Pub Date : 2018-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9276-9
Nicholas J. Hill, Richard C. McGregory, J. Peoples
{"title":"Noncitizen Employment and the Wages of Healthcare Support Workers in the US","authors":"Nicholas J. Hill, Richard C. McGregory, J. Peoples","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9276-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9276-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"433 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12122-018-9276-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52874792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-03DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9274-y
Larry D. Singell, Mark Stater, Hui-Hsuan Tang
This paper examines how personal, institutional, and legal factors affect where college presidents are placed and how much they earn given their placements. We find that controlling for selection into institutional type is important, suggesting that presidents nonrandomly sort into institutions based on unobserved characteristics that also relate to wages. We also find evidence that state “sunshine” laws governing whether applicants’ names must be disclosed in searches are related to placements and wages. Presidents hired in states that exempt the names of all but finalists from disclosure are more likely to be placed in public research universities and less likely to be placed in private institutions. There is also evidence that presidents hired in open records states earn compensating differentials, but we are ultimately unable to distinguish this from a state-specific effect. We also find wage discounts for presidents hired at times with larger numbers of states with open records and with exemptions to disclosure for non-finalists. Thus, presidents and institutions appear to respond to market-wide incentives created by sunshine laws.
{"title":"Let the Sunshine in: An Analysis of the Placement and Pay of University Presidents and the Effects of Open Records Statutes","authors":"Larry D. Singell, Mark Stater, Hui-Hsuan Tang","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9274-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9274-y","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how personal, institutional, and legal factors affect where college presidents are placed and how much they earn given their placements. We find that controlling for selection into institutional type is important, suggesting that presidents nonrandomly sort into institutions based on unobserved characteristics that also relate to wages. We also find evidence that state “sunshine” laws governing whether applicants’ names must be disclosed in searches are related to placements and wages. Presidents hired in states that exempt the names of all but finalists from disclosure are more likely to be placed in public research universities and less likely to be placed in private institutions. There is also evidence that presidents hired in open records states earn compensating differentials, but we are ultimately unable to distinguish this from a state-specific effect. We also find wage discounts for presidents hired at times with larger numbers of states with open records and with exemptions to disclosure for non-finalists. Thus, presidents and institutions appear to respond to market-wide incentives created by sunshine laws.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9277-8
Benjamin Artz, Sarinda Taengnoi
The gender gap in promotions literature typically uses survey to survey imputed hourly wage changes to measure the earnings effects of promotions alone. By distinction, we study raises with and without promotions using data within surveys that uniquely identify both the current and most recent wages of hourly workers separate from salary workers. In cross-section estimates we identify a gender gap in raise magnitude favoring men only among hourly workers who achieve promotions, but this result vanishes in fixed effects estimates. No gender gaps emerge in any other instance, including for salary workers and raises absent of promotion. We further contribute to the literature by uniquely controlling for natural ability and risk preferences of the workers, the time passed since earning the raise, and also whether the responsibility of the worker’s job changed with the raise.
{"title":"The Gender Gap in Raise Magnitudes of Hourly and Salary Workers","authors":"Benjamin Artz, Sarinda Taengnoi","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9277-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9277-8","url":null,"abstract":"The gender gap in promotions literature typically uses survey to survey imputed hourly wage changes to measure the earnings effects of promotions alone. By distinction, we study raises with and without promotions using data within surveys that uniquely identify both the current and most recent wages of hourly workers separate from salary workers. In cross-section estimates we identify a gender gap in raise magnitude favoring men only among hourly workers who achieve promotions, but this result vanishes in fixed effects estimates. No gender gaps emerge in any other instance, including for salary workers and raises absent of promotion. We further contribute to the literature by uniquely controlling for natural ability and risk preferences of the workers, the time passed since earning the raise, and also whether the responsibility of the worker’s job changed with the raise.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0
I. Burn
{"title":"Not All Laws are Created Equal: Legal Differences in State Non-Discrimination Laws and the Impact of LGBT Employment Protections","authors":"I. Burn","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"462 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52874730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9273-z
Jieun Chang, Youngho Kang
Policy makers as well as entrepreneurs pay much attention to the success of firms. This is because the performance of firms can promote directly and indirectly the economic growth in a country. For instance, after financial crisis in 1997, the Korean economy experienced the rapid recovery. It is recognized that the improvement of firm performance has played a crucial role in such recovery. We focus on the determinants of improving the Korean firm total factor productivity (TFP) because TFP can explain performance not explained by inputs a firm employs. This paper suggests management practices as one of crucial factors to improve firm TFP. For empirical analysis, we use an instrumental variable approach by using a set of four firm-level instrumental variables including motivations for organizational change, large-scale organizational change, empowerment, and IT investment during the past organizational change. The results of the instrumental variable estimation show that better management practice leads to a higher level of firm TFP, statistically significantly; whereas the effect of management practices is statistically insignificant in the ordinary least square estimation.
