Melissa S. Morabito, J. G. Green, J. Savage, Jill Battal, Whitney V. Walker
To reduce police presence in schools, School Resource Officer programmes are being eliminated across the USA. However, police also become involved in schools through other routes—namely, in response to school calls to 911. This type of police involvement has generally been overlooked in prior studies of school use of police services. In addition, prior research has primarily relied on interview and survey data of school administrators. We describe a researcher–practitioner partnership created to address the limitations of this prior research and to answer foundational questions from one urban school district—Boston Public Schools (BPS)—about police involvement in schools through calls to 911. First, we discuss ongoing collaborative work conducted among the Boston Police Department (BPD), BPS, and academic partners. Next, we provide an example of how this partnership can address pressing questions identified by BPS by providing the results of an analysis of 911 calls. In particular, we examine the ways in which elementary versus secondary schools in the BPS system differ in their patterns of 911 usage across schools when requesting assistance from the BPD. This work provides an example of how researcher–practitioner partnerships can inform policy and practice in schools, and guide decision-making about school-based police services.
{"title":"911 Usage by Boston Public Schools: A Researcher–Practitioner Partnership","authors":"Melissa S. Morabito, J. G. Green, J. Savage, Jill Battal, Whitney V. Walker","doi":"10.1093/police/paac115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To reduce police presence in schools, School Resource Officer programmes are being eliminated across the USA. However, police also become involved in schools through other routes—namely, in response to school calls to 911. This type of police involvement has generally been overlooked in prior studies of school use of police services. In addition, prior research has primarily relied on interview and survey data of school administrators. We describe a researcher–practitioner partnership created to address the limitations of this prior research and to answer foundational questions from one urban school district—Boston Public Schools (BPS)—about police involvement in schools through calls to 911. First, we discuss ongoing collaborative work conducted among the Boston Police Department (BPD), BPS, and academic partners. Next, we provide an example of how this partnership can address pressing questions identified by BPS by providing the results of an analysis of 911 calls. In particular, we examine the ways in which elementary versus secondary schools in the BPS system differ in their patterns of 911 usage across schools when requesting assistance from the BPD. This work provides an example of how researcher–practitioner partnerships can inform policy and practice in schools, and guide decision-making about school-based police services.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49401963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article examines how Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ (SCATO) platform uses crowdsourcing to collect tips from the public in order to tackle online child sexual exploitation. The article evaluates the platform's effectiveness based on three key factors: how easy it is for the public to access the platform, the transaction costs involved in gathering information from the public, and how trust is established between the public and law enforcement agencies. By analyzing Europol documents and conducting interviews with law enforcement officers and non-governmental organizations, the article argues that the SCATO platform is user-friendly and accessible to the public. However, in order to reduce the searching cost of intelligence gathering, the images shared on the platform should encourage high-value reporting without compromising victim anonymity. Additionally, the platform should also benefit from clear guidelines and feedback mechanisms to encourage more public participation.
{"title":"Crowdsourcing to Tackle Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ Platform","authors":"Ethem Ilbiz, Christian Kaunert","doi":"10.1093/police/paad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines how Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ (SCATO) platform uses crowdsourcing to collect tips from the public in order to tackle online child sexual exploitation. The article evaluates the platform's effectiveness based on three key factors: how easy it is for the public to access the platform, the transaction costs involved in gathering information from the public, and how trust is established between the public and law enforcement agencies. By analyzing Europol documents and conducting interviews with law enforcement officers and non-governmental organizations, the article argues that the SCATO platform is user-friendly and accessible to the public. However, in order to reduce the searching cost of intelligence gathering, the images shared on the platform should encourage high-value reporting without compromising victim anonymity. Additionally, the platform should also benefit from clear guidelines and feedback mechanisms to encourage more public participation.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whilst there have been many books written concerning police organisational culture and the issues that exist around this concept, Marsh’s work is perhaps the only one that examines the organisational culture of An Garda Síochána (Garda), which is Ireland’s National Policing Organisation. It does this by using document analysis to explore key recent tribunals and reports of inquiry into the police in Ireland. These cover a period of 30 years, and this analysis is done to examine how the organisation’s culture can be identified and how this can affect policing practices. In the process she has produced an insightful and detailed account which joins the growing policing scholarship concerning the Irish Republic as well as the continuing debate concerning police organisational culture. The key aim of this book is to help the reader to understand what the culture of the Garda is, and how this in turn impacts relations not only within the organisation itself, but also with the communities with whom the Garda work. In addition to this, the book also seeks to ascertain where Ireland positions itself in the broader world of police organisational culture.
