{"title":"The importance of cost-benefit analysis of crime reduction programmes","authors":"David P. Farrington, Brandon C. Welsh","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2282","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 2","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9649618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Benefit-cost analyses are good for society's health—but caveat emptor!","authors":"Mark A. Cohen","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2279","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 2","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9649582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Vanzella-Yang, Yann Algan, Elizabeth Beasley, Sylvana Côté, Frank Vitaro, Richard E. Tremblay, Jungwee Park
Background
The effectiveness of early prevention programmes and their viability as a public policy option have increasingly caught the attention of scholars and policymakers. Given the implementation costs of such programmes, it is important to assess whether they achieved anticipated objectives and whether they made efficient use of taxpayer money.
Aim
To discuss the social and economic impact of a 2-year randomised intervention aimed to improve social skills and self-control (i.e., non-cognitive skills) among disruptive boys from low-income neighbourhoods in Montreal.
Method
We review findings from published studies documenting the impact of the intervention at different stages of the life course, as well as its cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit.
Results
The intervention improved behavioural indicators throughout adolescence and eventually led to greater high school graduation rates, reduced crime, and better labour market outcomes in adulthood. Importantly, the prevention programme generated considerable returns to taxpayer investments.
Conclusion
Findings from the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study have been well-received and have contributed to an early prevention ‘awakening’ in Quebec and elsewhere.
{"title":"The social and economic impact of the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study","authors":"Adam Vanzella-Yang, Yann Algan, Elizabeth Beasley, Sylvana Côté, Frank Vitaro, Richard E. Tremblay, Jungwee Park","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2278","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The effectiveness of early prevention programmes and their viability as a public policy option have increasingly caught the attention of scholars and policymakers. Given the implementation costs of such programmes, it is important to assess whether they achieved anticipated objectives and whether they made efficient use of taxpayer money.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To discuss the social and economic impact of a 2-year randomised intervention aimed to improve social skills and self-control (i.e., non-cognitive skills) among disruptive boys from low-income neighbourhoods in Montreal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We review findings from published studies documenting the impact of the intervention at different stages of the life course, as well as its cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The intervention improved behavioural indicators throughout adolescence and eventually led to greater high school graduation rates, reduced crime, and better labour market outcomes in adulthood. Importantly, the prevention programme generated considerable returns to taxpayer investments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings from the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study have been well-received and have contributed to an early prevention ‘awakening’ in Quebec and elsewhere.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 2","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9250989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Antisocial personality features in adolescents are frequently associated with delinquency and constitute the problem that most concerns the criminal justice system and the public. Hostile interpretation bias has been identified as a candidate for explaining emergent adolescent antisocial personality problems and aggression, but it is unclear whether offenders and non-offenders show differences in the relationships between hostile interpretation bias, aggression and antisocial personality features.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>To compare relationships between hostile interpretation bias and a personality measure between incarcerated teenagers and first year university students and to explore aggression and criminal history as mediating or moderating variables.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Fifty-three 16–18-year-old incarcerated male offenders and 69 17–20-year-old male university students were recruited, the former through institutional staff and the latter by online advert only. Individuals in both groups self-rated, in private, on the Word and Sentence Association Paradigm-hostile (WSAP), The Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ), Hostility Interpretation Bias Task (HIBT) as tests for hostile interpretation bias, and on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and on Hyler's Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-4). Among the students, criminal history was assessed by a self-reported binary question. LASSO regressions were used to test inter-relationships between hostile interpretation bias and aggression or antisocial personality traits. Mediation and moderation were tested using MPLUS 7.4.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>The WSAP and AIHQ, as measures of self-reported hostility bias, had relationships with self-reported aggression (Pearson <i>r</i> 0.24–0.58, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and with antisocial personality features (<i>r</i> 0.36–0.50, <i>p</i> < 0.001), the HIBT did not. Aggression scores mediated the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and antisocial personality features. Furthermore, the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and aggression was stronger among the young offenders (estimates 0.43–0.75) than among the university students without criminal history (estimates 0.13–0.36).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Hostile interpretation bias appears to promote antisocial personality features by increasing an individual's aggression, regardless of social status, although the effect was much stronger a
