Abstract:Although colonial texts and archives generally preserve only fragmentary traces of Indigenous life, this article examines the potential for botanical forms of documentation to provide evidence of Indigenous survival and resistance to empire and survival. In particular, it discusses a catalog compiled by the botanist Alexander Anderson, who served as superintendent of the royal botanic garden in St. Vincent from 1785 to 1811 and witnessed the Second Carib War (1795–1797). Containing multiple references to Carib or Garifuna knowledge of plants, the catalogue shows that Garifuna gardening pre-dated European attempts to cultivate and transform the Caribbean environment by thousands of years. It also shows how the Garifuna used counter-plantation strategies and sites to resist British attacks on their sovereignty and outlast a devastating war.
{"title":"Cataloging Indigenous Life","authors":"Julie Chun Kim","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although colonial texts and archives generally preserve only fragmentary traces of Indigenous life, this article examines the potential for botanical forms of documentation to provide evidence of Indigenous survival and resistance to empire and survival. In particular, it discusses a catalog compiled by the botanist Alexander Anderson, who served as superintendent of the royal botanic garden in St. Vincent from 1785 to 1811 and witnessed the Second Carib War (1795–1797). Containing multiple references to Carib or Garifuna knowledge of plants, the catalogue shows that Garifuna gardening pre-dated European attempts to cultivate and transform the Caribbean environment by thousands of years. It also shows how the Garifuna used counter-plantation strategies and sites to resist British attacks on their sovereignty and outlast a devastating war.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46890749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:"Occom's Arrow" explores the nature of Indigenous personhood in eighteenth century America. Focusing on Jonathan Spilsbury's 1768 mezzotint portrait of Mohegan minister Samson Occom, the essay examines how cultural intermediaries such as Occom challenged widespread assumptions concerning the opposition of "Christian" and "Indian." In Occom's portrait, as well as in his life, we witness the emergence of a strategic enterprise dedicated to producing a colonial identity at once Indigenous and "civilized." The essay thus proposes a model for reading the complex and contested quality of Indigenous lives and writings under conditions of settler colonialism.
{"title":"Occom's Arrow","authors":"Joshua David Bellin","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:\"Occom's Arrow\" explores the nature of Indigenous personhood in eighteenth century America. Focusing on Jonathan Spilsbury's 1768 mezzotint portrait of Mohegan minister Samson Occom, the essay examines how cultural intermediaries such as Occom challenged widespread assumptions concerning the opposition of \"Christian\" and \"Indian.\" In Occom's portrait, as well as in his life, we witness the emergence of a strategic enterprise dedicated to producing a colonial identity at once Indigenous and \"civilized.\" The essay thus proposes a model for reading the complex and contested quality of Indigenous lives and writings under conditions of settler colonialism.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The story of Nuu-chah-nulth enslavement of an Englishman and an American in the early nineteenth century illustrates how First Nations people of the Pacific Northwest Coast (PNW) treated their slaves, who constituted about ten percent of the population. Placing their story into the larger context of observations by visitors to the region, and to PNW First Nation's own stories about slaves, we can see that the predominant notion of the people towards their slaves was that the latter lacked kinship with other people, including their natal community. This singular category of isolation marked the enslaved as having no spiritual meaning, which could only be overcome by ritual transformation into free people.
{"title":"Englishman John R. Jewitt's Enslavement Among the Nuu-chah-nulth","authors":"A. Gallay","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The story of Nuu-chah-nulth enslavement of an Englishman and an American in the early nineteenth century illustrates how First Nations people of the Pacific Northwest Coast (PNW) treated their slaves, who constituted about ten percent of the population. Placing their story into the larger context of observations by visitors to the region, and to PNW First Nation's own stories about slaves, we can see that the predominant notion of the people towards their slaves was that the latter lacked kinship with other people, including their natal community. This singular category of isolation marked the enslaved as having no spiritual meaning, which could only be overcome by ritual transformation into free people.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41883913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the year that Armed Citizens was published, Americans bought 22,800,000 guns, shattering all previous records. The exploding gun culture in the United States takes as its mantra the last phrase of the Second Amendment to the Constitution that “the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” Advocates, lobbyists, politicians, and judges who demand total gun freedom ignore the first words of the amendment, that that right is dependent on “a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state.” Those defenders rest their arguments upon the “original intent” of “the Founders,” but, Noah Shusterman argues in his excellent examination of the long historical roots of the Second Amendment, when they bypass the first words to get to the “keep and bear” bit, they distort the real purposes of that provision. As a result, Shusterman states in his opening sentence, “the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution no longer makes sense” (1). Without this context—the ideological history of militias—it is impossible to understand what the Second Amendment “meant to the generation that created it” (1).
