Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000556
Ruth Gamble, Jo Marie Powers, Paul G. Hackett
Abstract From the late-1200s to the mid-1400s, the river valleys of Central Tibet experienced both droughts and political upheavals. This combination of inclement weather and administrative dysfunction led to a series of famines. Although the famines were noted at the time, they were later forgotten in Tibetan narratives, and this is the first time that they are the subject of historical study. In this article we analyse the historical narratives of famine – found in biographies, histories and poems – and compare them with the region's paleoclimatic records, focusing particularly on changes in temperature and precipitation. We begin by discussing the famines’ climatic and political causes and their relationship to broader South and East Asian climatic- and famine-related events. We then outline the Tibetan religious, societal and government responses to these events. These responses include the community's initial reactions, and the multiple magical and managerial strategies they eventually developed to stave off famines.
{"title":"Central Tibetan famines 1280–1400: when premodern climate change and bad governance starved Tibet","authors":"Ruth Gamble, Jo Marie Powers, Paul G. Hackett","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X22000556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X22000556","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract From the late-1200s to the mid-1400s, the river valleys of Central Tibet experienced both droughts and political upheavals. This combination of inclement weather and administrative dysfunction led to a series of famines. Although the famines were noted at the time, they were later forgotten in Tibetan narratives, and this is the first time that they are the subject of historical study. In this article we analyse the historical narratives of famine – found in biographies, histories and poems – and compare them with the region's paleoclimatic records, focusing particularly on changes in temperature and precipitation. We begin by discussing the famines’ climatic and political causes and their relationship to broader South and East Asian climatic- and famine-related events. We then outline the Tibetan religious, societal and government responses to these events. These responses include the community's initial reactions, and the multiple magical and managerial strategies they eventually developed to stave off famines.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49392558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x22000441
T. Lockley
{"title":"Mihoko Oka: The Namban Trade: Merchants and Missionaries in 16th and 17th Century Japan. (European Expansion and Indigenous Response 34.) 277 pp. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2021. ISBN 978 90 04 46383 7.","authors":"T. Lockley","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x22000441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x22000441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41289173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x22000386
Benjamin R. Foster
{"title":"Sophus Helle: Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic. xxx, 286 pp. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021. $25. ISBN 978 0 300 25118 0.","authors":"Benjamin R. Foster","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x22000386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x22000386","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47924927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x22000325
Claudia Chang
{"title":"Warwick Ball: The Eurasian Steppe: People, Movement and Ideas. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021. ISBN 978 1 4744 8806 8.","authors":"Claudia Chang","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x22000325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x22000325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49033637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000428
Yuki Kasai
{"title":"Chen Hao: A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682–745 ad). (Brill's Inner Asian Library.) 316 pp. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2021. €110. ISBN 978 90 04 46432 2.","authors":"Yuki Kasai","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X22000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X22000428","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42821129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000295
Nathaniel A. Sims
Abstract The aim of this short paper is to examine the morphological categories of direction and direct-inverse marking in Northwestern Rma/Qiang (< Trans-Himalayan/Sino-Tibetan). Based on evidence from published sources (LaPolla and Huang 2003; H. Sūn 1981; Liú 1998, 1999; Sun and Evans 2013), it is argued that the verbal systems of some northern varieties are more characteristic of hierarchical alignment than previously recognized.
{"title":"“You and me against the world”: Direct-inverse morphology in Rma (Qiang)","authors":"Nathaniel A. Sims","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X22000295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X22000295","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this short paper is to examine the morphological categories of direction and direct-inverse marking in Northwestern Rma/Qiang (< Trans-Himalayan/Sino-Tibetan). Based on evidence from published sources (LaPolla and Huang 2003; H. Sūn 1981; Liú 1998, 1999; Sun and Evans 2013), it is argued that the verbal systems of some northern varieties are more characteristic of hierarchical alignment than previously recognized.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43884262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/s0041977x22000416
Sophus Helle
by Bogdan Burtea, Stefanie Rudolf, and the present reviewer. Such comparisons between this corpus and later magical texts can be enlightening and productive, although the authors have unfortunately not sufficiently facilitated this process. The book’s meagre indices are a missed opportunity for study of the vocabulary (and grammar) of these older magical texts, since one would have preferred to consult a glossary like that found in N. Heeßel’s Babylonischassyrische Diagnostik (2000). Nevertheless, this book offers a treasure-trove of important texts for future study of Akkadian magic, including the 47 texts drawn from Andrew George’s 2016 publication, Mesopotamian Incantations and Related Texts in the Schoyen Collection (CUSAS 32).
