{"title":"KirbyStuart and KeayScott (2021). Improving Intelligence Analysis in Policing. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-367-48111-7 (hbk)","authors":"Shane Mac Giollabhuí","doi":"10.1093/police/paad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45072199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current demand for policing alternatives has never been higher. In Canada, police services are increasingly exploring these alternatives to address this demand. In 2021, the Saskatoon Police Service (SPS), in collaboration with the city of Saskatoon, university partners, and numerous community stakeholders, introduced an alternative response officer (ARO). The ARO is a special constable, meaning that they are sworn in as a peace officer, but are tasked with addressing community safety concerns that do not require an armed officer to attend. SPS introduced the ARO in the downtown area of Saskatoon with the intent to increase interoperability with other community service providers, increase uniformed presence in the area to act as reassurance and deterrence, and to decrease the need for armed officers to attend low-level social disorder or social welfare calls. Using activity counts and calls for service data, this study examines the implementation and early outcomes of policing alternatives for community support and policing resource management. This study has implications for investing and expanding policing alternatives and reducing policing costs to municipalities.
{"title":"Alternative response officers: investing in policing alternatives and community safety in Saskatoon, Canada","authors":"Tarah Hodgkinson, Darren Pringle","doi":"10.1093/police/paac109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current demand for policing alternatives has never been higher. In Canada, police services are increasingly exploring these alternatives to address this demand. In 2021, the Saskatoon Police Service (SPS), in collaboration with the city of Saskatoon, university partners, and numerous community stakeholders, introduced an alternative response officer (ARO). The ARO is a special constable, meaning that they are sworn in as a peace officer, but are tasked with addressing community safety concerns that do not require an armed officer to attend. SPS introduced the ARO in the downtown area of Saskatoon with the intent to increase interoperability with other community service providers, increase uniformed presence in the area to act as reassurance and deterrence, and to decrease the need for armed officers to attend low-level social disorder or social welfare calls. Using activity counts and calls for service data, this study examines the implementation and early outcomes of policing alternatives for community support and policing resource management. This study has implications for investing and expanding policing alternatives and reducing policing costs to municipalities.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41406697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the police activities most associated with the recovery of stolen vehicles in Manchester, UK. The dataset consists of 6,104 reports of theft of motor vehicles whereby a random sample of 250 cases of stolen vehicles later recovered and 250 cases of stolen vehicles in which no recovery occurred were taken from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Twenty independent variables were selected using the findings from existing solvability literature, and additional variables were discovered from legacy data provided by the Greater Manchester Police recording systems. A case–control study was developed based on exploratory identification of police activities commonly used in cases of recovered vehicles. The findings indicate that motor vehicles were typically found by police during an investigation or through non-related proactive activities. Furthermore, vehicles were recovered by the victims themselves or by a member of the public reporting the vehicle to the police.
{"title":"Enhancing recovery rates for stolen vehicles: A solvability factors method","authors":"Marc Hargreaves, Vincent Harinam, B. Ariel","doi":"10.1093/police/paac072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac072","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines the police activities most associated with the recovery of stolen vehicles in Manchester, UK. The dataset consists of 6,104 reports of theft of motor vehicles whereby a random sample of 250 cases of stolen vehicles later recovered and 250 cases of stolen vehicles in which no recovery occurred were taken from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018. Twenty independent variables were selected using the findings from existing solvability literature, and additional variables were discovered from legacy data provided by the Greater Manchester Police recording systems. A case–control study was developed based on exploratory identification of police activities commonly used in cases of recovered vehicles. The findings indicate that motor vehicles were typically found by police during an investigation or through non-related proactive activities. Furthermore, vehicles were recovered by the victims themselves or by a member of the public reporting the vehicle to the police.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49651800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 2014, China's Ministry of Public Security has begun to reform the national police system, which involves internal command, criminal intelligence and welfare support systems. This research aims to explore how policing reform affects the daily law enforcement of frontline police officers and grassroot police units, and the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study also analyses the changes in the organisational structure of grassroot police units and the criminal intelligence system after the policing reform. The research methodology consisted of the researchers conducting a textual analysis of work reports issued by multiple local police units and reform reports in newspapers, and investigating the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study found that the reform did help enhance the law enforcement capabilities of grassroot police units and frontline police officers. Most frontline police officers additionally supported the policing reform. However, the policing reform has also led to issues such as the indiscriminate expansion of police power and the work pressure on frontline police officers. Finally, this study is an exploratory observation of China's national police system and can provide new insights into research on policing and the understanding of Chinese policing practices. It can additionally provide different countries with new information about policing reform.
