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Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds): The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia (The World of Linguistics, volume 8.) xv, 968 pp. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2021. ISBN 978 3 11055606 3. Paul Sidwell和Mathias Jenny(编辑):《东南亚大陆的语言与语言学》(《语言学世界》,第8卷)xv,968页。柏林和波士顿:Walter de Gruyter,2021。ISBN 978 3 11055606 3。
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000381
James Kirby
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引用次数: 0
Maryam Nourzaei, Carina Jahani and Agnes Korn (eds): Oral Narration in Iranian Cultures (Beiträge zur Iranistik 48.) Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2022. 198 pp. ISBN 978 3 7520 0640 7. Maryam Nourzaei、Carina Jahani和Agnes Korn(编辑):《伊朗文化中的口头叙事》(Beiträge zur Iranistik 48.)威斯巴登:Reichert,2022。198页,ISBN 978 3 7520 0640 7。
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000319
Saloumeh Gholami
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引用次数: 0
The pragmatics of standardization: document standards and their implementation in Qin administration (late third century bce) 标准化的语用学:秦时期(公元前三世纪晚期)的文献标准及其实施
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000228
T. Staack
Abstract With a view to the necessities as well as the possible problems of a document-based administration, this paper approaches the area of conflict between standardization and flexibility in the production of administrative documents in ancient China. Recently published sources from the imperial Qin period (221–207 bce) have provided the opportunity to compare administrative documents excavated at Liye with standards regulating their production. With the help of two case studies, the paper explores to what extent official document standards were implemented in everyday practice or purposefully neglected in ancient Qianling county. It also discusses which standards were followed more closely than others, and what might be the reasons behind this. Shedding light on the large grey zone between faithful adherence and complete neglect, the paper suggests that officials chose a pragmatic way influenced by both economic considerations informed by the local circumstances and the requirements imposed by the central government.
摘要针对公文管理的必要性和可能存在的问题,探讨了中国古代行政公文制作中规范性与灵活性的冲突问题。最近公布的秦朝时期(公元前221–207年)的资料提供了一个机会,可以将在里耶发掘的行政文件与规范其生产的标准进行比较。本文通过两个案例的研究,探讨了古代乾陵县公文标准在日常实践中的执行程度或故意忽视的程度。它还讨论了哪些标准比其他标准更为严格,以及这背后的原因是什么。该论文揭示了忠实遵守和完全忽视之间的巨大灰色地带,表明官员们选择了一种务实的方式,既受当地情况的经济考虑,也受中央政府要求的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Paul A. Cohen: A Path Twice Traveled: My Journey as a Historian of China xii, 303 pp. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. ISBN 978 0 67423729 2. Paul A.Cohen:《两次旅行的道路:我作为中国历史学家的旅程》xii,303页,马萨诸塞州剑桥:哈佛大学出版社,2019年。是978 0 67423729 2。
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x23000290
T. Barrett
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引用次数: 0
The eropolitical compound: immanence, transcendence and a parasitic operation of patriarchy in Sanskrit literature 欧洲政治复合物:梵文文学中父权制的内在性、超越性和寄生运作
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000174
C. Austin
Abstract This paper examines a pattern in Sanskrit literature, labelled for convenience the “eropolitical compound”. This is a formula whereby a male protagonist's claiming of a feminine figure is made instrumental to, or tied indissociably with, a political victory or reclamation of control over a public domain. This paper first reviews a number of examples of the motif in well-known works of drama, poetry, and eulogistic inscriptions largely of the fourth–seventh centuries ce, setting these against the particular historical and social contexts in which they occur. In a second step, the motif is identified at work in other genre and historic contexts of Sanskrit tradition, suggesting thereby that the figure also requires treatment at a broader level of analysis. The paper's third and final step is to adopt from Simone de Beauvoir the constructs of immanence, transcendence, and the woman as Other, in order to argue that the eropolitical compound is indeed a kind of formula or persisting theme that cuts across multiple historic and genre contexts, and that it should be seen as a normative construct reflecting and enacting a common strategy of patriarchal cultures.
