Pub Date : 2015-12-18DOI: 10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-427
E. Chenoweth, Kurt Schock
Civil resistance is a powerful strategy for promoting major social and political change, yet no study has systematically evaluated the effects of simultaneous armed resistance on the success rates of unarmed resistance campaigns. Using the Nonviolent and Violent Conflict Outcomes (NAVCO 1.1) data set, which includes aggregate data on 106 primarily nonviolent resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006 with maximalist political objectives, we find that contemporaneous armed struggles do not have positive effects on the outcome of nonviolent campaigns. We do find evidence for an indirect negative effect, in that contemporaneous armed struggles are negatively associated with popular participation and are, consequently, correlated with reduced chances of success for otherwise-unarmed campaigns. Two paired comparisons suggest that negative violent flank effects operated strongly in two unsuccessful cases (the 8-8-88 challenge in Burma in 1988 and the South African antiapartheid challenge from 1952 to 1961, with vio...
{"title":"Do contemporaneous armed challenges affect the outcomes of mass nonviolent campaigns","authors":"E. Chenoweth, Kurt Schock","doi":"10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-427","url":null,"abstract":"Civil resistance is a powerful strategy for promoting major social and political change, yet no study has systematically evaluated the effects of simultaneous armed resistance on the success rates of unarmed resistance campaigns. Using the Nonviolent and Violent Conflict Outcomes (NAVCO 1.1) data set, which includes aggregate data on 106 primarily nonviolent resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006 with maximalist political objectives, we find that contemporaneous armed struggles do not have positive effects on the outcome of nonviolent campaigns. We do find evidence for an indirect negative effect, in that contemporaneous armed struggles are negatively associated with popular participation and are, consequently, correlated with reduced chances of success for otherwise-unarmed campaigns. Two paired comparisons suggest that negative violent flank effects operated strongly in two unsuccessful cases (the 8-8-88 challenge in Burma in 1988 and the South African antiapartheid challenge from 1952 to 1961, with vio...","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-427","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67438757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-18DOI: 10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-493
Kurt Schock
An examination of mass mobilizations to promote land rights of the landless and near-landless by Ekta Parishad in India and the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil identifies a similar strategy of rightful radical resistance that incorporates key elements of rightful resistance but also transcends it. The comparable strategy is due to similarities in context: India and Brazil are semiperipheral countries with relatively high-capacity states and representative democratic political structures, but have inequitable distributions of agricultural land despite constitutional principles and laws that embody equitable land distributions. However, given the substantial variation across India and Brazil in culture, geography, and demography, the specific forms assumed by rightful radical resistance vary. This study contributes to the social movements and civil resistance literatures by explicating the strategic logic of the mass mobilizations, explaining similarities and differences across the two cases...
{"title":"Rightful Radical Resistance: Mass Mobilization and Land Struggles in India and Brazil*","authors":"Kurt Schock","doi":"10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-493","url":null,"abstract":"An examination of mass mobilizations to promote land rights of the landless and near-landless by Ekta Parishad in India and the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil identifies a similar strategy of rightful radical resistance that incorporates key elements of rightful resistance but also transcends it. The comparable strategy is due to similarities in context: India and Brazil are semiperipheral countries with relatively high-capacity states and representative democratic political structures, but have inequitable distributions of agricultural land despite constitutional principles and laws that embody equitable land distributions. However, given the substantial variation across India and Brazil in culture, geography, and demography, the specific forms assumed by rightful radical resistance vary. This study contributes to the social movements and civil resistance literatures by explicating the strategic logic of the mass mobilizations, explaining similarities and differences across the two cases...","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67438348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-305
S. Frickel, Rebekah Torcasso, A. Anderson
The organization of expert activism is a problem of increasing importance for social movement organizers and scholars alike. Yet the relative invisibility of expert activists within social movement...
