Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3421897
S. Trieu;F. Hoffmann;M. de Haas;G. Tchilinguirian;B. P. LeBlanc
The multipoint Thomson scattering (MPTS) diagnostic system at the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) facility is undergoing an upgrade to operate in real-time and interface with the plasma control system (PCS) for NSTX-U. Previous prototyping efforts have shown that spectral analysis and rapid calculations of electron temperature and density are possible on a real-time Linux machine when using up to a 100-Hz laser pulse repetition rate. A remaining challenge was transferring the real-time data to NSTX-U’s PCS, which utilizes the front panel data port (FPDP) protocol. The original proposed method was to convert the real-time data into analog values, but a new solution was developed to keep the output format digital by using an Ethernet controller with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This article focuses on a new input module that has been developed to accept incoming user datagram protocol (UDP) packets sent over Ethernet, convert into FPDP format, and integrate into the existing data stream under NSTX-U’s real-time framework.
{"title":"Real-Time Ethernet Interface for NSTX-U’s Thomson Scattering Diagnostic (2023)","authors":"S. Trieu;F. Hoffmann;M. de Haas;G. Tchilinguirian;B. P. LeBlanc","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3421897","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3421897","url":null,"abstract":"The multipoint Thomson scattering (MPTS) diagnostic system at the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) facility is undergoing an upgrade to operate in real-time and interface with the plasma control system (PCS) for NSTX-U. Previous prototyping efforts have shown that spectral analysis and rapid calculations of electron temperature and density are possible on a real-time Linux machine when using up to a 100-Hz laser pulse repetition rate. A remaining challenge was transferring the real-time data to NSTX-U’s PCS, which utilizes the front panel data port (FPDP) protocol. The original proposed method was to convert the real-time data into analog values, but a new solution was developed to keep the output format digital by using an Ethernet controller with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This article focuses on a new input module that has been developed to accept incoming user datagram protocol (UDP) packets sent over Ethernet, convert into FPDP format, and integrate into the existing data stream under NSTX-U’s real-time framework.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 6","pages":"2213-2217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1109/tps.2024.3441369
Robert H. Dwyer, Kevin C. Yates, Kevin D. Meaney, C. Fry, Tana Morrow, Michael Mangan, Yongho Kim
{"title":"Forward Modeling of Gamma Reaction History Signatures From Anticipated Deuterium-Tritium Filled MagLIF Implosions on Sandia’s Z-Machine","authors":"Robert H. Dwyer, Kevin C. Yates, Kevin D. Meaney, C. Fry, Tana Morrow, Michael Mangan, Yongho Kim","doi":"10.1109/tps.2024.3441369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2024.3441369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1109/tps.2024.3440954
Andrew H. Seltzman, James T. Ridzon, Stephen J. Wukitch
{"title":"Enhanced Braze Wetting on Electroplated L-PBF Additive Manufactured GRCop-84 and GRCop-42, Stainless Steel, and Refractory Alloys","authors":"Andrew H. Seltzman, James T. Ridzon, Stephen J. Wukitch","doi":"10.1109/tps.2024.3440954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2024.3440954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3406200
Jinguo Wu;Sihan Li;Bin Yang;Yujie Zhang
The variation in armature structural parameters has a profound impact on electromagnetic railgun performance. In order to enhance the electrical contact performance of armature and rail interfaces and achieve armature lightweighting, a novel approach is proposed that combines backpropagation (BP) neural networks with genetic algorithms for optimizing armature structures. Employing Latin hypercube experiments, structural dimension samples were extracted for both flat armatures and convex-arc armatures, and a training dataset was generated through finite element simulations. Mapping models were constructed based on BP neural networks to relate the contact pressure distribution coefficient, maximum stress, mass, and total contact force individually to the armature structural parameters. Incorporating a comprehensive evaluation index denoted as “W” as the fitness function for the genetic algorithm, global optimization of armature size was carried out. The optimized results were subsequently validated through finite element comparative analysis. The outcomes revealed that, following optimization of flat armatures, a 10.4% reduction in mass and a 55.7% decrease in the contact pressure distribution coefficient were achieved. For convex-arc armatures, a 25% reduction in mass and a 46.5% decrease in the contact pressure distribution coefficient were observed. Simultaneously achieving armature lightweighting and improving the uniformity of contact pressure distribution on armature and rail interfaces, this methodology offers a novel perspective and serves as a valuable reference for addressing the optimization of armature structures under complex operating conditions.