青少年的反社会人格特征往往与犯罪有关，构成了刑事司法系统和公众最关心的问题。敌意解释偏见被认为是解释青少年突发性反社会人格问题和攻击行为的一个候选因素，但目前尚不清楚罪犯和非罪犯在敌意解释偏见、攻击和反社会人格特征之间的关系是否存在差异。目的比较在押青少年和大学一年级学生敌对性解释偏差与人格测量的关系，并探讨攻击性和犯罪史作为中介或调节变量。方法对53名16 ~ 18岁的在押男性罪犯和69名17 ~ 20岁的在校大学生进行调查，前者通过机构工作人员进行调查，后者通过网络广告进行调查。两组受试者均在私处自测敌意解释偏倚的词句联想范式敌意(WSAP)、模糊意图敌意问卷(AIHQ)、敌意解释偏倚任务(HIBT)以及Buss-Perry攻击问卷和Hyler人格障碍问卷(PDQ-4)。在学生中，犯罪史是通过一个自我报告的二元问题来评估的。使用LASSO回归检验敌意解释偏差与攻击性或反社会人格特质之间的相互关系。使用MPLUS 7.4对中介和调节进行测试。结果WSAP和AIHQ作为自我报告的敌意偏差的测量指标，与自我报告的攻击性存在相关性(Pearson r 0.24-0.58, p <0.001)，具有反社会人格特征(r 0.36-0.50, p <0.001)， HIBT没有。攻击性得分在敌对解释偏见与反社会人格特征之间起中介作用。此外，青少年罪犯的敌意解释偏见与攻击性的关系(估计为0.43-0.75)强于无犯罪记录的大学生(估计为0.13-0.36)。结论无论社会地位如何，敌意解释偏见似乎通过增加个体的攻击性来促进反社会人格特征，尽管这种效应在青少年罪犯中更为强烈。为了减少年轻人的反社会人格特征，未来的研究也许应该集中在评估减少敌意偏见或防止其在攻击行为中表达的策略上。
{"title":"A comparison of the role of aggression in the association between hostile interpretation bias and antisocial personality features between young offenders and university students","authors":"Lizu Lai, Manqi Cai, Cailing Zou, Ziyi Zhao, Lin Zhang, Zhihong Ren","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2275","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2275","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antisocial personality features in adolescents are frequently associated with delinquency and constitute the problem that most concerns the criminal justice system and the public. Hostile interpretation bias has been identified as a candidate for explaining emergent adolescent antisocial personality problems and aggression, but it is unclear whether offenders and non-offenders show differences in the relationships between hostile interpretation bias, aggression and antisocial personality features.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare relationships between hostile interpretation bias and a personality measure between incarcerated teenagers and first year university students and to explore aggression and criminal history as mediating or moderating variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-three 16–18-year-old incarcerated male offenders and 69 17–20-year-old male university students were recruited, the former through institutional staff and the latter by online advert only. Individuals in both groups self-rated, in private, on the Word and Sentence Association Paradigm-hostile (WSAP), The Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ), Hostility Interpretation Bias Task (HIBT) as tests for hostile interpretation bias, and on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and on Hyler's Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-4). Among the students, criminal history was assessed by a self-reported binary question. LASSO regressions were used to test inter-relationships between hostile interpretation bias and aggression or antisocial personality traits. Mediation and moderation were tested using MPLUS 7.4.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The WSAP and AIHQ, as measures of self-reported hostility bias, had relationships with self-reported aggression (Pearson <i>r</i> 0.24–0.58, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and with antisocial personality features (<i>r</i> 0.36–0.50, <i>p</i> < 0.001), the HIBT did not. Aggression scores mediated the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and antisocial personality features. Furthermore, the relationship between hostile interpretation bias and aggression was stronger among the young offenders (estimates 0.43–0.75) than among the university students without criminal history (estimates 0.13–0.36).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hostile interpretation bias appears to promote antisocial personality features by increasing an individual's aggression, regardless of social status, although the effect was much stronger a","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9254845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas Kavish, Joshua D. Miller, Brian B. Boutwell
{"title":"The science of psychopathy and some strategies for moving forward","authors":"Nicholas Kavish, Joshua D. Miller, Brian B. Boutwell","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2271","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9286832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of so-called callous-unemotional (CU) traits—lack of remorse/empathy, callous use of others and shallow/deficient affect—defines an important subgroup of children and adolescents with more severe and stable antisocial behaviours over time and may be a precursor to so-called psychopathy in adults. There are two main hypotheses to account for such traits, one emphasising deficits in recognition of specific emotions—the distress specific—and the other in aspects of facial recognition—the attention to the eyes hypothesis, but it may be that the manifestation of deficits is affected by the person's own emotional state.