决策者和企业家都非常关注企业的成功。这是因为企业的业绩可以直接或间接地促进一国的经济增长。例如,1997 年金融危机之后,韩国经济迅速复苏。人们认识到,企业绩效的提高在这种复苏中发挥了至关重要的作用。我们将重点放在韩国企业全要素生产率(TFP)提高的决定因素上,因为全要素生产率可以解释企业采用的投入所无法解释的绩效。本文认为,管理实践是提高企业全要素生产率的关键因素之一。在实证分析中,我们采用了工具变量法,使用了一组四个企业层面的工具变量,包括组织变革动机、大规模组织变革、授权和过去组织变革中的 IT 投资。工具变量估计的结果表明,更好的管理实践会导致更高水平的企业全要素生产率,在统计上具有显著性;而在普通最小二乘法估计中,管理实践的影响在统计上并不显著。
{"title":"Instrumental Variable Estimates of the Effect of Management Practices on Firm Performance in Korean Firms","authors":"Jieun Chang, Youngho Kang","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9273-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9273-z","url":null,"abstract":"Policy makers as well as entrepreneurs pay much attention to the success of firms. This is because the performance of firms can promote directly and indirectly the economic growth in a country. For instance, after financial crisis in 1997, the Korean economy experienced the rapid recovery. It is recognized that the improvement of firm performance has played a crucial role in such recovery. We focus on the determinants of improving the Korean firm total factor productivity (TFP) because TFP can explain performance not explained by inputs a firm employs. This paper suggests management practices as one of crucial factors to improve firm TFP. For empirical analysis, we use an instrumental variable approach by using a set of four firm-level instrumental variables including motivations for organizational change, large-scale organizational change, empowerment, and IT investment during the past organizational change. The results of the instrumental variable estimation show that better management practice leads to a higher level of firm TFP, statistically significantly; whereas the effect of management practices is statistically insignificant in the ordinary least square estimation.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.1007/s12122-021-09317-8
P. Akyol, K. Krishna, Jinwen Wang
{"title":"Taking PISA Seriously: How Accurate are Low-Stakes Exams?","authors":"P. Akyol, K. Krishna, Jinwen Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12122-021-09317-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-021-09317-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"184 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12122-021-09317-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46843942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-07DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9271-1
David Bjerk, Serkan Ozbeklik
This paper uses two “samples-of-opportunity” datasets to examine whether principal evaluations of teachers differ systematically across genders after controlling for arguably gender unbiased measures of teacher productivity---namely value-added student test scores calculated relative to other teachers in the same grade/school (where teachers are randomly allocated to classrooms within the same grade/school). While the two datasets appear to be quite similar in nature, both were samples-of-opportunity in that they were not representative of any particular population. Our findings differ substantially across datasets. This exercise reveals how results in the education and discrimination literature may be sensitive to the sample used.
