Adolescent Research Review最新文献

Prior scholarship suggests that variation in neighborhood ethnic–racial compositions may be predictors of cultural developmental processes and experiences for adolescents of color. Specifically, neighborhood ethnic–racial concentration may support or inhibit ethnic–racial identity (ERI) development or content; it may amplify or mitigate exposure to discrimination stemming from racism. It is important to consider factors that may explain mixed findings given study, neighborhood, and adolescent characteristics may be sources of systematic heterogeneity. A systematic review was conducted to examine the effects of neighborhood ethnic–racial concentration on discrimination and ERI among Black, Asian American, and Latinx adolescents. The search initially retrieved 162 records; 13 met inclusion criteria and were coded for theoretical and design elements. A total 36 associations were identified (discrimination: k = 16; ERI: k = 20). For discrimination, a majority of the associations (56%) were in the promoting direction, such that higher neighborhood ethnic–racial concentrations of Blacks, Asian Americans, and Latinxs were associated with less discrimination for Black, Asian American, and Latinx adolescents, respectively. For ERI, 35% of the associations were promoting, such that higher neighborhood ethnic–racial concentrations of Blacks, Asian Americans, and Latinxs were associated with more positive ERI outcomes for the same groups. Almost all of the remaining findings for discrimination were null (38%) and all remaining findings for ERI (65%) were null. This systematic review documents how higher neighborhood ethnic–racial concentrations are potentially beneficial to within-group adolescents navigating the development of ERI and discrimination.

Understanding how child and adolescent health is influenced by fluctuations in socioeconomic status has important public health and policy implications, as children are often subjected to both micro and macro-level socioeconomic events. This study provides the first systematic review to date on the relationship between changes in household or parental socioeconomic status and subsequent child and adolescent health outcomes. Eighty articles were identified for inclusion in this review, examining 85 different socioeconomic exposures in five categories: Income (n = 64), Employment (n = 14), Socioeconomic Mobility (n = 3), Education (n = 2), and Food Insecurity (n = 2). The health outcomes analyzed by these eighty articles were separated into eight discrete categories, with many articles examining outcomes in more than one category: Anthropometric Measurements (n = 21), Cognition and Development (n = 15), Dental Health (n = 3), Health Behaviours (n = 9), Mental Health (n = 12), Overall Parent/Guardian Assessed health (n = 6); Physical Health Outcomes (n = 11), and Socio-Emotional Behaviour (n = 30). Several consistent patterns emerged in the literature, such as a link between increased income and improved, or decreased income and deteriorating, cognition, dental health, and physical health. The results of this review suggest a need to replicate current studies in diverse geographies to expand generalizability and clarify regional patterns. There should also be an effort to go beyond income, and employment, to assess the relationship between less frequently studied socioeconomic exposures and child health outcomes.

Research findings suggest parent weight-talk is associated with negative health outcomes among youth, and weight must be discussed with caution. Yet, it remains unclear the extent to which different approaches to weight-talk affect different health-related outcomes. The objective of this systematic review is to characterize varying parent weight-talk approaches with respect to adolescent health-related and psychosocial outcomes and to identify methodological shortcomings in this body of literature. Included articles were published between January 2010 and January 2020, included adolescents ages 11–18, addressed weight-talk between parents and adolescents, and excluded clinical populations (e.g., eating disorder diagnosis, bariatric and/or diabetic population). A systematic search of three databases and a hand search of two peer-reviewed journals resulted in 16 articles meeting inclusion criteria. While findings remain preliminary, the research indicates that overall health-based conversations are more productive and cause less harmful consequences than overt conversations about adolescent weight. The findings also demonstrate that research lacks dyadic data between parents and adolescents for weight-talk, fathers are underrepresented in this research, and adolescent preferences/perceptions of comments and discussions with parents remain unknown. More research is needed to examine different types of weight-talk between parents and adolescents and health outcomes associated with engaging in such conversations and/or comments.

LGBTQ youth have a greater likelihood of lacking accepting, supportive, and affirming adult relationships that will help them transition successfully into adulthood. Natural mentoring relationships have been shown to be a corrective attachment experience and to mitigate negative health outcomes among at-risk youth. The purpose of this systematic review is to critically examine studies regarding natural mentoring relationships among LGBTQ youth to understand their potential as a prevention and intervention strategy. Through a PRISMA-guided search of five databases, eight eligible peer-reviewed studies were found. The studies were published between 2009 and 2018, cross-sectional, and were of quantitative (n = 4), qualitative (n = 3), and multiple-method (n = 1) design. Qualitative analyses highlighted their characteristics and functions, and the processes by which natural mentoring relationships are formed. Quantitative analyses assessed the effects of natural mentoring relationships on a variety of outcomes (e.g., substance use, suicidality, educational attainment) and the likelihood of having a natural mentoring relationship according to demographics such as race, gender, and sexual orientation. Overall, analyses revealed that natural mentoring relationships significantly buffered risk and increased the likelihood that LGBTQ youth graduated high school and attended college, particularly if the natural mentoring relationship was emotionally close and with a nonparental family member. Recommendations for future research are provided, which include a stronger integration of developmental and critical theories, a focus on assessing natural mentoring relationships among a variety of LGBTQ youth populations (e.g., sexual minority females of color and transgender youth), and the examination of these relationships over time.

