Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1936845
O. Wolski
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event which is transforming societies and strengthening the bond between human and technology. However, less attention is paid to nonusers of the Internet. To combat the pandemic, the Polish government introduced, in June 2020, a new policy that made it possible for citizens who had lost their job as a consequence of the crisis to obtain financial support. The application for this allowance was, however, possible only via an online platform. The paper discusses how this violated the right of the unemployed to stay offline.
{"title":"The right to stay offline? Not during the pandemic","authors":"O. Wolski","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1936845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1936845","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event which is transforming societies and strengthening the bond between human and technology. However, less attention is paid to nonusers of the Internet. To combat the pandemic, the Polish government introduced, in June 2020, a new policy that made it possible for citizens who had lost their job as a consequence of the crisis to obtain financial support. The application for this allowance was, however, possible only via an online platform. The paper discusses how this violated the right of the unemployed to stay offline.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"140 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1936845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48788928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-14DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1950095
Ilkka Koiranen, A. Koivula, S. Malinen, Teo Keipi
ABSTRACT In this study, we examine how political party preference and politically active social media use associate with social media behaviors – namely, conformist, provocative, and protective – in the context of the current political sphere in Finland. In our empirical analysis, we use a nationally representative dataset collected from 3,724 Finnish citizens in 2018. Our research confirms the assumption that there are notable differences in the social media behaviors of the supporters of different political parties. Additionally, our research shows that politically active social media use increases the occurrence for all three aforementioned behaviors. The study’s results also confirm that major differences in online behavior exist among the new identity parties’ supporters, who rely heavily on post-materialist and neoconservative political values.
{"title":"Undercurrents of echo chambers and flame wars: party political correlates of social media behavior","authors":"Ilkka Koiranen, A. Koivula, S. Malinen, Teo Keipi","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1950095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1950095","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, we examine how political party preference and politically active social media use associate with social media behaviors – namely, conformist, provocative, and protective – in the context of the current political sphere in Finland. In our empirical analysis, we use a nationally representative dataset collected from 3,724 Finnish citizens in 2018. Our research confirms the assumption that there are notable differences in the social media behaviors of the supporters of different political parties. Additionally, our research shows that politically active social media use increases the occurrence for all three aforementioned behaviors. The study’s results also confirm that major differences in online behavior exist among the new identity parties’ supporters, who rely heavily on post-materialist and neoconservative political values.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"197 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1950095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47829527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1945988
R. Bringula, Annaliza E. Catacutan, Manuel B. Garcia, John Paul S. Gonzales, Arlene Mae C. Valderama
ABSTRACT This study determined the items that could predict university students’ susceptibility to disinformation (e.g., fake news). Toward this goal, randomly-selected students from the four private universities in Manila answered a content-validated and pilot-tested survey form. Through binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that frequent visits to Instagram, sharing a political post of a friend, and liking a post of a political party could increase the susceptibility of students to fake news. On the other hand, sharing the post of a political party, and seeking the opinion of experts could decrease the susceptibility of students to fake news. Of these items, liking a post with a similar opinion of a political party – a confirmation bias – had the highest contribution to fake news susceptibility of students. It is worth noting that the most reliable source of information, i.e. the library, is the least utilized fact-checking resource. It can be concluded that technological, internal, and external factors contribute either positively or negatively to the susceptibility of students to fake news. Implications to combat fake news are offered.
