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Irony and proverb comprehension in schizophrenia: do female patients "dislike" ironic remarks? 精神分裂症患者的讽刺和谚语理解:女性患者 "不喜欢 "讽刺性言论吗?
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-06-03 DOI: 10.1155/2014/841086
Alexander M Rapp, Karin Langohr, Dorothee E Mutschler, Barbara Wild

Difficulties in understanding irony and sarcasm are part of the social cognition deficits in patients with schizophrenia. A number of studies have reported higher error rates during comprehension in patients with schizophrenia. However, the relationships of these impairments to schizotypal personality traits and other language deficits, such as the comprehension of proverbs, are unclear. We investigated irony and proverb comprehension in an all-female sample of 20 schizophrenia patients and 27 matched controls. Subjects indicated if a statement was intended to be ironic, literal, or meaningless and furthermore rated the meanness and funniness of the stimuli and certainty of their decision. Patients made significantly more errors than controls did. Globally, there were no overall differences in the ratings. However, patients rated the subgroup of stimuli with answers given incorrectly as having significantly less meanness and in case of an error indicated a significantly higher certainty than controls. Across all of the study participants, performances in irony (r = -0.51) and proverb (r = 0.56) comprehension were significantly correlated with schizotypal personality traits, suggesting a continuum of nonliteral language understanding. Because irony is so frequent in everyday conversations, this makes irony an especially promising candidate for social cognition training in schizophrenia.

难以理解讽刺和挖苦是精神分裂症患者社会认知缺陷的一部分。一些研究报告指出,精神分裂症患者在理解过程中的错误率较高。然而,这些障碍与精神分裂症人格特征和其他语言缺陷(如谚语理解)之间的关系尚不清楚。我们调查了由 20 名精神分裂症患者和 27 名匹配对照者组成的全女性样本中的讽刺和谚语理解能力。受试者会指出一个语句是具有讽刺意味、字面意思还是毫无意义,并进一步评定刺激的卑劣性和有趣性以及他们做出决定的确定性。患者的错误率明显高于对照组。总体而言,患者和对照组的评分没有整体差异。然而,患者对答案有误的刺激物子组的刻薄度评分明显低于对照组,在出现错误的情况下,其确定性也明显高于对照组。在所有研究参与者中,反讽(r = -0.51)和谚语(r = 0.56)的理解能力与精神分裂症人格特质显著相关,这表明非文字语言理解能力是一个连续体。由于反讽在日常对话中非常常见,这使得反讽成为精神分裂症患者进行社会认知训练的一个特别有前途的候选对象。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Study between Olanzapine and Risperidone in the Management of Schizophrenia. 奥氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的比较研究。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-08-26 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307202
Saeed Shoja Shafti, Mahsa Gilanipoor

Introduction. Since a variety of comparisons between risperidone and olanzapine have resulted in diverse outcomes, so safety and efficacy of them were compared again in a new trial. Method. Sixty female schizophrenic patients entered into one of the assigned groups for random allocation to olanzapine or risperidone (n = 30 in each group) in a double-blind, 12-week clinical trial. Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were used as the primary outcome measures. Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale (CGI-S), Schedule for Assessment of Insight (SAI), and finally Simpson Angus Scale (SAS) as well were employed as secondary scales. Results. While both of olanzapine and risperidone were significantly effective for improvement of positive symptoms (P < 0.0001), as regards negative symptoms, it was so only by means of olanzapine (P < 0.0003). CGI-S and SAI, as well, were significantly improved in both of the groups. SAS increment was significant only in the risperidone group (P < 0.02). Conclusion. While both of olanzapine and risperidone were equally effective for improvement of positive symptoms and insight, olanzapine showed superior efficacy with respect to negative symptoms, along with lesser extrapyramidal side effects, in comparison with risperidone.