{"title":"THE ORGANIZATION OF EXPERT ACTIVISM: SHADOW MOBILIZATION IN TWO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS","authors":"S. Frickel, Rebekah Torcasso, A. Anderson","doi":"10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-305","url":null,"abstract":"The organization of expert activism is a problem of increasing importance for social movement organizers and scholars alike. Yet the relative invisibility of expert activists within social movement...","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67438666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-345
Thomas Swerts
In recent years, undocumented youth have come out of the shadows to claim their rights in the United States. By sharing their stories, these youth gained a voice in the public debate. This article integrates insights from the literature on narratives and emotions to study how storytelling is employed within the undocumented youth movement in Chicago. I argue that undocumented youth strategically use storytelling for diverging purposes depending on the context, type of interaction, and audience involved. Based on ethnographic research, I show that storytelling allows them to incorporate new members, mobilize constituencies, and legitimize grievances. In each of these contexts, emotions play a key role in structuring the social transaction between storyteller and audience. Storytelling is thus a community-building, mobilizing, and claims-making practice in social movements. At a broader level, this case study demonstrates the power of storytelling as a political tool for marginalized populations.
{"title":"Gaining a voice: Storytelling and undocumented youth activism in Chicago.","authors":"Thomas Swerts","doi":"10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-345","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, undocumented youth have come out of the shadows to claim their rights in the \u0000United States. By sharing their stories, these youth gained a voice in the public debate. This \u0000article integrates insights from the literature on narratives and emotions to study how storytelling \u0000is employed within the undocumented youth movement in Chicago. I argue that undocumented \u0000youth strategically use storytelling for diverging purposes depending on the \u0000context, type of interaction, and audience involved. Based on ethnographic research, I show \u0000that storytelling allows them to incorporate new members, mobilize constituencies, and \u0000legitimize grievances. In each of these contexts, emotions play a key role in structuring the \u0000social transaction between storyteller and audience. Storytelling is thus a community-building, \u0000mobilizing, and claims-making practice in social movements. At a broader level, this case \u0000study demonstrates the power of storytelling as a political tool for marginalized populations.","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/1086-671X-20-3-345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67438740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.20.1.X042HJ37W2778QL4
A. V. Leeuwen, P. G. Klandermans, J. Stekelenburg, Vũ
Using a multilevel dataset of seventy-five European street demonstrations (2009-13), we assess how demonstrators evaluate the interactions between the police and other demonstrators. In doing so, we study demonstrators' perceptions of the protest atmosphere. Understanding these atmosphere assessments is relevant, as demonstrators and other protest actors (e.g., police and the media) widely refer to the atmosphere (i.e., mood or climate) of protest events. To the best of our knowledge, scholars have not yet studied this aspect of protest participation. We start our study with a conceptualization and operationalization of protest atmosphere. Subsequently, we assess how demonstrators perceive atmosphere. Our analyses reveal that four types of protest atmospheres can be distinguished: harmonious, volatile, tense, and chaotic. We describe examples of these atmospheres and study why they are perceived. We find that the perception of atmosphere by demonstrators is influenced by individual characteristics (e.g., age) and demonstration characteristics (e.g., police repression).
{"title":"A study of perceived protest atmospheres: how demonstrators evaluate police-demonstrator interaction and why","authors":"A. V. Leeuwen, P. G. Klandermans, J. Stekelenburg, Vũ","doi":"10.17813/MAIQ.20.1.X042HJ37W2778QL4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/MAIQ.20.1.X042HJ37W2778QL4","url":null,"abstract":"Using a multilevel dataset of seventy-five European street demonstrations (2009-13), we assess how demonstrators evaluate the interactions between the police and other demonstrators. In doing so, we study demonstrators' perceptions of the protest atmosphere. Understanding these atmosphere assessments is relevant, as demonstrators and other protest actors (e.g., police and the media) widely refer to the atmosphere (i.e., mood or climate) of protest events. To the best of our knowledge, scholars have not yet studied this aspect of protest participation. We start our study with a conceptualization and operationalization of protest atmosphere. Subsequently, we assess how demonstrators perceive atmosphere. Our analyses reveal that four types of protest atmospheres can be distinguished: harmonious, volatile, tense, and chaotic. We describe examples of these atmospheres and study why they are perceived. We find that the perception of atmosphere by demonstrators is influenced by individual characteristics (e.g., age) and demonstration characteristics (e.g., police repression).","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/MAIQ.20.1.X042HJ37W2778QL4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.D972218LU6826510
Misty Ring-Ramirez, Heidi Reynolds-Stenson, J. Earl
While social network analysis (SNA) has traditionally been used to study actor networks, it can also reveal "meaning structures" (Mohr 1998), the relationships connecting cultural elements such as ideas and practices. We argue that the repertoire of contention represents a meaning structure, analyzable using SNA of tactical co-deployments at protests. We use data from over 7,000 protest events in New York State from 1960 to 1995. Our analyses suggest that co-deployed tactics are not chosen independently or combined randomly but rather cluster into sets with distinct roles. These roles reveal cultural affinities among the tactics and are largely stable over time, although some variation related to the protest cycle and tactical form can be detected. We also examine the position of a specific theoretical category of tactics, radical tactics, within the larger tactical repertoire.