{"title":"“Who is gullible to political disinformation?” : predicting susceptibility of university students to fake news","authors":"R. Bringula, Annaliza E. Catacutan, Manuel B. Garcia, John Paul S. Gonzales, Arlene Mae C. Valderama","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1945988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1945988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study determined the items that could predict university students’ susceptibility to disinformation (e.g., fake news). Toward this goal, randomly-selected students from the four private universities in Manila answered a content-validated and pilot-tested survey form. Through binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that frequent visits to Instagram, sharing a political post of a friend, and liking a post of a political party could increase the susceptibility of students to fake news. On the other hand, sharing the post of a political party, and seeking the opinion of experts could decrease the susceptibility of students to fake news. Of these items, liking a post with a similar opinion of a political party – a confirmation bias – had the highest contribution to fake news susceptibility of students. It is worth noting that the most reliable source of information, i.e. the library, is the least utilized fact-checking resource. It can be concluded that technological, internal, and external factors contribute either positively or negatively to the susceptibility of students to fake news. Implications to combat fake news are offered.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"165 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1945988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47989034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1945987
Jaigris Hodson, G. Veletsianos, S. Houlden
ABSTRACT We collected tweets directed at the official Twitter account of the Canadian Public Health Office as well as comments on a Canadian Public Health Office press conference posted to YouTube. We used a mixed method corpus-assisted discourse analysis approach to categorize and analyze these data. We found key differences between comments on each platform, namely differences in tone and sarcasm in YouTube comments, and more balance in Twitter mentions. Findings suggest that studying public responses to health information on one platform in isolation does not provide an accurate picture. To generate a fuller picture of misinformation, researchers should conduct studies across digital platforms using diverse methods. This research could influence how studies of health communication and public opinion are approached in the future.
{"title":"Public responses to COVID-19 information from the public health office on Twitter and YouTube: implications for research practice","authors":"Jaigris Hodson, G. Veletsianos, S. Houlden","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1945987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1945987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We collected tweets directed at the official Twitter account of the Canadian Public Health Office as well as comments on a Canadian Public Health Office press conference posted to YouTube. We used a mixed method corpus-assisted discourse analysis approach to categorize and analyze these data. We found key differences between comments on each platform, namely differences in tone and sarcasm in YouTube comments, and more balance in Twitter mentions. Findings suggest that studying public responses to health information on one platform in isolation does not provide an accurate picture. To generate a fuller picture of misinformation, researchers should conduct studies across digital platforms using diverse methods. This research could influence how studies of health communication and public opinion are approached in the future.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"156 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1945987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46421859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-17DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1936334
J. Luna, C. Pérez, Sergio Y. Toro, F. Rosenblatt, Bárbara Poblete, S. Valenzuela, Andrés Cruz, N. Bro, Daniel Alcatruz, Andrea Escobar
ABSTRACT How do political candidates combine social media campaign tools with on-the-ground political campaigns to pursue segmented electoral strategies? We argue that online campaigns can reproduce and reinforce segmented electoral appeals. Furthermore, our study suggests that electoral segmentation remains a broader phenomenon that includes social media as but one of many instruments by which to appeal to voters. To test our argument, we analyze the case of the 2017 legislative elections in Chile. We combine an analysis of Facebook and online electoral campaign data from 80 congressional campaigns that competed in three districts with ethnographic sources (i.e., campaigns observed on the ground and in-depth interviews with candidates). The results of this novel study suggest that intensive online campaigning mirrors offline segmentation.
{"title":"Much Ado About Facebook? Evidence from 80 Congressional Campaigns in Chile","authors":"J. Luna, C. Pérez, Sergio Y. Toro, F. Rosenblatt, Bárbara Poblete, S. Valenzuela, Andrés Cruz, N. Bro, Daniel Alcatruz, Andrea Escobar","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1936334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1936334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How do political candidates combine social media campaign tools with on-the-ground political campaigns to pursue segmented electoral strategies? We argue that online campaigns can reproduce and reinforce segmented electoral appeals. Furthermore, our study suggests that electoral segmentation remains a broader phenomenon that includes social media as but one of many instruments by which to appeal to voters. To test our argument, we analyze the case of the 2017 legislative elections in Chile. We combine an analysis of Facebook and online electoral campaign data from 80 congressional campaigns that competed in three districts with ethnographic sources (i.e., campaigns observed on the ground and in-depth interviews with candidates). The results of this novel study suggest that intensive online campaigning mirrors offline segmentation.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"129 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1936334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44282357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2056278
Pablo Henr'iquez, J. Sabat, Joseph Sullivan
ABSTRACT We contrast the number of “likes” that a given politician gives to another one on Twitter and the number of bills voted in favor by the same pair of politicians to empirically study how signals of agreement in Twitter translate into cross-cutting voting during a highly polarized period of time. As our main contribution, we document empirical evidence that ”likes” between opponents are positively related to the number of bills voted by the same pair of politicians in Congress, even when we control by politicians’ time-invariant characteristics, coalition affiliation, directed and undirected dyads and following links in Twitter.