介绍。由于利培酮和奥氮平的各种比较结果不同,因此在新的试验中再次比较了它们的安全性和有效性。方法。60名女性精神分裂症患者进入指定组,随机分配至奥氮平或利培酮组(每组30人),进行为期12周的双盲临床试验。阳性症状评估量表(SAPS)和阴性症状评估量表(SANS)被用作主要结果测量。辅助量表采用临床总体印象严重程度量表(CGI-S)、洞察力评估量表(SAI)和辛普森安格斯量表(SAS)。结果。奥氮平和利培酮对阳性症状的改善均有显著效果(P < 0.0001),而对阴性症状的改善,仅奥氮平有效(P < 0.0003)。两组的CGI-S和SAI均有明显改善。SAS仅在利培酮组有显著升高(P < 0.02)。结论。虽然奥氮平和利培酮对改善阳性症状和顿见同样有效,但与利培酮相比,奥氮平对阴性症状的疗效更佳,锥体外系副作用更小。
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引用次数: 14
"Sometimes It's Difficult to Have a Normal Life": Results from a Qualitative Study Exploring Caregiver Burden in Schizophrenia. "有时很难有正常的生活":探索精神分裂症患者照顾者负担的定性研究结果。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-04-03 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368215
Adam Gater, Diana Rofail, Chloe Tolley, Chris Marshall, Linda Abetz-Webb, Steven H Zarit, Carmen Galani Berardo

Objectives. As a disease typified by early onset and chronic disease course, caring for a person with schizophrenia may have a significant impact on caregivers' lives. This study aimed to investigate the subjective experiences of caregivers of people with schizophrenia as a means of understanding "caregiver burden" in this population. Methods. Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 19 US-English speaking caregivers of people with schizophrenia (who were at least moderately ill). Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory methods and findings used to inform the development of a preliminary conceptual model outlining caregivers' experiences. Results. Findings support assertions that people with schizophrenia were largely dependent upon caregivers for the provision of care and caregivers subsequently reported lacking time for themselves and their other responsibilities (e.g., family and work). Caregiver burden frequently manifested as detriments in physical (e.g., fatigue, sickness) and emotional well-being (e.g., depression and anxiety). Conclusions. Caring for a person with schizophrenia has a significant impact on the lives of informal (unpaid) caregivers and alleviating caregiver burden is critical for managing individual and societal costs. Future research should concentrate on establishing reliable and valid means of assessing burden among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia to inform the development and evaluation of interventions for reducing this burden.

目的。精神分裂症是一种发病早、病程长的疾病,因此照顾精神分裂症患者可能会对照顾者的生活产生重大影响。本研究旨在调查精神分裂症患者照顾者的主观感受,从而了解该人群的 "照顾者负担"。研究方法研究人员对 19 位讲美国英语的精神分裂症患者(至少为中度患者)护理人员进行了面对面的定性访谈。采用基础理论方法对访谈记录进行了分析,并根据分析结果建立了一个初步的概念模型,概述了照顾者的经历。结果研究结果支持以下论断:精神分裂症患者在很大程度上依赖于照顾者提供的照顾,而照顾者随后表示没有时间照顾自己和承担其他责任(如家庭和工作)。照顾者的负担经常表现为对身体(如疲劳、生病)和情绪(如抑郁和焦虑)的损害。结论照顾精神分裂症患者会对非正式(无偿)照顾者的生活产生重大影响,减轻照顾者的负担对于控制个人和社会成本至关重要。未来的研究应集中于建立可靠有效的方法来评估精神分裂症患者照顾者的负担,从而为制定和评估减轻这种负担的干预措施提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Dimensional information-theoretic measurement of facial emotion expressions in schizophrenia. 精神分裂症患者面部情绪表达的维度信息论测量。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-02-25 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243907
Jihun Hamm, Amy Pinkham, Ruben C Gur, Ragini Verma, Christian G Kohler