{"title":"Culturally constrained contention: Mapping the meaning structure of the repertoire of contention","authors":"Misty Ring-Ramirez, Heidi Reynolds-Stenson, J. Earl","doi":"10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.D972218LU6826510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.D972218LU6826510","url":null,"abstract":"While social network analysis (SNA) has traditionally been used to study actor networks, it can also reveal \"meaning structures\" (Mohr 1998), the relationships connecting cultural elements such as ideas and practices. We argue that the repertoire of contention represents a meaning structure, analyzable using SNA of tactical co-deployments at protests. We use data from over 7,000 protest events in New York State from 1960 to 1995. Our analyses suggest that co-deployed tactics are not chosen independently or combined randomly but rather cluster into sets with distinct roles. These roles reveal cultural affinities among the tactics and are largely stable over time, although some variation related to the protest cycle and tactical form can be detected. We also examine the position of a specific theoretical category of tactics, radical tactics, within the larger tactical repertoire.","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.D972218LU6826510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.5415176RJ6WT3Q42
Nina Eggert, E. Pavan
Guest editing a special issue on networks and collective action could be interpreted as a response to the ubiquitous use of these terms in both public and academic discourses. As others have noted, thinking that “networks are everywhere” has become a daily routine (Brandes, Robins, McCranie, and Wasserman 2013: 2). Underpinning such a motto, is the diffusion of new information and communication technologies (ICTs), the Internet and social media in particular. ICTs have become a primary global infrastructure for the construction of relations across individuals, organizations, institutions, contents, and information in all domains. It is also true that recent episodes of contention like the Arab spring, the indignados, and occupy movements have tremendously intensified attention on collective civic participation. Most of this attention flows directly from two considerations. First, these mobilizations created hope for major changes in the worldwide political landscape and led to a serious reconsideration of political programs, authority relations, policy agendas, and development plans, even where narrow opportunities for success existed. Second, the widespread use of networked digital communications in the participatory efforts of these movements—and of many others—prompted widespread reflection on the “diffusion” and “transformation” of collective action dynamics across national borders, as well as across the online/offline boundary. While we are well aware of the current popularity of the nexus between networks and collective action, the motivations for this special issue are to be found elsewhere. The current enthusiasm represents to us a perfect window of opportunity to reactivate what, in fact, is a never-interrupted, long-term reflection on the potentialities of a network approach for the study of collective action. Despite being portrayed as benchmarks of our digital age, neither the tight relationship between networks and collective action nor the broader relevance of networks for our societies are new issues triggered by the development and diffusion of ICTs. The roots of a relational conceptualization of society are to be found in the seminal work of Simmel, and in the practical operationalizations of social environments by Moreno. Also, recent developments outside the social sciences in physics, mathematics, and statistics stress relational approaches (Marin and Wellman 2011, Brandes et al. 2013). Within social movement and collective action studies, a network perspective has emerged in the last twenty years as a flexible and, in our view, powerful tool to analyze the diversity, dynamics, and complexity of collective sociopolitical phenomena. Applications of a network approach are sometimes metaphorical in that they allow a more intelligible rendering of the