摘要本文考察了梵文文学中的一种模式,为了方便起见,它被称为“性政治复合物”。这是一个公式,根据这个公式,男性主人公对女性形象的要求有助于政治胜利或重新控制公共领域,或与之密不可分。本文首先回顾了主要发生在公元四至七世纪的著名戏剧、诗歌和颂词作品中的一些主题例子,并将其与特定的历史和社会背景联系起来。在第二步中,该主题在梵文传统的其他流派和历史背景下被确定为有效,从而表明该人物也需要在更广泛的分析层面上进行处理。本文的第三步也是最后一步是从西蒙娜·德·波伏娃那里采用内在性、超越性和女性作为他者的建构,以论证性政治复合物确实是一种跨越多种历史和流派背景的公式或持久主题,它应被视为一种规范性结构,反映和实施父权文化的共同战略。
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引用次数: 0
Andrew B. Liu: Tea War: A History of Capitalism in China and India (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asia Institute of Columbia University.) xi, 360 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022. $50. ISBN 978 0 30024373 4. 安德鲁B.刘:茶战:中国和印度的资本主义史(哥伦比亚大学韦瑟黑德东亚研究所研究)xi, 360页。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社,2022。50美元。Isbn 978 0 30024373
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000435
N. Hill
tribe’s frequent migration. Uta Reinöhl (ch. 9) discusses the classification of three Mishmi languages. In addition to an etymological investigation of tribe and language names of the Mishmi languages, the author contributes to establishing a phylogenetic tree of Proto-Kera’a-Tawrã, with Kera’a and Tawrã being its bifurcating branches. The Kera’a languages consist of Mithu and Midu, where Midu is undergoing an unusual innovation of consonant aphaeresis in polysyllabic words. Tawrã, on the other hand, is the most conservative for preserving phonetic features lost in Kera’a. Scott DeLancey’s paper (ch. 10) identifies an innovation that differentiates South Central and Naga Belt languages from other Central branch languages through a comparison of first-person pronominals. In these two subbranches, the pronominal reflexes of first person singular have been commonly replaced by the corresponding plural forms, either inclusive (Naga Belt) or exclusive (South Central). After an elucidation of possible socio-pragmatic motivations of this shared innovation, DeLancey tentatively proposes that first person in Proto-Kuki-Naga exhibits a register-determined alternation to denote singular by the two plural forms in certain socio-pragmatic contexts. Linda Konnerth (ch. 11) reviews pre-existing proposals of classification of South Central languages, with which she integrates new materials from the previously neglected Northwestern subgroup. An updated list of sound correspondences in onsets is then given, along with a brief discussion of carrying out subgrouping through morphosyntactic features. Gwendolyn Hyslop (ch. 12) traces the development of certain verb suffixes in Kurtöp and argues that not all of them are inherited from Proto-East Bodish but from borrowing or morphological innovation, the latter of which has two diachronic origins: grammaticalization from clause-chaining construction, and reanalysis of nominalization. The book successfully presents current advances in linguistic studies in East Himalaya with reference to anthropology. It is recommended to linguists and anthropologists who are interested in this currently flourishing field.
部落的频繁迁移。Uta Reinöhl(第9章)讨论了三种Mishmi语言的分类。除了对Mishmi语言的部落和语言名称进行词源学调查外,作者还建立了原始Kera 'a-Tawrã的系统发育树,其中Kera 'a和Tawrã是其分支。Kera 'a语言由Mithu和Midu组成,其中Midu正在经历一种不同寻常的创新,即在多音节单词中使用辅音发音。另一方面,Tawrã是保存Kera 'a丢失的语音特征最保守的。斯科特·德兰西(Scott DeLancey)的论文(第10章)通过第一人称代词的比较,发现了一种创新,将中南和纳加带语言与其他中央分支语言区分开来。在这两个分支中,第一人称单数的代词反射通常被相应的复数形式所取代,包括(纳迦带)或排他(南中央)。在阐明了这种共同创新的可能的社会语用动机之后,DeLancey试探性地提出,在特定的社会语用语境中,《原库基-长诗》中的第一人称表现出一种语域决定的交替,即用两种复数形式表示单数。Linda Konnerth(第11章)回顾了已有的关于中南语言分类的建议,她将以前被忽视的西北亚群的新材料与之整合在一起。然后给出了发作中声音对应的更新列表,以及通过形态句法特征进行亚分组的简要讨论。Gwendolyn Hyslop(第12章)追溯了Kurtöp中某些动词后缀的发展,并认为并非所有动词后缀都继承自原东波斯语,而是来自借用或形态创新,后者有两个历时起源:从子句链结构中产生的语法化和对名物化的再分析。这本书成功地提出了目前的进展,在东喜马拉雅语言研究参考人类学。推荐给对这一蓬勃发展的领域感兴趣的语言学家和人类学家。
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引用次数: 0
ANDREW J. NEWMAN (ed.): Iranian/Persianate Subaltern in the Safavid Period: Their Role and Depiction. Recovering Lost Voices. Berlin: Gerlach Press, 2022. xxiv. 243 pp. £85. ISBN 978 3 95994 152 5.