Adolescence is a sensitive socio-cognitive period for social engagement, social skills, and social identity. Perspective taking is an important socio-cognitive skill developing throughout adolescence associated with prosocial behavior and psychological functioning. Identification of factors associated with development of this skill could play an important role in adolescent wellbeing. This systematic review aimed to evaluate longitudinal research of adolescent perspective taking, identifying risk and protective factors, as well as positive and negative outcomes. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and gray literature identified 21 prospective/longitudinal articles that measured adolescent perspective taking. The results include a comparison analysis of empirical definitions and measurements of perspective taking as well as both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of socio-cognitive factors in the identified studies. Key findings from the review indicate that adolescent perspective taking gradually increases across the ages of 13 to 18 years, however, males and females differ on their respective trajectories. Cultural differences were found in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with U.S. adolescents higher in perspective taking than other reviewed countries. Longitudinal adolescent perspective taking is associated with self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and prosocial attitudes and beliefs. The findings also indicate the significance of both adolescent-parent and student–teacher relationships in the development of adolescent perspective taking. Recommendations for intervention, education and future research are discussed.

Cultural psychology has raised awareness of religiosity, spirituality, and secularism in people’s psychological lives. This article takes a cultural-developmental approach by examining the development of religiosity, spirituality, and secularism among culturally diverse adolescents. At the outset, an explanation is provided as to why the valid study of peoples’ psychological lives necessitates taking culture into account, and of key implications for theory and methodology. Throughout research on adolescent religiosity, spirituality, and secularism is described, including studies on conceptions of God, afterlife beliefs, the development of an Ethic of Divinity in moral reasoning, recent increases in spirituality and secularism, and the impact of globalization on worldviews and religiously-based puberty rituals. While the focus is on adolescents, the article includes relevant research with children and emerging adults. Concrete future research directions are proposed, including a call to address the extent to which effects of religion on adolescents are dependent on culture and globalization.

Although it is one of the core cultural values of Asian American families and an influential determinant of youth development, familism remains under-studied among Asian Americans and, despite crucial within-group heterogeneity, lacks subgroup specificity. This study describes the ways in which two major Asian American subgroups of youth, i.e., Filipino Americans and Korean Americans, maintain traditional familism. Specifically, this study constructed six self-report subscales of familism utilizing underused and new survey items and tested their psychometric properties. Using data collected from Filipino American (n = 150) and Korean American (n = 188) adolescents living in a Midwest metropolitan area, the measures were examined for validity and reliability for each group and, when appropriate, for measurement invariance across the groups. The main findings are that the finalized scales demonstrated solid reliability and validity (e.g., content and construct) in each group and some invariance and that core traditions, in the form of familism values and behaviors, persevere among second-generation Asian Americans, although familism was more evident among Filipino American youth than in Korean American youth. In both groups, subdomains of familism were not as discrete as found among their parents, who were predominantly foreign-born first-generation immigrants. The finalized familism scales were associated differently with several correlates including acculturation variables and youth outcomes. The findings are discussed with a call for further empirical research of diverse ethnic groups and immigrant generations to more accurately account for how family process interacts with cultural origin and acculturation.

The fields of personality and social psychology, with their focus on individual differences and human communalities, have much to offer the study of religious and spiritual development in adolescence. This review describes the ways McAdams and Pals’ comprehensive personality theory and Saroglou’s Big Four functional account of religion inform the scientific understanding of adolescents’ religious and spiritual development. These theories suggest religious/spiritual development of adolescents should be studied at three levels of personality (traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity/objective biography) and account for the potential functions of religion in relation to behaving (moral), believing (cognitive), belonging (social), and bonding (emotional) across diverse cultural contexts. The utility of these theories for investigating adolescent religious/spiritual development is illustrated through description of empirical studies and lines of research based on methodologies commonly employed in personality and social psychology, including longitudinal studies, religious priming experiments, and experience sampling methods. Likewise, this review highlights areas for future investigation and provides specific suggestions for inquiry on adolescent religious/spiritual development, which include deploying experimental designs, merging narrative identity with identity status approaches, and adopting a more holistic view of traits through analysis of experience sampling data.

The cognitive science of religion proposes that religion and spirituality—including belief in God, conceptualizations of God’s mind, and reasoning about the religious beliefs of other people—are rooted in the same systems that underlie everyday cognitive processing. Because these systems change throughout development, the cognitive science of religion provides unique insight into how and why religious belief and reasoning develop. While a growing body of work has investigated these topics among children and adults, there are glaring gaps in the field’s understanding of adolescence. This article reviews what is known and unknown in this space. It also argues that applying the cognitive science of religion approach to adolescence would provide critical insight into the development of cognition in general and religious belief in particular.

Although adolescents experiencing mental illness lack trust in others, potentially influencing their help-seeking behaviors, no broad review of trust in adolescents living with mental illness exists. This scoping review examines what can be learned about interpersonal trust from adolescents living with mental illness. More specifically, the aim of this study was to investigate reports from adolescents with mental illness regarding: (1) factors they perceive influence their trust, (2) factors statistically associated with trust, and (3) interventions that support trust. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Articles were identified through database and hand searches, with 89 of the 2010 identified articles included. Frequency counts and content analysis revealed several factors which fostered trust e.g., worker reliability. Trust was associated with protective factors such as quality of communication, and negatively with mental illness. Thirteen articles reported on trust outcomes of interventions, with most reporting positive outcomes. This review revealed adolescents’ perceptions of factors associated with trust, which may assist carers/professionals to build trust with them. Research is needed into links between trust and the quality of adolescents’ communication, and interventions targeting trust in adolescents with mental illness.