Altered facial expressions of emotions are characteristic impairments in schizophrenia. Ratings of affect have traditionally been limited to clinical rating scales and facial muscle movement analysis, which require extensive training and have limitations based on methodology and ecological validity. To improve reliable assessment of dynamic facial expression changes, we have developed automated measurements of facial emotion expressions based on information-theoretic measures of expressivity of ambiguity and distinctiveness of facial expressions. These measures were examined in matched groups of persons with schizophrenia (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 26) who underwent video acquisition to assess expressivity of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) in evoked conditions. Persons with schizophrenia scored higher on ambiguity, the measure of conditional entropy within the expression of a single emotion, and they scored lower on distinctiveness, the measure of mutual information across expressions of different emotions. The automated measures compared favorably with observer-based ratings. This method can be applied for delineating dynamic emotional expressivity in healthy and clinical populations.

情绪的面部表情改变是精神分裂症的特征性损伤。情感的评级传统上仅限于临床评定量表和面部肌肉运动分析,这需要大量的训练,并有基于方法论和生态有效性的局限性。为了提高对动态面部表情变化的可靠评估,我们基于面部表情的模糊性和独特性的信息理论测量开发了面部情绪表情的自动测量。这些测量在精神分裂症患者(n = 28)和健康对照(n = 26)的匹配组中进行了检查,他们接受了视频采集,以评估在诱发条件下基本情绪(快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧和厌恶)的表达能力。精神分裂症患者在模糊性上得分更高,这是对单一情绪表达中的条件熵的衡量,而他们在特殊性上得分较低,这是对不同情绪表达中的相互信息的衡量。与基于观察员的评分相比,自动测量更有利。该方法可用于描述健康和临床人群的动态情绪表达。
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引用次数: 18
Traditional knowledge and formulations of medicinal plants used by the traditional medical practitioners of bangladesh to treat schizophrenia like psychosis. 孟加拉国传统医师治疗精神分裂症(如精神病)的传统知识和药用植物配方。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-06-30 DOI: 10.1155/2014/679810
Md Nasir Ahmed, Md Nur Kabidul Azam

Schizophrenia is a subtle disorder of brain development and plasticity; it affects the most basic human processes of perception, emotion, and judgment. In Bangladesh the traditional medical practitioners of rural and remote areas characterized the schizophrenia as an insanity or a mental problem due to possession by ghosts or evil spirits and they have used various plant species' to treat such symptoms. The aim of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal plant survey and documentation of the formulations of different plant parts used by the traditional medical practitioners of Rangamati district of Bangladesh for the treatment of schizophrenia like psychosis. It was observed that the traditional medical practitioners used a total of 15 plant species to make 14 formulations. The plants were divided into 13 families, used for treatment of schizophrenia and accompanying symptoms like hallucination, depression, oversleeping or insomnia, deterioration of personal hygiene, forgetfulness, and fear due to evil spirits like genies or ghost. A search of the relevant scientific literatures showed that a number of plants used by the medicinal practitioners have been scientifically validated in their uses and traditional medicinal knowledge has been a means towards the discovery of many modern medicines. Moreover, the antipsychotic drug reserpine, isolated from the dried root of Rauvolfia serpentina species, revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia. So it is very much possible that formulations of the practitioner, when examined scientifically in their entireties, can form discovery of lead compounds which can be used as safe and effective antipsychotic drug to treat schizophrenia.

精神分裂症是大脑发育和可塑性的一种微妙失调;它影响人类最基本的感知、情感和判断过程。在孟加拉国,农村和偏远地区的传统行医者认为精神分裂症是一种精神错乱或因鬼魂或邪灵附体而导致的精神问题,他们使用各种植物物种来治疗此类症状。本研究的目的是对孟加拉国兰加马蒂地区的传统医师用于治疗精神分裂症(如精神病)的不同植物部分的配方进行民族药用植物调查和记录。据观察,传统医师共使用 15 种植物配制了 14 种配方。这些植物被分为 13 个科,用于治疗精神分裂症及其伴随症状,如幻觉、抑郁、过度睡眠或失眠、个人卫生恶化、健忘以及对精灵或鬼魂等邪灵的恐惧。对相关科学文献的检索表明,药师使用的许多植物的用途已得到科学验证,传统医药知识是发现许多现代药物的一种手段。此外,从 Rauvolfia serpentina 的干燥根中分离出来的抗精神病药物 reserpine 彻底改变了精神分裂症的治疗方法。因此,如果对从业人员的配方进行全面的科学研究,就很有可能发现可用作治疗精神分裂症的安全有效的抗精神病药物的先导化合物。
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引用次数: 0
Residual negative symptoms differentiate cognitive performance in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. 残留阴性症状区分临床稳定的精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者的认知表现。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-06-12 DOI: 10.1155/2014/785310
Rajeev Krishnadas, Seethalakshmi Ramanathan, Eugene Wong, Ajita Nayak, Brian Moore