{"title":"Martin Worthington: Ea's Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story. (The Ancient World.) xxxii, 489 pp. London: Routledge, 2019. ISBN 978 1 138 38892 5.","authors":"Sophus Helle","doi":"10.1017/s0041977x22000416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x22000416","url":null,"abstract":"by Bogdan Burtea, Stefanie Rudolf, and the present reviewer. Such comparisons between this corpus and later magical texts can be enlightening and productive, although the authors have unfortunately not sufficiently facilitated this process. The book’s meagre indices are a missed opportunity for study of the vocabulary (and grammar) of these older magical texts, since one would have preferred to consult a glossary like that found in N. Heeßel’s Babylonischassyrische Diagnostik (2000). Nevertheless, this book offers a treasure-trove of important texts for future study of Akkadian magic, including the 47 texts drawn from Andrew George’s 2016 publication, Mesopotamian Incantations and Related Texts in the Schoyen Collection (CUSAS 32).","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47479140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X2200043X
Nikita Kuzmin
sions with respect to the representation of tones and other structural features of Old Chinese phonology. Consider the different ways in which the author writes the Chinese medial *-r-. After fricatives and affricates, such as *sr-, *tsr-, *tshrand *dzr-, in William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) and Schuessler (2007 and 2009), the medial is dropped, resulting in initials such as sh-, ch-, j-, and dj-, while in other cases it is retained. The consequences of this unfortunate decision are best shown in the reading for 瑟 *srit in Schuessler’s system, which must be spelt “shit” in Sampson’s system: the author tries to avoid this by turning to Baxter’s system in this single case and writing the character reading as “sprit”. Another example of inconsistency is aspiration, which is shown by the fact that the author uses tzand tsto write *tsand *tsh-, while retaining the letter h for other aspirated consonants. A further surprising decision is the spelling of what would be a glottal stop in all recent reconstruction systems. Here, the author uses, -mp, -nt, and -nk for what would be traditionally transcribed as *-mʔ, *-nʔ and *-ŋʔ and -c elsewhere. This collection of largely inconsistent and ad hoc decisions results in a transcription system full of ambiguities, with a symbol like h indicating both aspiration and retroflexion, s indicating aspiration, z occurring in both voiced and voiceless onsets, and p/t/k representing a glottal stop in addition to their values in traditional phonetic transcription systems. While this system is a nuisance for experts on Old Chinese phonology, given that it makes it extremely difficult and impractical to use the book as a reference or to look up words in the glossary, it is at best misleading for lay people who might easily take what looks like sounds in this transcription system at face value. Since at least Bernhard Karlgren (1950) and Wáng Lì (1980), editions of the Book of Odes with commentary, translations, and reconstructions have been considered the “royal discipline” of Sinology giving scholars the possibility of illustrating their individual treatment of Old Chinese with respect to both grammar and phonetics. Its future reception by experts in the field will show if this edition of the Odes can compete with its predecessors.
古汉语音韵学中声调的表现和其他结构特征。考虑一下作者写中文“*-r-”的不同方式。在William H. Baxter和Laurent Sagart (Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)和Schuessler(2007和2009)的著作中，在*sr-、*tsr-、* tshrt和*dzr-等摩擦音和闪音之后，中间音被省略，形成了sh-、ch-、j-和dj-等首字母，而在其他情况下则保留了中间音。这一不幸决定的后果在Schuessler的系统中对“*srit”的解读中得到了最好的体现，在Sampson的系统中，“*srit”必须拼写为“shit”:作者试图避免这种情况，在这个单一案例中转向Baxter的系统，将“*srit”这个字符写成“sprit”。另一个不一致的例子是送气，作者用tzand tts写成*tsand *tsh-，而其他送气辅音保留字母h。另一个令人惊讶的决定是，在所有最近的重建系统中，将会是声门塞音的拼写。在这里，作者使用了-mp， -nt和-nk来代替传统上被转录为*-m， *-n， *- k和-c的单词。这些很大程度上不一致和临时决定的集合导致了一个充满歧义的转录系统，像h这样的符号表示吸气和反旋，s表示吸气，z出现在浊音和不浊音中，p/t/k代表声门顿音，除了它们在传统语音转录系统中的值之外。这个系统对古汉语音韵学专家来说是一个麻烦，因为它使得使用这本书作为参考或在词汇表中查找单词变得极其困难和不切实际，它充其量是对外行人的误导，他们可能很容易把这个转录系统中看起来像声音的表面价值。至少从Bernhard Karlgren(1950)和Wáng Lì(1980)开始，带有注释、翻译和重建的《诗经》版本被认为是汉学的“皇家学科”，使学者们有可能从语法和语音两方面说明他们对古汉语的个人处理。这一版本的《诗经》是否能与前几版相媲美，将由该领域专家对其未来的评价来证明。
{"title":"Shi Jinbo: Tangut Language and Manuscripts: An Introduction. (Languages of Asia Series.) xx, 547 pp. Leiden: Brill, 2020. €25. ISBN 978 0 04 41453 2.","authors":"Nikita Kuzmin","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X2200043X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X2200043X","url":null,"abstract":"sions with respect to the representation of tones and other structural features of Old Chinese phonology. Consider the different ways in which the author writes the Chinese medial *-r-. After fricatives and affricates, such as *sr-, *tsr-, *tshrand *dzr-, in William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014) and Schuessler (2007 and 2009), the medial is dropped, resulting in initials such as sh-, ch-, j-, and dj-, while in other cases it is retained. The consequences of this unfortunate decision are best shown in the reading for 瑟 *srit in Schuessler’s system, which must be spelt “shit” in Sampson’s system: the author tries to avoid this by turning to Baxter’s