Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

Previous studies suggested that social anxiety is associated with interpretation bias, theory of mind deficit, and eye gaze avoidance when identifying facial emotions. We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious individuals would be more affected by mask use during facial emotion recognition. 88 healthy undergraduates with various levels of social anxiety were invited. Participants judged the emotions of masked and unmasked facial expressions. Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models was used to analyze participants' eye movement patterns during the task. Potential confounders including gender, depressive symptoms, stress, and executive planning ability were controlled for in the analyses. Results failed to support our hypothesis. Instead, higher social anxiety was associated with higher accuracy rates for angry and fearful faces and lower false alarm rates for sad faces. Eye movement patterns were similar across social anxiety levels. Interestingly, an exploratory moderation analysis revealed that an increase in using a more eye-centered strategy due to mask use was significantly associated with a larger drop in accuracy rate for fearful faces among individuals with higher social anxiety, while non-significantly associated with a smaller drop among individuals with lower social anxiety. Thus, our study indicates social anxiety, at least at subclinical levels, may be associated with a generally heightened sensitivity to negative emotions. However, such heightened sensitivity diminishes if they switch to a more eye-centered strategy when viewing masked facial emotions. Potential mechanisms and implications were discussed.

The pervasive nature of media multitasking in the last fifteen years has sparked extensive research, revealing a nuanced but predominantly negative association with executive function. Given the cognitive demands and technological landscape of the modern battlefield, there is a critical interest in understanding how these findings may or may not extend to military members. To understand this relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that self-reported media multitasking behaviors would be negatively associated with performance-based measurements of executive function in a military population. Results found no significant relationship between overall media multitasking and any measures of executive function. However, average media multitaskers performed significantly better than heavy media multitaskers in a task-switching paradigm. Furthermore, we examined whether self-regulation moderated this relationship. Unlike previous research in non-military samples, we did not find that the impact of media multitasking on executive function was more pronounced among military members with lower self-regulation. By uncovering the nuanced interplay between these variables, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of the cognitive implications of media multitasking both in general and within a military context.

In today's rapid dissemination of information, discerning truth from falsehood is crucial. We investigated how cues signaling information veracity influence memory accuracy and confidence in coherent narratives. Two studies manipulated perceptual difficulty in distinguishing true-labeled from false-labeled information in event descriptions using font color as a cue. Study 1 (N = 198) revealed that the presence of veracity cues reduces memory accuracy for the event description. Study 2 (N = 248) showed that when differentiating veracity cues became more challenging, false-labeled information was more frequently misidentified and less accurately remembered. Confidence ratings decreased with the presence of veracity cues (Study 1) but resulted in disproportionately high confidence for sentences labeled as false that were confused as true (Study 2). False-labeled information was less retained, yielding initially more accurate event representation. However, once stored, false-labeled information was recalled with confidence as true, leading to a false representation. Therefore, mechanisms such as highlighting the veracity of information within coherent news articles on social media should be used with consideration.

In present-day digital environments, people frequently encounter content from sources of questionable trustworthiness. Advertising is an untrustworthy source because its purpose is to persuade consumers rather than to provide impartial information. One factor known to enhance the perceived truth of advertising claims is repetition: Repeated advertising claims receive higher truth ratings than novel advertising claims. The phenomenon that repetition enhances processing fluency which enhances truth judgments is known as the illusory-truth effect. Does repetition always enhance truth judgments? For instance, does repetition enhance truth judgments even in contexts with extensive advertising exposure in which enhanced processing fluency could be used to classify a statement as likely coming from an untrustworthy source? In two experiments, we examined the illusory-truth effect by presenting participants with product statements in an exposure phase and collecting truth judgments for both repeated and new statements in a test phase. In a low-advertising-exposure condition, most of the statements were labeled as scientific studies while in the high-advertising-exposure condition, most of the statements were labeled as advertising. When participants read the product statements in the exposure phase, a typical illusory-truth effect was obtained: In the test phase, repeated statements received higher truth ratings than new statements. However, when participants were instructed to adopt an accuracy focus at encoding by judging the truth of the product statements, new statements were judged to be as true as repeated statements. Both the illusory-truth effect and its absence under accuracy-focus instructions were found to be robust across different levels of advertising exposure.