{"title":"Courtney Marsh (2022). Irish Policing: Culture, Challenges, and Change in an Garda Síochána","authors":"Paul Gilbert","doi":"10.1093/police/paad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad011","url":null,"abstract":"Whilst there have been many books written concerning police organisational culture and the issues that exist around this concept, Marsh’s work is perhaps the only one that examines the organisational culture of An Garda Síochána (Garda), which is Ireland’s National Policing Organisation. It does this by using document analysis to explore key recent tribunals and reports of inquiry into the police in Ireland. These cover a period of 30 years, and this analysis is done to examine how the organisation’s culture can be identified and how this can affect policing practices. In the process she has produced an insightful and detailed account which joins the growing policing scholarship concerning the Irish Republic as well as the continuing debate concerning police organisational culture. The key aim of this book is to help the reader to understand what the culture of the Garda is, and how this in turn impacts relations not only within the organisation itself, but also with the communities with whom the Garda work. In addition to this, the book also seeks to ascertain where Ireland positions itself in the broader world of police organisational culture.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135185457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"It Is Time for ‘Big Science’ in SQF Research: The Questions Are Important Enough and the Potential Harms of ‘Small Science’ Great Enough","authors":"D. Weisburd, Kevin Petersen, Sydney A Fay","doi":"10.1093/police/paad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46937593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explores the views of police recruits from cohorts pre and post the introduction of the graduate entry scheme. Recruits at the end of their initial training period were asked about their role and their expectations of policing. The views of recruits from these different cohorts are compared to understand whether the new graduate programme inculcated different views than the previous training programme. This research suggests that there are few differences between student officers who have completed the graduate training programme and those that did not. The findings suggest that there are deeply entrenched barriers and resistance to the change process. If change is to be achieved, it will require that the commitment of several stakeholders including the graduate officers themselves.
{"title":"Doing the Job! Expectations of Police Recruits (Pre- and Post- Graduate Entry)","authors":"John McCanney, Julie Taylor","doi":"10.1093/police/paac104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This research explores the views of police recruits from cohorts pre and post the introduction of the graduate entry scheme. Recruits at the end of their initial training period were asked about their role and their expectations of policing. The views of recruits from these different cohorts are compared to understand whether the new graduate programme inculcated different views than the previous training programme. This research suggests that there are few differences between student officers who have completed the graduate training programme and those that did not. The findings suggest that there are deeply entrenched barriers and resistance to the change process. If change is to be achieved, it will require that the commitment of several stakeholders including the graduate officers themselves.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41648065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores two models of preference-formation of trust in the police in Latin America and the Caribbean: An institutional model that highlights the role of broad assessments of government performance and legitimacy and an experiential approach focussed on more narrow experiences of victimization and police contact. We examine these frameworks based on theory and analysis of administrative data and surveys from the Americas Barometer 2014 (N = 34,798 respondents T = 22 countries). Findings show that respondents with higher confidence in their government also indicate higher ratings of trust in the police. Similarly, trust is higher among individuals who had not experienced victimization or bribery or who anticipated faster police response times. At the country level, our results suggest that trust is negatively related to economic development but positively related to rule of law. We draw on these findings to outline an integrative model that combines both institutional and experiential perspectives.
