity. The analysis also suggests that while the emission profiles of some trade routes have remained relatively stable in recent years, others have witnessed an increase in emissions mainly as a result of a concentration of container flows. By improving our understanding of the determinants of carbon emissions from container shipping, this research should help shipping lines develop carbon-reduction plans and governments to devise appropriate policies to incentivise the decarbonisation of the maritime sector.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"88 1 1","pages":"211-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82789298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reports on a study of the impact of Taiwan’s new high-speed rail system on tourist’s behavior, including transportation and lodging choices. The authors used a multinomial logit model to quantify the tourists’ characteristics, the elasticity and cross-elasticity, and the value of the tourists’ time. The study found that while the new high-speed rail has alleviated some traffic congestion, many people still prefer using private automobiles. The authors also discuss the impact of the high-speed rail on Taiwan’s domestic airlines; consumer behavior in tourism; utility specification and definition of variables; the relationships among transportation mode, lodging choice, and trip purpose; and travel costs and in-vehicle time (another type of “cost”). The authors conclude that, in order for a high-speed rail system to be fully successful, it is necessary for transportation authorities to promote high-speed rail access, improve transferability with existing transportation modes, and develop integrated transportation networks within tourism destinations.
{"title":"IMPACTS OF NEW TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON TOURISM BEHAVIOR: THE EXPERIENCE OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL","authors":"Oliver F. Shyr, C. Chao, Chunhui Huang","doi":"10.1400/230919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/230919","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a study of the impact of Taiwan’s new high-speed rail system on tourist’s behavior, including transportation and lodging choices. The authors used a multinomial logit model to quantify the tourists’ characteristics, the elasticity and cross-elasticity, and the value of the tourists’ time. The study found that while the new high-speed rail has alleviated some traffic congestion, many people still prefer using private automobiles. The authors also discuss the impact of the high-speed rail on Taiwan’s domestic airlines; consumer behavior in tourism; utility specification and definition of variables; the relationships among transportation mode, lodging choice, and trip purpose; and travel costs and in-vehicle time (another type of “cost”). The authors conclude that, in order for a high-speed rail system to be fully successful, it is necessary for transportation authorities to promote high-speed rail access, improve transferability with existing transportation modes, and develop integrated transportation networks within tourism destinations.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"60 1","pages":"89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80562668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature has discussed the relationship between fare and travel distance theoretically, but the empirical evidence supporting the conclusions is limited. This article provides a review of fare schemes for several public transport modes operating under both high- and low levels of regulation in Norway. A general model for the passenger transport market is presented and the derived relationships between fare and trip distance under different company goals and forms of competition are discussed in relation to the empirical evidence. The empirical evidence confirms a close relationship between fare and distance and largely supports the conclusions of the theoretical model with respect to how firm goals and quality influence fares. Perhaps surprisingly, transport firms able to set fares freely demonstrate more or less the same close relationship between fares and travel distance as companies with regulated fare schemes. The empirical review provides information relevant for the practical application of theoretical models derived in previous studies.
{"title":"Empirical Evidence on the Relationship between Fare and Travel Distance","authors":"T. Mathisen","doi":"10.1400/230920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/230920","url":null,"abstract":"The literature has discussed the relationship between fare and travel distance theoretically, but the empirical evidence supporting the conclusions is limited. This article provides a review of fare schemes for several public transport modes operating under both high- and low levels of regulation in Norway. A general model for the passenger transport market is presented and the derived relationships between fare and trip distance under different company goals and forms of competition are discussed in relation to the empirical evidence. The empirical evidence confirms a close relationship between fare and distance and largely supports the conclusions of the theoretical model with respect to how firm goals and quality influence fares. Perhaps surprisingly, transport firms able to set fares freely demonstrate more or less the same close relationship between fares and travel distance as companies with regulated fare schemes. The empirical review provides information relevant for the practical application of theoretical models derived in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86282391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joost Hintjens, T. Vanelslander, M. Horst, B. Kuipers
The storage and distribution of hydrocarbons constitutes for many ports an important part of their activity. However, the use of fossil carbon will diminish during the next decades. This happens because of economic reasons (the supply is running out), ecological reasons (to diminish the impact of the greenhouse gasses), and technological reasons (new and more sustainable processing techniques have emerged). The shift from a fossil fuel based economy towards a bio-based economy has received a lot of attention since about 2010. From an academic perspective, the role of seaports and its chemical complexes in the bio-based economy is in an emerging stage and not clearly defined. This paper defines the relatively new role of ports in the bio-based economy and comes up with a set of indicators to measure the size and development of the bio-based economy on ports. The approach is founded on a literature review and interviews with key informed persons. Although the paper is conceptual in nature, it finds its application in the Flemish Dutch Delta – a port delta with one of the largest chemical clusters worldwide. The formation of clusters and their relation to the ports is analysed. It also describes different possible scenarios from a logistics viewpoint after the take-off of the BBE economy, which today is still in its infancy, and their effects on seaports.
{"title":"Towards a bio-based economy in ports : the case of the Flemish-Dutch Delta","authors":"Joost Hintjens, T. Vanelslander, M. Horst, B. Kuipers","doi":"10.1400/234303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/234303","url":null,"abstract":"The storage and distribution of hydrocarbons constitutes for many ports an important part of their activity. However, the use of fossil carbon will diminish during the next decades. This happens because of economic reasons (the supply is running out), ecological reasons (to diminish the impact of the greenhouse gasses), and technological reasons (new and more sustainable processing techniques have emerged). The shift from a fossil fuel based economy towards a bio-based economy has received a lot of attention since about 2010. From an academic perspective, the role of seaports and its chemical complexes in the bio-based economy is in an emerging stage and not clearly defined. This paper defines the relatively new role of ports in the bio-based economy and comes up with a set of indicators to measure the size and development of the bio-based economy on ports. The approach is founded on a literature review and interviews with key informed persons. Although the paper is conceptual in nature, it finds its application in the Flemish Dutch Delta – a port delta with one of the largest chemical clusters worldwide. The formation of clusters and their relation to the ports is analysed. It also describes different possible scenarios from a logistics viewpoint after the take-off of the BBE economy, which today is still in its infancy, and their effects on seaports.","PeriodicalId":44910,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Transport Economics","volume":"7 1","pages":"229-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87546396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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