{"title":"Changes in China’s Policing: Organizational Structure and Daily Law Enforcement of Frontline Police","authors":"Haoran Xu, C. Vandeviver, A. Verhage","doi":"10.1093/police/paad018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since 2014, China's Ministry of Public Security has begun to reform the national police system, which involves internal command, criminal intelligence and welfare support systems. This research aims to explore how policing reform affects the daily law enforcement of frontline police officers and grassroot police units, and the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study also analyses the changes in the organisational structure of grassroot police units and the criminal intelligence system after the policing reform. The research methodology consisted of the researchers conducting a textual analysis of work reports issued by multiple local police units and reform reports in newspapers, and investigating the views of frontline police officers on policing reform. The study found that the reform did help enhance the law enforcement capabilities of grassroot police units and frontline police officers. Most frontline police officers additionally supported the policing reform. However, the policing reform has also led to issues such as the indiscriminate expansion of police power and the work pressure on frontline police officers. Finally, this study is an exploratory observation of China's national police system and can provide new insights into research on policing and the understanding of Chinese policing practices. It can additionally provide different countries with new information about policing reform.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49119374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gun Violence, Community Harm, and Street Stops","authors":"A. Braga","doi":"10.1093/police/paac099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paac099","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41794191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prevailing scholarly literature generally suggested the significance of an externally empowered oversight agency to ensure the public accountability of the police. As an electoral democratic regime, Taiwan’s model of police oversight is characterized by the parallel existence of both internal and external investigative bodies. The Control Yuan is a constitutionally empowered ‘super ombudsman’ to monitor the integrity management of civil servants including the police. This thematic research studies the reflection of ‘insiders’—the Control Yuan members who have taken part in police misconduct hearings, on this mechanism that is uncommon in western democracies. Paradoxically, the respondents generally questioned the effectiveness of this powerful establishment with both abundant human resources and legal authorization. The technical competence among investigators and party politics in agenda setting are also perceived as structural limitations of the current mechanism.
{"title":"Empowerment and capacity of external police oversight: The paradox of the Control Yuan in Taiwan","authors":"L. Ho, A. S. Li, Jason Kwun-hong Chan","doi":"10.1093/police/paad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Prevailing scholarly literature generally suggested the significance of an externally empowered oversight agency to ensure the public accountability of the police. As an electoral democratic regime, Taiwan’s model of police oversight is characterized by the parallel existence of both internal and external investigative bodies. The Control Yuan is a constitutionally empowered ‘super ombudsman’ to monitor the integrity management of civil servants including the police. This thematic research studies the reflection of ‘insiders’—the Control Yuan members who have taken part in police misconduct hearings, on this mechanism that is uncommon in western democracies. Paradoxically, the respondents generally questioned the effectiveness of this powerful establishment with both abundant human resources and legal authorization. The technical competence among investigators and party politics in agenda setting are also perceived as structural limitations of the current mechanism.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46747477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a strong tradition of qualitative research documenting the experiences of survivors of domestic abuse. The in-depth nature of this data and the context in which it is collected contrasts with data collected by police officers largely for the purposes of recording and investigating crime. We argue that crime codes are an incomplete representation of ‘harm’ and escalation in domestic abuse. We also suggest harm indexes and severity scores that combine crime codes and sentencing data are an inadequate and potentially misleading representation of victim-survivors’ lived experiences and wider harms suffered. We caution against the use of harm index data to prioritize intervention in cases of domestic abuse and to assess police performance and the impact of interventions. We argue for a wider range of available data to be utilized in the measurement of harm and for measurement frameworks to be informed by foundational qualitative research in this field.