system in this single case and writing the character reading as “sprit”. Another example of inconsistency is aspiration, which is shown by the fact that the author uses tzand tsto write *tsand *tsh-, while retaining the letter h for other aspirated consonants. A further surprising decision is the spelling of what would be a glottal stop in all recent reconstruction systems. Here, the author uses, -mp, -nt, and -nk for what would be traditionally transcribed as *-mʔ, *-nʔ and *-ŋʔ and -c elsewhere. This collection of largely inconsistent and ad hoc decisions results in a transcription system full of ambiguities, with a symbol like h indicating both aspiration and retroflexion, s indicating aspiration, z occurring in both voiced and voiceless onsets, and p/t/k representing a glottal stop in addition to their values in traditional phonetic transcription systems. While this system is a nuisance for experts on Old Chinese phonology, given that it makes it extremely difficult and impractical to use the book as a reference or to look up words in the glossary, it is at best misleading for lay people who might easily take what looks like sounds in this transcription system at face value. Since at least Bernhard Karlgren (1950) and Wáng Lì (1980), editions of the Book of Odes with commentary, translations, and reconstructions have been considered the “royal discipline” of Sinology giving scholars the possibility of illustrating their individual treatment of Old Chinese with respect to both grammar and phonetics. Its future reception by experts in the field will show if this edition of the Odes can compete with its predecessors.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44396190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X22000301
Carlos Grenier
Abstract Several works focusing on the complex figure of Solomon appeared between 1450 and 1580, each offering variations on the themes of empire-building, sedentarization, sacral kingship, and technological change.The Dürr-i Meknun, written around the time of the conquest of Constantinople, uses Solomon to illustrate the risks of urbanization, imperial hubris and potential tyranny. The second, the Süleyman-name by the technically inclined author Uzun Firdevsi, portrays Solomon in the image of Sultan Bayezid II. The prophet, using his bureaucratic capacities, enacts Ottoman dreams of control over the eastern Mediterranean. Finally, the accounts given of the deeds of Sultan Süleyman, notably the reconstruction of the Temple Mount and the construction of the Süleymaniye complex in Istanbul, show the Solomonic myth consciously enacted by the state itself. These sources trace a trajectory whereby anxieties surrounding the transformations of early modernity are expressed and worked through by means of the vocabulary of a prophetological sacred history.
{"title":"Solomon, his temple, and Ottoman imperial anxieties","authors":"Carlos Grenier","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X22000301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X22000301","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several works focusing on the complex figure of Solomon appeared between 1450 and 1580, each offering variations on the themes of empire-building, sedentarization, sacral kingship, and technological change.The Dürr-i Meknun, written around the time of the conquest of Constantinople, uses Solomon to illustrate the risks of urbanization, imperial hubris and potential tyranny. The second, the Süleyman-name by the technically inclined author Uzun Firdevsi, portrays Solomon in the image of Sultan Bayezid II. The prophet, using his bureaucratic capacities, enacts Ottoman dreams of control over the eastern Mediterranean. Finally, the accounts given of the deeds of Sultan Süleyman, notably the reconstruction of the Temple Mount and the construction of the Süleymaniye complex in Istanbul, show the Solomonic myth consciously enacted by the state itself. These sources trace a trajectory whereby anxieties surrounding the transformations of early modernity are expressed and worked through by means of the vocabulary of a prophetological sacred history.","PeriodicalId":46190,"journal":{"name":"BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47459143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X2200026X
P. Visigalli
Abstract This paper provides the first detailed analysis of the models for classing nouns found in the early Pali exegetical texts traditionally assigned to the fifth-century monk-scholar Buddhaghosa. It identifies three fourfold models and argues that: (a) each model has a distinctive distribution; (b) the original occurrence in each model serves a specific purpose, which can be identified through studying the relation between these original occurrences and their respective context; (c) Buddhaghosa did not invent these models but repurposed pre-existing models to fit specific exegetical needs; (d) Buddhaghosa's reuse of these inherited models is consistent with his view expressed elsewhere that Pali is a sacred, perfect language; and (e) in developing these models, the unknown authors combined influences from the Pali canon and Sanskrit grammatical sources. Finally, I briefly consider whether studying the models sheds new light on the early history of Pali grammar.
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