Cognitive deficits in various domains have been shown in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The purpose of the present study was to examine if residual psychopathology explained the difference in cognitive function between clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We compared the performance on tests of attention, visual and verbal memory, and executive function of 25 patients with schizophrenia in remission and 25 euthymic bipolar disorder patients with that of 25 healthy controls. Mediation analysis was used to see if residual psychopathology could explain the difference in cognitive function between the patient groups. Both patient groups performed significantly worse than healthy controls on most cognitive tests. Patients with bipolar disorder displayed cognitive deficits that were milder but qualitatively similar to those of patients with schizophrenia. Residual negative symptoms mediated the difference in performance on cognitive tests between the two groups. Neither residual general psychotic symptoms nor greater antipsychotic doses explained this relationship. The shared variance explained by the residual negative and cognitive deficits that the difference between patient groups may be explained by greater frontal cortical neurophysiological deficits in patients with schizophrenia, compared to bipolar disorder. Further longitudinal work may provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie these deficits.

在双相情感障碍和精神分裂症患者中已经显示出不同领域的认知缺陷。本研究的目的是检验残余精神病理学是否解释了临床稳定的精神分裂症和双相情感障碍患者之间认知功能的差异。我们比较了25例缓解期精神分裂症患者和25例常郁型双相情感障碍患者的注意力、视觉和言语记忆以及执行功能测试的表现与25名健康对照者。使用中介分析来观察残余精神病理学是否可以解释患者组之间认知功能的差异。在大多数认知测试中,两组患者的表现都明显差于健康对照组。双相情感障碍患者表现出较轻的认知缺陷,但在质量上与精神分裂症患者相似。残留的阴性症状介导了两组在认知测试中的表现差异。残留的一般精神病症状和更大的抗精神病药物剂量都不能解释这种关系。与双相情感障碍相比,精神分裂症患者额叶皮质神经生理缺陷更大,这可以解释患者组之间存在的剩余负性和认知缺陷的共同差异。进一步的纵向研究可能会深入了解这些缺陷背后的病理生理机制。
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引用次数: 6
Sleep, fatigue, and functional health in psychotic patients. 精神病患者的睡眠、疲劳和功能健康
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-04-30 DOI: 10.1155/2013/425826
Flavie Waters, Neepa Naik, Daniel Rock

This study sought to examine the association between sleep, fatigue, and functional health in psychotic patients. Participants included 93 psychotic inpatients (n = 67 with schizophrenia) who completed the Chalder Fatigue Scale (ChFS), the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the SF36 Health Survey. Patients were classified on the basis of their performance on sleep and fatigue measures: 60% reported significant levels of fatigue and 67% significant sleep disturbances. 28.4% reported both, suggesting that fatigue and sleep dysfunctions do not necessarily cooccur. A closer examination of patterns showed that fatigue was only related to qualitative aspects of sleep and not quantifiable aspects of sleep disturbances. The results also showed that functional health was the lowest in patients with high levels of fatigue, compared to patients with sleep problems only or patients with neither symptom. A regression analysis further showed that the size of the contribution of fatigue onto functional health was twice as much as that of sleep dysfunctions. In conclusion, the results show that (i) dissatisfaction with sleep-and not sleep itself-is related to fatigue symptoms and that (ii) fatigue is particularly detrimental to functional health, regardless of the presence of sleep dysfunctions.