{"title":"Whose Harm is it Anyway? Using Police Data to Represent Domestic Abuse Victims’ Experiences","authors":"A. Myhill, L. Kelly","doi":"10.1093/police/paad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is a strong tradition of qualitative research documenting the experiences of survivors of domestic abuse. The in-depth nature of this data and the context in which it is collected contrasts with data collected by police officers largely for the purposes of recording and investigating crime. We argue that crime codes are an incomplete representation of ‘harm’ and escalation in domestic abuse. We also suggest harm indexes and severity scores that combine crime codes and sentencing data are an inadequate and potentially misleading representation of victim-survivors’ lived experiences and wider harms suffered. We caution against the use of harm index data to prioritize intervention in cases of domestic abuse and to assess police performance and the impact of interventions. We argue for a wider range of available data to be utilized in the measurement of harm and for measurement frameworks to be informed by foundational qualitative research in this field.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47487029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AlShaima Taleb Hussain, Eric Halford, Faisal AlKaabi
Abstract Virtual reality (VR) technology has revolutionized the way organizations are approaching the training of their workforce. By adopting elements of gamification, VR developers are now able to develop simulations that studies are beginning to demonstrate can teach vocational content in a more effective, efficient, and cost-effective manner, in comparison to traditional teaching approaches, such as classroom tuition for example. VR simulators are considered to be especially effective when used for replicating real-life training scenarios and this is the reason that they are beginning to be adopted by policing. To date, studies have examined their application in a small variety of policing scenarios but no literature has examined exactly how the police develop such VR training simulators, and this is the primary research gap that the study seeks to fill. This is achieved by using a single holistic case study methodology (Yin, 2018. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (6th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage) to examine the design process of nine simulators developed by the Abu Dhabi Police Virtual Training Centre (ADPVTC). By examining detailed design documents this article identifies the use of elements of the constructivist pedagogical approach to learning to underpin the development process used, and associated hardware and software specifications and outlines practical methods of scalability, portability, and mitigation of health and safety risks. In doing so, whilst also providing a blueprint, and the argument for police services to consider the implementation of their own internal VR development capacity and capability, we discuss the possible implications of this for policing. Limitations are also outlined, with the primary issue being the absence of a formal effectiveness evaluation of the products produced, particularly those used for training.
{"title":"The Abu Dhabi Police Virtual Training Centre: A case study for building a virtual reality development capacity and capability","authors":"AlShaima Taleb Hussain, Eric Halford, Faisal AlKaabi","doi":"10.1093/police/paad028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Virtual reality (VR) technology has revolutionized the way organizations are approaching the training of their workforce. By adopting elements of gamification, VR developers are now able to develop simulations that studies are beginning to demonstrate can teach vocational content in a more effective, efficient, and cost-effective manner, in comparison to traditional teaching approaches, such as classroom tuition for example. VR simulators are considered to be especially effective when used for replicating real-life training scenarios and this is the reason that they are beginning to be adopted by policing. To date, studies have examined their application in a small variety of policing scenarios but no literature has examined exactly how the police develop such VR training simulators, and this is the primary research gap that the study seeks to fill. This is achieved by using a single holistic case study methodology (Yin, 2018. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (6th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage) to examine the design process of nine simulators developed by the Abu Dhabi Police Virtual Training Centre (ADPVTC). By examining detailed design documents this article identifies the use of elements of the constructivist pedagogical approach to learning to underpin the development process used, and associated hardware and software specifications and outlines practical methods of scalability, portability, and mitigation of health and safety risks. In doing so, whilst also providing a blueprint, and the argument for police services to consider the implementation of their own internal VR development capacity and capability, we discuss the possible implications of this for policing. Limitations are also outlined, with the primary issue being the absence of a formal effectiveness evaluation of the products produced, particularly those used for training.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136298167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There are no known studies of victim opinions of police responses to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) calls in Greece. This study investigates differences in female and male victim experiences after making a call to the Greek police about DVA. A sample consisting of 104 victims of DVA was recruited from five agencies offering counselling and support. Of this sample, 72% consented to participate and complete a structured questionnaire (N = 75). The study compared 58 female and 17 male victims of similar demographic characteristics. Results showed there was a significant bias towards female victims for the information, help, and advice given, satisfaction with the police interview and arrest but not for children and witnesses, satisfaction with the police report and outcome of the incident. Partial evidence is provided to support the notion that male victims in Greece are discriminated against, as they do not fulfil gender stereotypes expected by police officers.
{"title":"Victim opinions of police responses to reports of domestic violence and abuse in Greece","authors":"Vasiliki Kravvariti, Kevin Browne","doi":"10.1093/police/paad055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paad055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are no known studies of victim opinions of police responses to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) calls in Greece. This study investigates differences in female and male victim experiences after making a call to the Greek police about DVA. A sample consisting of 104 victims of DVA was recruited from five agencies offering counselling and support. Of this sample, 72% consented to participate and complete a structured questionnaire (N = 75). The study compared 58 female and 17 male victims of similar demographic characteristics. Results showed there was a significant bias towards female victims for the information, help, and advice given, satisfaction with the police interview and arrest but not for children and witnesses, satisfaction with the police report and outcome of the incident. Partial evidence is provided to support the notion that male victims in Greece are discriminated against, as they do not fulfil gender stereotypes expected by police officers.","PeriodicalId":47186,"journal":{"name":"Policing-A Journal of Policy and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135001741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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