{"title":"Politicians’ willingness to agree: evidence from the interactions in twitter of Chilean deputies","authors":"Pablo Henr'iquez, J. Sabat, Joseph Sullivan","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2022.2056278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2056278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We contrast the number of “likes” that a given politician gives to another one on Twitter and the number of bills voted in favor by the same pair of politicians to empirically study how signals of agreement in Twitter translate into cross-cutting voting during a highly polarized period of time. As our main contribution, we document empirical evidence that ”likes” between opponents are positively related to the number of bills voted by the same pair of politicians in Congress, even when we control by politicians’ time-invariant characteristics, coalition affiliation, directed and undirected dyads and following links in Twitter.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"20 1","pages":"92 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46203771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1927928
M. Boukes, Xiaotong Chu, M. F. A. Noon, Rufei Liu, Theo Araujo, A. Kroon
ABSTRACT Normative theory on the functioning of the public sphere requires citizens to actively engage with the information that is provided to them. For a long time, however, the possibilities of user-content interactivity have been limited due to the one-directionality of the traditional mass media. Moreover, a re-occurring question is to what extent less-versus-more entertaining forms of news evoke audience engagement. This study analyzes the user-content engagement on online platforms in response to journalistic content and infotainment; more concretely, we compare whether the satire genre is more likely to evoke user-content interactivity than regular news and partisan news shows. To test our hypotheses, a large-scale data analysis of social media posts by a wide variety of American TV shows on Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter has been conducted. Results demonstrate satire’s potential to encourage user-content interactivity: Satire videos generated (a) more likes and (b) more comments than the clips of regular news. However, we also find that (c) satire videos are related to less controversy, which arguably indicates that satire hampers the exchange of diverse ideas. Compared to partisan news – which shares many features of satire, but often lacks the humor component – satire elicits more likes but less commentary and less controversy.
{"title":"Comparing user-content interactivity and audience diversity across news and satire: differences in online engagement between satire, regular news and partisan news","authors":"M. Boukes, Xiaotong Chu, M. F. A. Noon, Rufei Liu, Theo Araujo, A. Kroon","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1927928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1927928","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Normative theory on the functioning of the public sphere requires citizens to actively engage with the information that is provided to them. For a long time, however, the possibilities of user-content interactivity have been limited due to the one-directionality of the traditional mass media. Moreover, a re-occurring question is to what extent less-versus-more entertaining forms of news evoke audience engagement. This study analyzes the user-content engagement on online platforms in response to journalistic content and infotainment; more concretely, we compare whether the satire genre is more likely to evoke user-content interactivity than regular news and partisan news shows. To test our hypotheses, a large-scale data analysis of social media posts by a wide variety of American TV shows on Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter has been conducted. Results demonstrate satire’s potential to encourage user-content interactivity: Satire videos generated (a) more likes and (b) more comments than the clips of regular news. However, we also find that (c) satire videos are related to less controversy, which arguably indicates that satire hampers the exchange of diverse ideas. Compared to partisan news – which shares many features of satire, but often lacks the humor component – satire elicits more likes but less commentary and less controversy.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"98 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1927928","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326
Dakoda Trithara
ABSTRACT Why did Blizzard Entertainment sanction a professional esports player for showing support for the 2019 Hong Kong protests during an official streaming event and later reduce the penalty? Drawing on public primary source documents including press releases, tweets, statements, and the Congressional Record, I argue competitive gaming has developed to a level where various forces are politicizing esports events to increase the visibility of social issues and influence the policymaking process. This is possible because the global nature of esports provides an economic incentive for video game developers to maintain a presence in particular markets through actions other markets may deem politically untenable, while also giving players a worldwide platform to communicate activist messages. The case study explores the broader political context around esports by offering a novel description illuminating the #BoycottBlizzard consumer movement and how esports events can act as fora for geopolitical tensions to unfold.