{"title":"Armed Citizens: The Road from Ancient Rome to the Second Amendment by Noah Shusterman (review)","authors":"R. Parkinson","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"In the year that Armed Citizens was published, Americans bought 22,800,000 guns, shattering all previous records. The exploding gun culture in the United States takes as its mantra the last phrase of the Second Amendment to the Constitution that “the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” Advocates, lobbyists, politicians, and judges who demand total gun freedom ignore the first words of the amendment, that that right is dependent on “a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state.” Those defenders rest their arguments upon the “original intent” of “the Founders,” but, Noah Shusterman argues in his excellent examination of the long historical roots of the Second Amendment, when they bypass the first words to get to the “keep and bear” bit, they distort the real purposes of that provision. As a result, Shusterman states in his opening sentence, “the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution no longer makes sense” (1). Without this context—the ideological history of militias—it is impossible to understand what the Second Amendment “meant to the generation that created it” (1).","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49152193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Civil Religion in Modern Political Philosophy: Machiavelli to Tocqueville ed. by Steven Frankel and Martin D. Yaffe (review)","authors":"Ashley Walsh","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47188919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the importance of the Nahua concept of tequitl, a term that meant work, duty, task, office, and obligation, as an expression of indigeneity and community solidarity in colonial Mexico. Nahuas used collaborative labor arrangements within marriages and across households to establish and sustain social bonds. To work on behalf of others was an act of love, respect, and concern, and between couples, of intimacy. Nahuas often conceived of tequitl, whether office holding, tribute labor, or gendered work, as "a great bundle, a large packframe" that a person must carry to fulfill their obligations to others in their community.
{"title":"\"A Great Bundle, a Large Packframe\": Carrying Burdens to Create Nahua Communities in Colonial Mexico","authors":"Lisa Sousa","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the importance of the Nahua concept of tequitl, a term that meant work, duty, task, office, and obligation, as an expression of indigeneity and community solidarity in colonial Mexico. Nahuas used collaborative labor arrangements within marriages and across households to establish and sustain social bonds. To work on behalf of others was an act of love, respect, and concern, and between couples, of intimacy. Nahuas often conceived of tequitl, whether office holding, tribute labor, or gendered work, as \"a great bundle, a large packframe\" that a person must carry to fulfill their obligations to others in their community.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45731499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article traces one of the originating myths about Tahiti from the moment of occurrence through the journals of Master George Robertson, Captain Samuel Wallis, Captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Captain James Cook, the first printed journals for the reading public, and finally, the appearance of the myth in the erotic history Nocturnal Revels. "The Myth of The Nail" describes English sailors ripping out nails from their ship to trade with Tahitian women for sex. The myth, at once iconic and fabricated, created a non-existent sexual paradise free from societal mores, imagined for the enjoyment of European readers. The indelible myth contributes to the devastating tourism across the Pacific Islands today. I offer a historical revision of the myth by providing an explanation of the Tahitian (Mā'ohi) economy based on cosmic balance and the vitality of mana.
{"title":"HMS Dolphin: The Ship That Lost Its Integrity and Found the Myth of the Nail","authors":"Hms DolpHin, ThaT LoST, iTS inTegriTy","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article traces one of the originating myths about Tahiti from the moment of occurrence through the journals of Master George Robertson, Captain Samuel Wallis, Captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Captain James Cook, the first printed journals for the reading public, and finally, the appearance of the myth in the erotic history Nocturnal Revels. \"The Myth of The Nail\" describes English sailors ripping out nails from their ship to trade with Tahitian women for sex. The myth, at once iconic and fabricated, created a non-existent sexual paradise free from societal mores, imagined for the enjoyment of European readers. The indelible myth contributes to the devastating tourism across the Pacific Islands today. I offer a historical revision of the myth by providing an explanation of the Tahitian (Mā'ohi) economy based on cosmic balance and the vitality of mana.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44568883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The City-State of Boston: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630–1865 by Mark Peterson (review)","authors":"Antonio T. Bly","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48726412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2019 tricentenary of the publication of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner (and of its sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe) has understandably seen renewed interest in Defoe’s most famous literary creation. As has often been noted, it is hard to overstate the extent of Robinson Crusoe’s cultural impact; so embedded in the popular psyche are aspects of the story that the image of a person on a desert island, or of a footprint in the sand, universally evokes it. Two recent volumes of essays from Bucknell University Press offer convincing reminders of Crusoe’s remarkable, transmedial legacy and continued cultural relevance.
2019年，《鲁滨逊漂流记》（The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe，of York，Mariner）及其续集《鲁滨逊漂流记》出版300周年，人们对笛福最著名的文学创作重新产生了兴趣，这是可以理解的。正如人们经常注意到的那样，《鲁滨逊漂流记》的文化影响程度怎么强调都不为过；故事的各个方面深深植根于大众的心理，以至于一个人在荒岛上的形象，或一个在沙子上的脚印，都能让人普遍联想到它。巴克内尔大学出版社最近出版的两卷文章令人信服地提醒人们克鲁索非凡的跨文化遗产和持续的文化相关性。
{"title":"Rewriting Crusoe: The Robinsonade Across Languages, Cultures, and Media ed. by Jakub Lipski, and: Robinson Crusoe after 300 Years ed. by Andreas K. E. Mueller and Glynis Ridley (review)","authors":"Andrew O'malley","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The 2019 tricentenary of the publication of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner (and of its sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe) has understandably seen renewed interest in Defoe’s most famous literary creation. As has often been noted, it is hard to overstate the extent of Robinson Crusoe’s cultural impact; so embedded in the popular psyche are aspects of the story that the image of a person on a desert island, or of a footprint in the sand, universally evokes it. Two recent volumes of essays from Bucknell University Press offer convincing reminders of Crusoe’s remarkable, transmedial legacy and continued cultural relevance.","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45406326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paul Rapin Thoyras and the Art of Eighteenth-Century Historiography by Miriam Franchina (review)","authors":"Michäel Green","doi":"10.1353/ecs.2023.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2023.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45802,"journal":{"name":"EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43746654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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