电枢结构参数的变化对电磁轨道炮的性能影响深远。为了提高电枢和轨道接口的电接触性能并实现电枢轻量化，提出了一种结合反向传播（BP）神经网络和遗传算法的新方法来优化电枢结构。通过拉丁超立方实验，提取了平面电枢和凸弧形电枢的结构尺寸样本，并通过有限元模拟生成了训练数据集。基于 BP 神经网络构建了映射模型，将接触压力分布系数、最大应力、质量和总接触力分别与电枢结构参数联系起来。在遗传算法中加入了以 "W "表示的综合评价指标作为拟合函数，对电枢尺寸进行了全局优化。随后，通过有限元对比分析对优化结果进行了验证。结果显示，扁平电枢优化后，质量减少了 10.4%，接触压力分布系数降低了 55.7%。凸弧形电枢的质量减轻了 25%，接触压力分布系数降低了 46.5%。在实现电枢轻量化和改善电枢与导轨界面接触压力分布均匀性的同时，该方法提供了一个新的视角，为解决复杂工作条件下的电枢结构优化问题提供了有价值的参考。
{"title":"Optimized Design for Armature Lightweighting and Contact Pressure Distribution Uniformization Based on BP Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm","authors":"Jinguo Wu;Sihan Li;Bin Yang;Yujie Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3406200","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3406200","url":null,"abstract":"The variation in armature structural parameters has a profound impact on electromagnetic railgun performance. In order to enhance the electrical contact performance of armature and rail interfaces and achieve armature lightweighting, a novel approach is proposed that combines backpropagation (BP) neural networks with genetic algorithms for optimizing armature structures. Employing Latin hypercube experiments, structural dimension samples were extracted for both flat armatures and convex-arc armatures, and a training dataset was generated through finite element simulations. Mapping models were constructed based on BP neural networks to relate the contact pressure distribution coefficient, maximum stress, mass, and total contact force individually to the armature structural parameters. Incorporating a comprehensive evaluation index denoted as “W” as the fitness function for the genetic algorithm, global optimization of armature size was carried out. The optimized results were subsequently validated through finite element comparative analysis. The outcomes revealed that, following optimization of flat armatures, a 10.4% reduction in mass and a 55.7% decrease in the contact pressure distribution coefficient were achieved. For convex-arc armatures, a 25% reduction in mass and a 46.5% decrease in the contact pressure distribution coefficient were observed. Simultaneously achieving armature lightweighting and improving the uniformity of contact pressure distribution on armature and rail interfaces, this methodology offers a novel perspective and serves as a valuable reference for addressing the optimization of armature structures under complex operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 6","pages":"2359-2367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3441320
Bingyang Feng;Yingjie Fu;Luokang Dong;Shenyi Qin;Mengbing He
The electromagnetic parameters of the pulse transformer are determined by its structure and are of great significance to the performance of the pulse source. For the high power and voltage pulse discharge application with repetition frequency, a design of the high-power pulse transformer with a closed cage core structure for high energy efficiency is proposed based on the analysis of the resonant circuit. Through the analytical calculation, the finite element method (FEM) model, and the field-circuit coupled analysis, the key parameters and characteristics of the proposed transformer are obtained and investigated. The prototype is developed according to the design and a high-power repetitive frequency pulse source platform with an energy release circuit is constructed for the performance test. The experimental results indicate that the pulse transformer prototype can meet the requirements of output voltage higher than 500 kV, average power higher than 100 kW, and repetition frequency operation up to 25 Hz.
{"title":"Design and Characteristics of a High-Power Pulse Transformer Based on a Closed Cage Core Structure","authors":"Bingyang Feng;Yingjie Fu;Luokang Dong;Shenyi Qin;Mengbing He","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3441320","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3441320","url":null,"abstract":"The electromagnetic parameters of the pulse transformer are determined by its structure and are of great significance to the performance of the pulse source. For the high power and voltage pulse discharge application with repetition frequency, a design of the high-power pulse transformer with a closed cage core structure for high energy efficiency is proposed based on the analysis of the resonant circuit. Through the analytical calculation, the finite element method (FEM) model, and the field-circuit coupled analysis, the key parameters and characteristics of the proposed transformer are obtained and investigated. The prototype is developed according to the design and a high-power repetitive frequency pulse source platform with an energy release circuit is constructed for the performance test. The experimental results indicate that the pulse transformer prototype can meet the requirements of output voltage higher than 500 kV, average power higher than 100 kW, and repetition frequency operation up to 25 Hz.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 6","pages":"2241-2250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3440928
Patrick Forbes;Halil Topözlü;Nader Behdad;John H. Booske
Previous studies of the metamaterial-enhanced resistive wall amplifier (MERWA) predicted gain and bandwidth properties attractive for high-power microwave (HPM) applications. The MERWA theory used a transverse admittance matching (AM) technique at the boundary between the beam and a lossy negative-permittivity metamaterial (MTM) slab to predict that forward slow space charge wave growth should occur if the wall presents a resistive-inductive admittance to the beam. We show that the growth and bandwidth of the MERWA can be equivalently predicted via wave-coupling theory. The main interaction occurs between two coupled waves (CWs) that correspond to the beam slow space charge wave and a lossy backward propagating circuit wave in the limit of weak coupling. We present a two-wave-coupling model to build intuition and discuss two modes of operation, oscillation and amplification, in terms of a damped feedback system. We compare the two-wave-coupling solutions against four-wave model solutions. We further demonstrate and discuss equivalency between the AM model and the wave-coupling model for an infinite parallel plate geometry. Finally, we validate the AM method predictions using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations.