本研究旨在探讨精神病患者睡眠、疲劳和功能健康之间的关系。参与者包括93名精神病住院患者(n = 67名精神分裂症患者),他们完成了Chalder疲劳量表(ChFS)、疲劳症状量表(FSI)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)和SF36健康调查。根据患者在睡眠和疲劳方面的表现对其进行分类:60%的患者报告有明显的疲劳程度,67%的患者报告有明显的睡眠障碍。28.4%的人两者都有,这表明疲劳和睡眠功能障碍不一定同时发生。对睡眠模式的进一步研究表明,疲劳只与睡眠的定性方面有关,而与睡眠障碍的可量化方面无关。研究结果还显示,与只有睡眠问题或没有任何症状的患者相比,高度疲劳的患者的功能健康状况最低。回归分析进一步表明,疲劳对功能性健康的影响是睡眠功能障碍的两倍。总之,研究结果表明:(1)对睡眠的不满意——而不是睡眠本身——与疲劳症状有关;(2)无论是否存在睡眠功能障碍,疲劳对功能健康尤其有害。
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引用次数: 39
Insight, neurocognition, and schizophrenia: predictive value of the wisconsin card sorting test. 洞察力,神经认知和精神分裂症:威斯康星卡片分类测试的预测价值。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-11-04 DOI: 10.1155/2013/696125
John Stratton, Philip T Yanos, Paul Lysaker

Lack of insight in schizophrenia is a key feature of the illness and is associated with both positive and negative clinical outcomes. Previous research supports that neurocognitive dysfunction is related to lack of insight, but studies have not examined how neurocognition relates to change in insight over time. Therefore, the current study sought to understand how performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) differed between participants with varying degrees of change in insight over a 6-month period. Fifty-two patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were administered the WCST and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline, and the PANSS was again administered at a 6-month follow-up assessment. Results indicated that while neurocognition was related to insight at baseline, it was not related to subsequent change in insight. The implications of findings for conceptualization and assessment of insight are discussed.

对精神分裂症缺乏洞察力是该疾病的一个关键特征,并与积极和消极的临床结果相关。先前的研究支持神经认知功能障碍与缺乏洞察力有关,但研究并没有研究神经认知与洞察力随时间变化的关系。因此,本研究试图了解在6个月的时间里,不同程度的洞察力变化的参与者在威斯康星卡片分类测试(WCST)上的表现是如何不同的。52例精神分裂症或分裂情感性障碍患者在基线时进行WCST和阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS),并在6个月的随访评估中再次进行PANSS。结果表明,虽然神经认知与基线时的洞察力有关,但与随后的洞察力变化无关。研究结果的含义概念化和评估的洞察力进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 8
Correlates of Caregiver Burden among Family Members of Patients with Schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. 尼日利亚拉各斯精神分裂症患者家庭成员照顾者负担的相关因素
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-10-03 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353809
Increase Ibukun Adeosun

Family members of patients with schizophrenia have enormous roles in the care of their patients, which could negatively impact their well being. Development of interventions targeted at alleviating the burden of informal care giving is hinged on the recognition of the factors associated with the various dimensions of burden. This study determined the correlates of caregiver burden among family members of patients with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. The study instruments included the Zarit burden interview (ZBI) and the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia (PANSS). Exploratory factor analysis of the ZBI produced a five-factor structure with "financial/physical strain", "time/dependence strain", "emotional strain", "uncertainty", and "self-criticism" domains. On multiple regression analyses, total PANSS scores, poor social support, and lower educational levels of caregivers were predictive of higher burden scores on the "financial/physical strain", "time/dependence", and "emotional strain" domains. Longer duration of illness, shorter patient-caregiver contact time, and being a female caregiver were predictive of higher burden scores on the "uncertainty", "self-criticism", and "emotional strain" domains, respectively. There is need for interventions to alleviate the burden on caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Nigeria. These strategies must include comprehensive social support and improve access to services for patients and their caregivers.