{"title":"Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces","authors":"Dakoda Trithara","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why did Blizzard Entertainment sanction a professional esports player for showing support for the 2019 Hong Kong protests during an official streaming event and later reduce the penalty? Drawing on public primary source documents including press releases, tweets, statements, and the Congressional Record, I argue competitive gaming has developed to a level where various forces are politicizing esports events to increase the visibility of social issues and influence the policymaking process. This is possible because the global nature of esports provides an economic incentive for video game developers to maintain a presence in particular markets through actions other markets may deem politically untenable, while also giving players a worldwide platform to communicate activist messages. The case study explores the broader political context around esports by offering a novel description illuminating the #BoycottBlizzard consumer movement and how esports events can act as fora for geopolitical tensions to unfold.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"65 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44649073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1928579
Rasmus Schmøkel, Michael Bossetta
ABSTRACT We present a methodological workflow using two open science tools that we developed. The first, FBAdLibrian, collects images from the Facebook Ad Library. The second, Pykognition, simplifies facial and emotion detection in images using computer vision. We provide a methodological workflow for using these tools and apply them to a case study of the 2020 US primary elections. We find that unique images of campaigning candidates are only a fraction (<.1%) of overall ads. Furthermore, we find that candidates most often display happiness and calm in their facial expressions, and they rarely attack opponents in image-based ads from their official Facebook pages. When candidates do attack, opponents are portrayed with emotions such as anger, sadness, and fear.
{"title":"FBAdLibrarian and Pykognition: open science tools for the collection and emotion detection of images in Facebook political ads with computer vision","authors":"Rasmus Schmøkel, Michael Bossetta","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1928579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1928579","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We present a methodological workflow using two open science tools that we developed. The first, FBAdLibrian, collects images from the Facebook Ad Library. The second, Pykognition, simplifies facial and emotion detection in images using computer vision. We provide a methodological workflow for using these tools and apply them to a case study of the 2020 US primary elections. We find that unique images of campaigning candidates are only a fraction (<.1%) of overall ads. Furthermore, we find that candidates most often display happiness and calm in their facial expressions, and they rarely attack opponents in image-based ads from their official Facebook pages. When candidates do attack, opponents are portrayed with emotions such as anger, sadness, and fear.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"118 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1928579","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46977573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-16DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1923497
Lu Wang
ABSTRACT This research examines how race moderates the association between social media news consumption and political participation. Through an analysis of Pew Research Center survey data, this study finds that social networking sites (SNS) are crucial for racial minorities’ political participation. Racial minorities showed a higher level of SNS usage for news consumption, and Black people exhibited significantly higher levels of online political participation than White people, especially when SNS news consumption was at a low frequency. Yet the association between SNS news use and online participation was stronger for White people than Black people. In contrast, this research did not find a significant racial gap in offline voting engagement nor extra democratic benefits of SNS news consumption for racial minorities.
{"title":"Race, social media news use, and political participation","authors":"Lu Wang","doi":"10.1080/19331681.2021.1923497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2021.1923497","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research examines how race moderates the association between social media news consumption and political participation. Through an analysis of Pew Research Center survey data, this study finds that social networking sites (SNS) are crucial for racial minorities’ political participation. Racial minorities showed a higher level of SNS usage for news consumption, and Black people exhibited significantly higher levels of online political participation than White people, especially when SNS news consumption was at a low frequency. Yet the association between SNS news use and online participation was stronger for White people than Black people. In contrast, this research did not find a significant racial gap in offline voting engagement nor extra democratic benefits of SNS news consumption for racial minorities.","PeriodicalId":47047,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Technology & Politics","volume":"19 1","pages":"83 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19331681.2021.1923497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48444637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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