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x23000125
W. Floor
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引用次数: 0
The zīndag ruwān ceremony in historical perspective 从历史的角度看zīndag ruwān仪式
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000878
Miguel Ángel Andrés-Toledo
Abstract The Pahlavi syntagm zīndag ruwān (NP zende/zinde ravān), literally “living soul / soul of the living”, designates a Zoroastrian funerary ceremony to be performed by priests on behalf of a person in his/her lifetime for the benefit of his/her own soul. It is particularly ordered by that person as a pre-emptive means to ensure that the funerary prayers will be recited, even if relatives are unable to do so, and to guarantee the protection of the god Sraoša in the passing away to the afterlife. In this contribution, I discuss the most relevant aspects of this Zoroastrian ceremony that can be extracted from the Pahlavi literature, and consider that its changes from older periods until modern times are due to diachronic, diatopic and socio-economic variables.
摘要巴列维语法zīndag-ruwān(NP zende/zinde ravān),字面意思是“活着的灵魂/活着的灵魂”,指的是琐罗亚斯德教的葬礼,由牧师代表一个人在他/她的一生中为他/她自己的灵魂而举行。该人特别下令,这是一种先发制人的手段,以确保即使亲属无法背诵葬礼祈祷,也能背诵,并保证在死后得到Sraoša神的保护。在这篇文章中,我讨论了从巴列维文献中可以提取的琐罗亚斯德教仪式最相关的方面,并认为它从旧时期到现代的变化是由于历时、全方位和社会经济变量造成的。
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引用次数: 0
Ḥamza versus Rustam: Comparing the Ḥamzanāma with the Shāhnāma Ḥamza与Rustam: Ḥamzanāma与Shāhnāma的比较
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000787
Kumiko Yamamoto
Abstract This paper compares the Ḥamzanāma (Book of Ḥamza) with the Shāhnāma (Book of Kings), the two most popular works performed by the storytellers of Safavid Iran (1501–1736), focusing on their heroes, Ḥamza and Rustam, respectively. Following an overview of the Ḥamzanāma that helps to identify its main intertexts, themes, and narrative elements: the Shāhnāma; the Islamic Alexander tradition; and ʿayyārī (trickery); the paper re-examines how Ḥamza is modelled after Rustam by looking at his epithets and narrative functions. It then turns to their differences, which are most discernible in Rustam's epithet used as the name of Ḥamza's enemy, the split between the ideals of jawānmardī (generosity) and ʿayyārī, and Ḥamza's unheroic weaknesses. This latter serves to emphasize God's compassion at his martyrdom while giving storytellers an impetus to continue their performances.