{"title":"Forward Space Charge Wave Amplifiers Using Lossy Backward Circuit Waves","authors":"Patrick Forbes;Halil Topözlü;Nader Behdad;John H. Booske","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3440928","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3440928","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies of the metamaterial-enhanced resistive wall amplifier (MERWA) predicted gain and bandwidth properties attractive for high-power microwave (HPM) applications. The MERWA theory used a transverse admittance matching (AM) technique at the boundary between the beam and a lossy negative-permittivity metamaterial (MTM) slab to predict that forward slow space charge wave growth should occur if the wall presents a resistive-inductive admittance to the beam. We show that the growth and bandwidth of the MERWA can be equivalently predicted via wave-coupling theory. The main interaction occurs between two coupled waves (CWs) that correspond to the beam slow space charge wave and a lossy backward propagating circuit wave in the limit of weak coupling. We present a two-wave-coupling model to build intuition and discuss two modes of operation, oscillation and amplification, in terms of a damped feedback system. We compare the two-wave-coupling solutions against four-wave model solutions. We further demonstrate and discuss equivalency between the AM model and the wave-coupling model for an infinite parallel plate geometry. Finally, we validate the AM method predictions using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2734-2748"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3437662
K. Butler;J. B. O. Caughman;C. A. Johnson;D. C. Easley;K. M. Davda;C. C. Klepper;E. A. Unterberg;D. C. Donovan
The filterscope diagnostic uses bandpass filters and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect specific spectral emission lines. A filterscope was used to measure the W I 400.88 nm line emission as a function of ion energy on the Radio Frequency Plasma Interaction Experiment (RF PIE) for the purpose of assessing W erosion on plasma-facing components (PFCs). Different filter techniques are being explored and compared in order to effectively screen out nearby impurity lines, like the Ar II 401.39 nm line. The effectiveness of these techniques is determined by comparing the measurements to a high-resolution 1.0 m Czerny-Turner spectrometer with 0.012 nm spectral resolution. The ability to filter out nearby impurity emissions is useful when imaging PFCs in fusion devices including divertor and antenna guard limiters. Initial results with a helium plasma show little difference between the two techniques at higher bias voltages. In a helium plasma at lower dc bias voltages, a two-filter technique with filters at two separate wavelengths was shown to be more effective at screening out background signals. Data collected with an argon plasma however show the technique with overlapping filters on the line of interest is a closer match to spectrometer data at lower dc bias voltages.
滤波器诊断使用带通滤波器和光电倍增管（PMT）来检测特定的光谱发射线。在射频等离子体相互作用实验（RF PIE）中，使用滤波器测量 W I 400.88 nm 线发射与离子能量的函数关系，以评估等离子体元件（PFC）上的 W 侵蚀情况。为了有效筛选出附近的杂质线，如 Ar II 401.39 nm 线，我们正在探索和比较不同的过滤技术。通过与光谱分辨率为 0.012 nm 的高分辨率 1.0 m Czerny-Turner 光谱仪的测量结果进行比较，可以确定这些技术的有效性。在对聚变装置（包括分流器和天线防护限制器）中的全氟化碳进行成像时，滤除附近杂质辐射的能力非常有用。氦等离子体的初步结果显示，在较高的偏置电压下，两种技术的差别不大。在直流偏置电压较低的氦等离子体中，使用两个不同波长的滤波器的双滤波技术在屏蔽背景信号方面更为有效。然而，在氩等离子体中收集的数据显示，在较低直流偏置电压下，在感兴趣的线上重叠滤光片的技术更接近光谱仪的数据。
{"title":"Filterscope Techniques for Parasitic Signal Screening","authors":"K. Butler;J. B. O. Caughman;C. A. Johnson;D. C. Easley;K. M. Davda;C. C. Klepper;E. A. Unterberg;D. C. Donovan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3437662","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3437662","url":null,"abstract":"The filterscope diagnostic uses bandpass filters and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect specific spectral emission lines. A filterscope was used to measure the W I 400.88 nm line emission as a function of ion energy on the Radio Frequency Plasma Interaction Experiment (RF PIE) for the purpose of assessing W erosion on plasma-facing components (PFCs). Different filter techniques are being explored and compared in order to effectively screen out nearby impurity lines, like the Ar II 401.39 nm line. The effectiveness of these techniques is determined by comparing the measurements to a high-resolution 1.0 m Czerny-Turner spectrometer with 0.012 nm spectral resolution. The ability to filter out nearby impurity emissions is useful when imaging PFCs in fusion devices including divertor and antenna guard limiters. Initial results with a helium plasma show little difference between the two techniques at higher bias voltages. In a helium plasma at lower dc bias voltages, a two-filter technique with filters at two separate wavelengths was shown to be more effective at screening out background signals. Data collected with an argon plasma however show the technique with overlapping filters on the line of interest is a closer match to spectrometer data at lower dc bias voltages.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 6","pages":"2343-2348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/tps.2024.3440255
Matthew J. Carrier, William A. Farmer, Bhuvana Srinivasan
{"title":"Deep Koopman Neural Network for Analyzing High-Energy-Density Simulations of Electrical Wire Explosions","authors":"Matthew J. Carrier, William A. Farmer, Bhuvana Srinivasan","doi":"10.1109/tps.2024.3440255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2024.3440255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142175281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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