客座编辑关于网络和集体行动的特刊可以被解释为对这些术语在公共和学术话语中无处不在的使用的回应。正如其他人所指出的那样，认为“网络无处不在”已经成为一种日常习惯(Brandes, Robins, McCranie, and Wasserman 2013: 2)。支撑这种座右铭的是新信息通信技术(ict)的扩散，特别是互联网和社交媒体。信息通信技术已成为构建所有领域中个人、组织、机构、内容和信息之间关系的主要全球基础设施。同样，最近发生的阿拉伯之春、愤怒者运动和占领运动等事件也极大地加强了人们对集体公民参与的关注。这种关注大多直接来自两个方面。首先，这些动员为世界政治格局的重大变化创造了希望，并导致了对政治计划、权威关系、政策议程和发展计划的认真重新考虑，即使在存在成功机会的地方也是如此。其次，在这些运动和许多其他运动的参与性努力中广泛使用网络化数字通信，促使人们广泛反思集体行动动态的“扩散”和“转化”，这些动态跨越国界，也跨越线上/线下边界。虽然我们很清楚网络和集体行动之间的联系目前很受欢迎，但本期特刊的动机却在别处。目前的热情对我们来说是一个完美的机会窗口，可以重新激活实际上是对研究集体行动的网络方法的潜力进行的从未中断的长期反思。尽管网络被描绘成数字时代的标杆，但无论是网络与集体行动之间的紧密关系，还是网络对我们社会的广泛相关性，都不是信息通信技术发展和扩散引发的新问题。社会关系概念化的根源可以在齐美尔的开创性工作中找到，也可以在莫雷诺对社会环境的实际操作中找到。此外，社会科学以外的物理学、数学和统计学的最新发展强调了关系方法(Marin and Wellman 2011, Brandes et al. 2013)。在社会运动和集体行动研究中，网络视角在过去二十年中出现，在我们看来，它是一种灵活的、强大的工具，可以分析集体社会政治现象的多样性、动态性和复杂性。网络方法的应用程序有时是隐喻的，因为它们允许更容易理解的呈现
{"title":"Researching Collective Action Through Networks: Taking Stock and Looking Forward","authors":"Nina Eggert, E. Pavan","doi":"10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.5415176RJ6WT3Q42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.5415176RJ6WT3Q42","url":null,"abstract":"Guest editing a special issue on networks and collective action could be interpreted as a response to the ubiquitous use of these terms in both public and academic discourses. As others have noted, thinking that “networks are everywhere” has become a daily routine (Brandes, Robins, McCranie, and Wasserman 2013: 2). Underpinning such a motto, is the diffusion of new information and communication technologies (ICTs), the Internet and social media in particular. ICTs have become a primary global infrastructure for the construction of relations across individuals, organizations, institutions, contents, and information in all domains. It is also true that recent episodes of contention like the Arab spring, the indignados, and occupy movements have tremendously intensified attention on collective civic participation. Most of this attention flows directly from two considerations. First, these mobilizations created hope for major changes in the worldwide political landscape and led to a serious reconsideration of political programs, authority relations, policy agendas, and development plans, even where narrow opportunities for success existed. Second, the widespread use of networked digital communications in the participatory efforts of these movements—and of many others—prompted widespread reflection on the “diffusion” and “transformation” of collective action dynamics across national borders, as well as across the online/offline boundary. While we are well aware of the current popularity of the nexus between networks and collective action, the motivations for this special issue are to be found elsewhere. The current enthusiasm represents to us a perfect window of opportunity to reactivate what, in fact, is a never-interrupted, long-term reflection on the potentialities of a network approach for the study of collective action. Despite being portrayed as benchmarks of our digital age, neither the tight relationship between networks and collective action nor the broader relevance of networks for our societies are new issues triggered by the development and diffusion of ICTs. The roots of a relational conceptualization of society are to be found in the seminal work of Simmel, and in the practical operationalizations of social environments by Moreno. Also, recent developments outside the social sciences in physics, mathematics, and statistics stress relational approaches (Marin and Wellman 2011, Brandes et al. 2013). Within social movement and collective action studies, a network perspective has emerged in the last twenty years as a flexible and, in our view, powerful tool to analyze the diversity, dynamics, and complexity of collective sociopolitical phenomena. Applications of a network approach are sometimes metaphorical in that they allow a more intelligible rendering of the","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.5415176RJ6WT3Q42","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.M057778P74Q3R483
W. Bennett, Alexandra Segerberg
Technology-enabled networks of contention differ from physically co-present networks in that communication more saliently structures relations among actors. Technology platforms may even take on so ...