精神分裂症患者的家庭成员在照顾患者方面扮演着巨大的角色,这可能会对他们的健康产生负面影响。制定旨在减轻非正式护理负担的干预措施取决于是否认识到与负担的各个方面有关的因素。本研究确定了尼日利亚拉各斯精神分裂症患者家庭成员中照顾者负担的相关关系。研究工具包括Zarit负担访谈(ZBI)和精神分裂症阳性与阴性综合征量表(PANSS)。探索性因子分析发现,ZBI具有“财务/身体压力”、“时间/依赖压力”、“情绪压力”、“不确定性”和“自我批评”五因子结构。多元回归分析显示,照顾者的PANSS总分、社会支持差和受教育程度低可预测照顾者在“经济/身体压力”、“时间/依赖”和“情绪压力”领域的负担得分较高。患病时间较长、患者与护理者接触时间较短以及女性护理者分别在“不确定性”、“自我批评”和“情绪紧张”领域预测较高的负担得分。有必要采取干预措施,减轻尼日利亚精神分裂症患者护理人员的负担。这些战略必须包括全面的社会支持,并改善患者及其护理人员获得服务的机会。
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引用次数: 91
The neural correlates of mental rotation abilities in cannabis-abusing patients with schizophrenia: an FMRI study. 精神分裂症大麻滥用患者心理旋转能力的神经相关性:一项FMRI研究。
IF 2.4 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-07-17 DOI: 10.1155/2013/543842
Stéphane Potvin, Josiane Bourque, Myriam Durand, Olivier Lipp, Pierre Lalonde, Emmanuel Stip, Sylvain Grignon, Adrianna Mendrek

Growing evidence suggests that cannabis abuse/dependence is paradoxically associated with better cognition in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of visuospatial abilities in 14 schizophrenia patients with cannabis abuse (DD), 14 nonabusing schizophrenia patients (SCZ), and 21 healthy controls (HCs). Participants performed a mental rotation task while being scanned. There were no significant differences in the number of mistakes between schizophrenia groups, and both made more mistakes on the mental rotation task than HC. Relative to HC, SCZ had increased activations in the left thalamus, while DD patients had increased activations in the right supramarginal gyrus. In both cases, hyper-activations are likely to reflect compensatory efforts. In addition, SCZ patients had decreased activations in the left superior parietal gyrus compared to both HC and DD patients. This latter result tentatively suggests that the neurophysiologic processes underlying visuospatial abilities are partially preserved in DD, relative to SCZ patients, consistently with the findings showing that cannabis abuse in schizophrenia is associated with better cognitive functioning. Further fMRI studies are required to examine the neural correlates of other cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid cannabis use disorder.

越来越多的证据表明,大麻滥用/依赖与精神分裂症患者更好的认知有矛盾的联系。因此,我们对14名大麻滥用精神分裂症患者(DD)、14名非大麻滥用精神分裂症患者(SCZ)和21名健康对照(hc)的视觉空间能力进行了功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究。参与者在接受扫描时进行了一项心理旋转任务。精神分裂症组与精神分裂症组之间的错误数无显著差异,两组在心理旋转任务上的错误均多于精神分裂症组。与HC相比,SCZ患者左侧丘脑的激活增加,而DD患者右侧边缘上回的激活增加。在这两种情况下,过度激活可能反映了代偿性努力。此外,与HC和DD患者相比,SCZ患者左侧顶叶上回的激活减少。后一个结果初步表明,相对于SCZ患者,DD患者视觉空间能力的神经生理过程部分保留,这与精神分裂症患者大麻滥用与更好的认知功能相关的研究结果一致。需要进一步的功能磁共振成像研究来检查伴有或不伴有大麻使用障碍的精神分裂症患者的其他认知功能障碍的神经相关性。
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引用次数: 14
期刊
Schizophrenia Research and Treatment
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