Advances in technology have enabled museum curators to employ equipment that can measure visitors' physiological responses, offering a means to monitor these responses, while, at the same time, potentially engaging visitors. However, it is unclear whether these devices genuinely promote a positive experience or, conversely, are perceived as intrusive monitoring tools. Following traditional theories linking physiological responses, emotions and memory, we tested whether wearing a heart rate monitoring wristband during a temporary art exhibition could affect visitors' emotions and if emotional changes due to this manipulation could, in turn, affect the long-term memory of the artworks. Our findings show that using such a device heightened pleasant emotions experienced by visitors and improved their memory of the exhibit. These effects were still present even after six days from the visit. Moreover, we found that providing fake feedback concerning the emotions experienced in a specific room increased visitors' memory of artworks within that room. Our results are encouraging regarding the use of these technologies in museum exhibitions and bring evidence that they can enhance visitors' experiences, regardless of their accuracy.

Autobiographical remembering may undergo significant transformations in the digital age, in which the omnipresence of digital tools has led to an increased density of recorded life episodes. To gain deeper insights into these processes, we conducted an experimental think-aloud study in which participants (N = 41) had to remember an important day and a random day that happened about one year ago. As the results demonstrate, participants repeatedly switched between information stored in their minds and information stored in external resources when remembering these events, with digital resources playing a particularly prominent role. The number of changes between internal memories and external resources as well as the number of digital resources that individuals used were higher when remembering the random day. In sum, this suggests that the iterative combination of information stored in one's mind and information stored in external resources can be considered a potentially symbiotic process.

Cognitive load occurs when the demands of a task surpass the available processing capacity, straining mental resources and potentially impairing performance efficiency, such as increasing the number of errors in a task. Owing to its ubiquity in real-world scenarios, the existence of offloading strategies to reduce cognitive load is not new to experts and nonexperts, and many of these strategies involve technology (e.g., using Calendar Apps to remember scheduled events). Surprisingly, little is known about the potential use of humanoid robots for cognitive offloading. We will examine studies assessing the influence of humanoid robots on cognitive tasks requiring the resolution of cognitive conflict to determine whether their presence facilitates or hinders cognitive performance. Our analysis focuses on standardized cognitive conflict paradigms, as these effectively simulate real-life conflict scenarios (i.e., everyday challenges in focusing on the task and ignoring distractions). In these studies, robots were involved by either participating in the tasks, providing social cues, or observing human performance. By identifying contexts where humanoid robots support cognitive offloading and where they may undermine it, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of cognitive processes in human-robot interaction (HRI) and informs the design of interventions aimed at improving task performance and well-being in professional HRI settings.

Data visualizations play a crucial role in communicating patterns in quantitative data, making data visualization literacy a key target of STEM education. However, it is currently unclear to what degree different assessments of data visualization literacy measure the same underlying constructs. Here, we administered two widely used graph comprehension assessments (Galesic and Garcia-Retamero in Med Dec Mak 31:444-457, 2011; Lee et al. in IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 235:51-560, 2016) to both a university-based convenience sample and a demographically representative sample of adult participants in the USA (N=1,113). Our analysis of individual variability in test performance suggests that overall scores are correlated between assessments and associated with the amount of prior coursework in mathematics. However, further exploration of individual error patterns suggests that these assessments probe somewhat distinct components of data visualization literacy, and we do not find evidence that these components correspond to the categories that guided the design of either test (e.g., questions that require retrieving values rather than making comparisons). Together, these findings suggest opportunities for development of more comprehensive assessments of data visualization literacy that are organized by components that better account for detailed behavioral patterns.

Predicting quitting rules is critical in visual search: Did I search enough for a cancer nodule in a breast X-ray or a threat in a baggage airport scanner? This study examines the predictive power of search organization indexes like best-r, mean ITD, PAO, or intersection rates as optimal criteria to leave a search in foraging (looking for several targets among distractors). In a sample of 29 adults, we compared static and dynamic foraging. Also, we reanalyze data from diverse foraging tasks in the lifespan already published to replicate results. Using ROC curves, all results consistently show that organization measures outperform classic intake rates commonly used in animal models to predict optimal human quitting behavior. Importantly, a combination of organization and traditional intake rates within a unitary factor is the best predictor. Our findings open a new research line for studying optimal decisions in visual search tasks based on search organization.