摘要本文比较了ḤamzanāmaḤamza)与《国王之书》(Shāhnāma),这是伊朗萨非王朝(1501–1736)的说书人表演的两部最受欢迎的作品,聚焦于他们的英雄,Ḥamza和Rustam。以下是Ḥamzanāma,有助于确定其主要的互文、主题和叙事元素:Shāhnāma;伊斯兰亚历山大传统;和ʿayyārī(诡计);这篇论文重新审视了Ḥ阿姆扎是以鲁斯塔姆为原型,通过观察他的绰号和叙事功能。然后,它转向了它们的差异,这在鲁斯塔姆的绰号中最为明显Ḥamza的敌人,jawānmardī(慷慨)和ʿayyārī的理想之间的分裂,以及Ḥamza的弱点。后者强调了上帝对他殉难的同情,同时也给了讲故事的人继续表演的动力。
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引用次数: 0
Wafi A. Momin (ed.): Texts, Scribes and Transmission: Manuscript Cultures of the Ismaili Communities and Beyond. xv, 481 pp. London: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2022. Wafi A. Momin(编):文本,抄写员和传播:伊斯玛仪社区及其他地区的手稿文化。15, 481页。伦敦:I.B. Tauris与伊斯玛仪研究所合作,2022年。
IF 0.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X23000046
Godefroid de Callataÿ
decisive light on this question. This constitutes an important research agenda for future work on these papyri. The second part of the book delves into the literary sources on the early history of the office. Lists and biographies of early qāḍīs appear relatively late in the literature, but the material they contain displays a remarkable degree of verisimilitude. The judges they depict are neither saints nor villains, and they practise a law that sometimes diverges in significant ways from later accepted legal norms. On the basis of his summary analysis, Tillier concludes that we can reconstruct the existence of and practices of qāḍīs in the first half of the eighth century. He then proceeds to construct an image of the judge from the ground up, in as differentiated a manner as possible, shedding light on such questions as where the judge held court in different cities, how litigants petitioned the court, where they were placed within it, and what other officials served the court under the qāḍī. In the final part of the book, Tillier turns to the question of the “origin” of the office of the qāḍī. Previous studies (such as Tyan’s, or von Grunebaum’s 1939 review of Tyan in JAOS, or the work of Crone and Hallaq on Islamic law in general) have generally posited a particular pre-Islamic source of Islamic institutions. Tillier argues convincingly, first, that our knowledge of late antique law in the Near East is too patchy to allow us to discern exactly the kinds of legal cultures the Arab conquerors inherited and, second, that what we do know suggests that the process was not one of simple adoption but rather of the complex and gradual construction of a unified legal system that included existing elements but integrated them into a novel system with a high degree of homogeneity across the provinces. Tillier’s reading of the literary and documentary evidence is diligent, and his conclusions are restrained, thoughtful, and convincing. They pose a refreshing contrast with more flamboyant and speculative accounts of early legal institutions (such as Jokisch’s in his Islamic Imperial Law and Crone’s in her Roman Provincial Law). Its lack of sensationalism, combined with the fact that it is written in French, has unfortunately limited the impact of the book on the field. The language barrier, at least, has now been to some degree removed by the availability of an open-access online version of the book (at https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/36105?lang) that yields a decent automatic translation into English – good enough, in my experience, to use in the classroom. Tillier’s work shows what legal history can look like when the sources are considered holistically in their variety. Much has been achieved by Tillier, much more remains to be done in this important area.
对这个问题的决定性启示。这构成了对这些纸莎草纸的未来工作的重要研究议程。本书的第二部分深入研究了办公室早期历史的文学资料。早期qāḍīs的列表和传记在文献中出现得相对较晚,但它们所包含的材料显示出惊人的真实性。他们所描绘的法官既不是圣人也不是恶棍,他们所实行的法律有时与后来公认的法律规范在很大程度上有所不同。蒂利尔在总结分析的基础上得出结论,我们可以重构8世纪上半叶qāḍīs的存在和实践。然后,他开始从头开始构建法官的形象,尽可能地以不同的方式,揭示法官在不同城市的哪里开庭,诉讼当事人如何向法院请愿,他们在法院的位置,以及在qāḍī下其他官员为法院服务。在书的最后一部分,蒂利尔转向了qāḍī办公室的“起源”问题。以前的研究(比如泰恩的研究,或者冯·格鲁纳鲍姆1939年在《JAOS》中对泰恩的评论,或者克罗恩和哈拉克对伊斯兰法律的研究)一般都假定伊斯兰制度有一个特定的前伊斯兰起源。蒂莉令人信服地认为,首先,我们的知识在近东的古董法律太不允许我们准确辨别阿拉伯征服者继承的法律文化,其次,我们所知道的暗示的过程不是一个简单的采用而复杂,逐步建设一个统一的法律体系,包括现有元素但综合成一本小说系统跨省高度的同质性。蒂利尔对文学和文献证据的阅读是勤奋的,他的结论是克制的,深思熟虑的,令人信服的。它们与早期法律制度(如Jokisch在他的伊斯兰帝国法和Crone在她的罗马行省法)中更为浮夸和投机的描述形成了令人耳目一新的对比。它缺乏轰动效应,加上它是用法语写成的事实,不幸地限制了这本书在该领域的影响。语言障碍至少在某种程度上已经被这本书的开放在线版本(https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/36105?lang)所消除了,它可以自动翻译成英语——以我的经验,在课堂上使用已经足够好了。蒂利尔的工作表明,当来源在其多样性中被整体考虑时,法律史可能是什么样子。蒂利尔已经取得了很大成就,但在这一重要领域还有很多工作要做。
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