{"title":"Using Samples-of-Opportunity to Assess Gender Bias in Principal Evaluations of Teachers: A Cautionary Tale","authors":"David Bjerk, Serkan Ozbeklik","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9271-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9271-1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses two “samples-of-opportunity” datasets to examine whether principal evaluations of teachers differ systematically across genders after controlling for arguably gender unbiased measures of teacher productivity---namely value-added student test scores calculated relative to other teachers in the same grade/school (where teachers are randomly allocated to classrooms within the same grade/school). While the two datasets appear to be quite similar in nature, both were samples-of-opportunity in that they were not representative of any particular population. Our findings differ substantially across datasets. This exercise reveals how results in the education and discrimination literature may be sensitive to the sample used.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9270-2
Robert L. Clark, Aditi Pathak, Denis Pelletier
Virtually all full-time state and local government employees are covered by a retirement plan, typically a defined benefit plan, in which they are required to participate. In addition, most school employees have the option of choosing to contribute to a voluntary retirement savings plan offered by their school district. Relative to private sector workers, public employees face an expanded choice of retirement savings plans. Federal tax policies allow state and local governments the opportunity to offer both 401(k) plans and 457 plans to their employees. In addition to these plans, public schools and certain other organizations can offer 403(b) plans to their employees. This paper examines the decision to participate in a voluntary savings plan and the level of contributions for those that enroll in at least one of the plans. The analysis begins by describing the savings options available to public school employees and how these plans differ. The findings indicate that the same economic and demographic factors that influence saving decisions by private workers also drive the decisions of school employees. The three savings plans offered to public employees have many similar characteristics; however, several differences in the plans imply that certain workers may prefer one plan type over the others. Probit and Tobit models of participation in any plan and total annual contributions are estimated. Finally, we estimate the determinants of the decision to choose any one or a combination of savings plans.
{"title":"Supplemental Retirement Savings Plans in the Public Sector: Participation and Contribution Decisions by School Personnel","authors":"Robert L. Clark, Aditi Pathak, Denis Pelletier","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9270-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9270-2","url":null,"abstract":"Virtually all full-time state and local government employees are covered by a retirement plan, typically a defined benefit plan, in which they are required to participate. In addition, most school employees have the option of choosing to contribute to a voluntary retirement savings plan offered by their school district. Relative to private sector workers, public employees face an expanded choice of retirement savings plans. Federal tax policies allow state and local governments the opportunity to offer both 401(k) plans and 457 plans to their employees. In addition to these plans, public schools and certain other organizations can offer 403(b) plans to their employees. This paper examines the decision to participate in a voluntary savings plan and the level of contributions for those that enroll in at least one of the plans. The analysis begins by describing the savings options available to public school employees and how these plans differ. The findings indicate that the same economic and demographic factors that influence saving decisions by private workers also drive the decisions of school employees. The three savings plans offered to public employees have many similar characteristics; however, several differences in the plans imply that certain workers may prefer one plan type over the others. Probit and Tobit models of participation in any plan and total annual contributions are estimated. Finally, we estimate the determinants of the decision to choose any one or a combination of savings plans.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-08DOI: 10.1007/s12122-018-9269-8
Jorge González Chapela
This study uses a job-design model and the 2002–2003 Spanish Time Use Survey to explore the existence of a previously overlooked relationship between physical work intensity and the split workday. The theoretical model developed predicts that the incidence of working split shifts may increase with physical work intensity if and only if the degree of recovery allowed by the mid-workday break is directly proportional to the physical load of the work done. Occupation-specific estimates of energy expenditure are constructed for Spain which permit investigating empirically the relationship between physical work intensity and the split workday.
{"title":"Physical Work Intensity and the Split Workday: Theory and Evidence from Spain","authors":"Jorge González Chapela","doi":"10.1007/s12122-018-9269-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-018-9269-8","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses a job-design model and the 2002–2003 Spanish Time Use Survey to explore the existence of a previously overlooked relationship between physical work intensity and the split workday. The theoretical model developed predicts that the incidence of working split shifts may increase with physical work intensity if and only if the degree of recovery allowed by the mid-workday break is directly proportional to the physical load of the work done. Occupation-specific estimates of energy expenditure are constructed for Spain which permit investigating empirically the relationship between physical work intensity and the split workday.","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1007/s12122-019-09295-y
Han Yu, N. Mocan
{"title":"The Impact of High School Curriculum on Confidence, Academic Success, and Mental and Physical Well-Being of University Students","authors":"Han Yu, N. Mocan","doi":"10.1007/s12122-019-09295-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-019-09295-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46592,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"428 - 462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12122-019-09295-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42261429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}