{"title":"Trust in the police in Latin America: A multilevel analysis of institutional and experiential models","authors":"Felipe Salazar-Tobar, Andres F. Rengifo","doi":"10.1093/police/paac113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac113","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores two models of preference-formation of trust in the police in Latin America and the Caribbean: An institutional model that highlights the role of broad assessments of government performance and legitimacy and an experiential approach focussed on more narrow experiences of victimization and police contact. We examine these frameworks based on theory and analysis of administrative data and surveys from the Americas Barometer 2014 (N = 34,798 respondents T = 22 countries). Findings show that respondents with higher confidence in their government also indicate higher ratings of trust in the police. Similarly, trust is higher among individuals who had not experienced victimization or bribery or who anticipated faster police response times. At the country level, our results suggest that trust is negatively related to economic development but positively related to rule of law. We draw on these findings to outline an integrative model that combines both institutional and experiential perspectives.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42297553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research was to understand the perceptions and beliefs of police officers who work and support victims of intimate partner domestic violence and abuse (DVA) and evaluate the way it is recorded. A sample was collected from eight police departments in Greece. The head of each police department was approached by the researcher and asked to distribute a structured questionnaire to front-line police officers who work with DVA victims. In total 358 police officers completed the questionnaire. Overall, nearly twice as many police officers referred to female victims (n = 170) compared to male victims (n = 83) of DVA. The police officers indicated that female victims usually suffered from severe physical violence/GBH (43%) and psychological abuse (27%), whereas male victims were most likely to disclose minor physical injuries and verbal abuse (49%) and less psychological violence (10%). An arrest was the most common response for both female and male victims (51% and 60%, respectively). Police participants indicated that offenders against males were more likely to be charged (28%) but less likely to be convicted (4%), whereas the opposite was reported for offenders of female victims (14% and 13%, respectively). If the offender was known to the police, the opinion was they were less likely to be prosecuted. Police respondents reported no significant differences for female and male victims as to causal factors and reasons for NOT reporting DVA. These were discrimination (31%), few DVA services (23%), intimidation (15%), shame and stigma of media reports (14%), lack of community support (6%), and personal reasons (9%).
{"title":"Police Recognition of Gender Issues in Relation to Intimate Partner Domestic Violence and Abuse in Greece","authors":"Vasiliki Kravvariti, Kevin Browne","doi":"10.1093/police/paad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of the research was to understand the perceptions and beliefs of police officers who work and support victims of intimate partner domestic violence and abuse (DVA) and evaluate the way it is recorded. A sample was collected from eight police departments in Greece. The head of each police department was approached by the researcher and asked to distribute a structured questionnaire to front-line police officers who work with DVA victims. In total 358 police officers completed the questionnaire. Overall, nearly twice as many police officers referred to female victims (n = 170) compared to male victims (n = 83) of DVA. The police officers indicated that female victims usually suffered from severe physical violence/GBH (43%) and psychological abuse (27%), whereas male victims were most likely to disclose minor physical injuries and verbal abuse (49%) and less psychological violence (10%). An arrest was the most common response for both female and male victims (51% and 60%, respectively). Police participants indicated that offenders against males were more likely to be charged (28%) but less likely to be convicted (4%), whereas the opposite was reported for offenders of female victims (14% and 13%, respectively). If the offender was known to the police, the opinion was they were less likely to be prosecuted. Police respondents reported no significant differences for female and male victims as to causal factors and reasons for NOT reporting DVA. These were discrimination (31%), few DVA services (23%), intimidation (15%), shame and stigma of media reports (14%), lack of community support (6%), and personal reasons (9%).","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Striking the right balance? Evidence, ethics and the effectiveness of stop and search","authors":"P. Quinton","doi":"10.1093/police/paad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42478388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents evidence from a mixed-methods study examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on frontline police responses to domestic abuse, with a particular focus on ‘positive action’, across seven police forces in England. Statistical analysis of police-recorded domestic abuse administrative data is combined with 73 semi-structured officer interviews conducted over the first year of the pandemic (June 2020 to June 2021). Findings identify officers felt their general approach to domestic abuse remained unchanged. However, officers used their discretion to adapt positive action practices to the pandemic context, for example, by temporarily making greater use of arrests, Domestic Violence Protection Notices/Orders, and informal measures. Mirroring broader tensions relating to police legitimacy arising during the pandemic, officers saw victim safeguarding as a priority but simultaneously expressed concern about proportionality. The article concludes by addressing the implications of the findings for the understanding and evaluation of domestic abuse policing practices both within and beyond the pandemic context—in terms of informing theoretical understandings of positive action, as well as police institutional knowledge, policy, and practice going forwards.