{"title":"Three Patterns of Power in Technology-Enabled Contention","authors":"W. Bennett, Alexandra Segerberg","doi":"10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.M057778P74Q3R483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.M057778P74Q3R483","url":null,"abstract":"Technology-enabled networks of contention differ from physically co-present networks in that communication more saliently structures relations among actors. Technology platforms may even take on so ...","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.17813/MAIQ.19.4.M057778P74Q3R483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.19.1.N743KW1TWLM37268
F. D. Hond, S. Stolwijk, Jeroen Merk
Within the global garment industry the term "urgent appeal" is used to describe a request for action to Western activist groups for support in a specific case of labor rights violations. The urgent appeal system has become an important strategy for the transnational antisweatshop movement. It is distinct from the movement's other strategies because it directly supports garment workers in their struggle for improved labor conditions while simultaneously informing and mobilizing Western consumers about substandard labor conditions in the garment industry. This article explores how reflexivity in the use of this particular strategy, strategic choice in its implementation, and interaction with allies and targets affect outcomes for garment workers. It confirms the relevance of the emerging strategic-interaction perspective in explaining movement outcomes.
{"title":"A Strategic-Interaction Analysis of an Urgent Appeal System and Its Outcomes for Garment Workers","authors":"F. D. Hond, S. Stolwijk, Jeroen Merk","doi":"10.17813/MAIQ.19.1.N743KW1TWLM37268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17813/MAIQ.19.1.N743KW1TWLM37268","url":null,"abstract":"Within the global garment industry the term \"urgent appeal\" is used to describe a request for action to Western activist groups for support in a specific case of labor rights violations. The urgent appeal system has become an important strategy for the transnational antisweatshop movement. It is distinct from the movement's other strategies because it directly supports garment workers in their struggle for improved labor conditions while simultaneously informing and mobilizing Western consumers about substandard labor conditions in the garment industry. This article explores how reflexivity in the use of this particular strategy, strategic choice in its implementation, and interaction with allies and targets affect outcomes for garment workers. It confirms the relevance of the emerging strategic-interaction perspective in explaining movement outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47309,"journal":{"name":"Mobilization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.17813/MAIQ.18.4.54261246R8W05865
J. Earl
*† Social movement scholars are increasingly interested in Internet activism but have struggled to find robust methods for identifying cases, particularly representative samples of online protest content, given that no population list exists. This article reviews early approaches to this problem, focusing on three recent case sampling designs that attempt to address this problem. The first approach purposively samples from an organizationally based sampling frame. The second approach randomly samples from a SMO-based sampling frame. The third approach mimics user routines to identify populations of “reachable” websites on a given topic, which are then randomly sampled. For each approach, I examine the sampling frame and sampling method to understand how cases were selected, outline the assumptions built into the overall sampling design, and discuss an exemplary research project employing each design. Comparisons of findings from these exemplar studies indicate that sampling designs are extremely consequential. I close by recommending best practices. Information communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly playing an important role in protest and broader social movements. It is critical, therefore, that scholars design and execute rigorous research programs to investigate how ICTs are used by protesters and organizers and how that usage affects social movements substantively and theoretically. This kind of investtigation often quickly turns to studying protest-relevant material that can be found online in search of both descriptive and causal insights. For instance, descriptive questions such as the percentage of protest-related websites that support offline protests and/or offer online avenues for protest participation are important issues, as are the relationships between organizational sponsorship and kinds of activities offered. The standard resolution to the need for population estimates is to identify an excellent sampling frame and then randomly sample from it. Unfortunately, it has proven quite difficult to identify population lists of online protest content or actions that can serve as good sampling frames, which has substantially complicated case selection and made understanding the contours of protest content online much more difficult. In the face of such a daunting methodological dilemma, a variety of approaches to case selection have been pursued. For instance, case studies where cases were selected because of their notoriety, popularity, success, or the importance of the offline organizations sponsoring selected websites have been common (e.g., Bennett and Fielding 1999; Martinez-Torres 2001) because they side-step the need for sampling. Nonetheless, a number of scholars have tried to move beyond single case studies to look at sets of websites, or what one could think of loosely as various types of samples. This article
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