{"title":"Police Responses to Domestic Abuse during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Positive Action and Police Legitimacy","authors":"Kelly Johnson, K. Hohl","doi":"10.1093/police/paac108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac108","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents evidence from a mixed-methods study examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on frontline police responses to domestic abuse, with a particular focus on ‘positive action’, across seven police forces in England. Statistical analysis of police-recorded domestic abuse administrative data is combined with 73 semi-structured officer interviews conducted over the first year of the pandemic (June 2020 to June 2021). Findings identify officers felt their general approach to domestic abuse remained unchanged. However, officers used their discretion to adapt positive action practices to the pandemic context, for example, by temporarily making greater use of arrests, Domestic Violence Protection Notices/Orders, and informal measures. Mirroring broader tensions relating to police legitimacy arising during the pandemic, officers saw victim safeguarding as a priority but simultaneously expressed concern about proportionality. The article concludes by addressing the implications of the findings for the understanding and evaluation of domestic abuse policing practices both within and beyond the pandemic context—in terms of informing theoretical understandings of positive action, as well as police institutional knowledge, policy, and practice going forwards.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42058114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2014, China's Ministry of Public Security has begun to reform the national police system, which involves internal command, criminal intelligence and welfare support systems. This research aims to explore how policing reform affects the daily law enforcement of frontline police officers and grassroot police units, and the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study also analyses the changes in the organisational structure of grassroot police units and the criminal intelligence system after the policing reform. The research methodology consisted of the researchers conducting a textual analysis of work reports issued by multiple local police units and reform reports in newspapers, and investigating the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study found that the reform did help enhance the law enforcement capabilities of grassroot police units and frontline police officers. Most frontline police officers additionally supported the policing reform. However, the policing reform has also led to issues such as the indiscriminate expansion of police power and the work pressure on frontline police officers. Finally, this study is an exploratory observation of China's national police system and can provide new insights into research on policing and the understanding of Chinese policing practices. It can additionally provide different countries with new information about policing reform.
{"title":"Changes in China’s Policing: Organizational Structure and Daily Law Enforcement of Frontline Police","authors":"Haoran Xu, C. Vandeviver, A. Verhage","doi":"10.1093/police/paad018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since 2014, China's Ministry of Public Security has begun to reform the national police system, which involves internal command, criminal intelligence and welfare support systems. This research aims to explore how policing reform affects the daily law enforcement of frontline police officers and grassroot police units, and the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study also analyses the changes in the organisational structure of grassroot police units and the criminal intelligence system after the policing reform. The research methodology consisted of the researchers conducting a textual analysis of work reports issued by multiple local police units and reform reports in newspapers, and investigating the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study found that the reform did help enhance the law enforcement capabilities of grassroot police units and frontline police officers. Most frontline police officers additionally supported the policing reform. However, the policing reform has also led to issues such as the indiscriminate expansion of police power and the work pressure on frontline police officers. Finally, this study is an exploratory observation of China's national police system and can provide new insights into research on policing and the understanding of Chinese policing practices. It can additionally provide different countries with new information about policing reform.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49119374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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