Aims
To test the effect of anxiety scores on emotion recognition among young people high scoring for CU traits.
Methods
14- to 21-year-olds serving sentences in youth justice institutions across Spain were invited to participate. Only those scoring above the cut-off on the Kimonis Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits were included. Anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Emotion recognition was assessed using the Emotional Face and Emotional Gaze Tasks.
Results
Of 91 (90% male) eligible participants, 53 had above threshold anxiety scores. The latter group recognised the emotional expressions of sadness, anger and fear earlier than their non-anxious peers, both when only the eye region was presented and when full faces were presented. There was less difference between groups in the case of the emotions of disgust and happiness, with both groups recognising these emotions earlier and more accurately when a full face was presented.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that 14- to 21-year old who struggle with callous emotional traits should not be treated as a homogenous group but that testing for other relevant problems, including anxiety, may inform optimal routes to the emotion recognition training that is likely to help them relate to others more prosocially.
{"title":"Anxiety as a differentiating variable in emotional recognition in juvenile offenders with high callous-unemotional traits","authors":"Lucia Halty, Jose M. Caperos","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2276","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The presence of so-called callous-unemotional (CU) traits—lack of remorse/empathy, callous use of others and shallow/deficient affect—defines an important subgroup of children and adolescents with more severe and stable antisocial behaviours over time and may be a precursor to so-called psychopathy in adults. There are two main hypotheses to account for such traits, one emphasising deficits in recognition of specific emotions—the distress specific—and the other in aspects of facial recognition—the attention to the eyes hypothesis, but it may be that the manifestation of deficits is affected by the person's own emotional state.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To test the effect of anxiety scores on emotion recognition among young people high scoring for CU traits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>14- to 21-year-olds serving sentences in youth justice institutions across Spain were invited to participate. Only those scoring above the cut-off on the Kimonis Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits were included. Anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Emotion recognition was assessed using the Emotional Face and Emotional Gaze Tasks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 91 (90% male) eligible participants, 53 had above threshold anxiety scores. The latter group recognised the emotional expressions of sadness, anger and fear earlier than their non-anxious peers, both when only the eye region was presented and when full faces were presented. There was less difference between groups in the case of the emotions of disgust and happiness, with both groups recognising these emotions earlier and more accurately when a full face was presented.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings suggest that 14- to 21-year old who struggle with callous emotional traits should not be treated as a homogenous group but that testing for other relevant problems, including anxiety, may inform optimal routes to the emotion recognition training that is likely to help them relate to others more prosocially.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"22-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/8d/CBM-33-22.PMC10108285.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10220752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gordon M. Donnir, Winifred Asare-Doku, Kofi E. Boakye
Background
Research shows that the prevalence of substance use disorders among the prison population is high globally. Although prisons are highly controlled environments, access to drugs and other substances in prison remains a major problem. Yet, previous research is focussed mainly on the Western context, with the studies generally reporting on lifetime prevalence without reference to whether the disorders are manifest even within the controlled environment.
Aims
To estimate the prevalence of substance use disorders evident while in prison in Ghana and associated risk indicators. For these purposes, substance use disorder was defined by any indication of dependency, or escalating use or socially problematic use during the 12 months of imprisonment prior to the interview.
Methods
The study involved 500 adults (443 men and 57 women) in a medium-security prison in Ghana who had served at least 1 year of a prison sentence. Participants' alcohol use disorder was assessed separately from other substance use disorders which included cannabis, cocaine and other stimulants using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); it is a structured interview and diagnostic tool for major psychiatric and substance use disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Results
Two percent of the 500 participants had used alcohol to the level of alcohol use disorder, and 6% had other substance use disorders in 12 months prior to interview and while in prison. Cannabis (4%) and stimulants (3%) were the most frequently reported substance use disorders. Logistic regression model estimates indicate that younger age, prior offending and alcohol use dependence were significantly associated with such disorders in prison.
Conclusion
In spite of efforts to prevent substance use in prison, nearly one in 10 of these prisoners were using alcohol or illicit drugs to a level indicative of substance use disorders. Our findings suggest that prioritising brief assessment may help identify those in most need of clinical help to limit their alcohol and illicit substance use problems.
{"title":"Substance use disorders among adults during imprisonment in a medium security prison: Prevalence and risk indicators","authors":"Gordon M. Donnir, Winifred Asare-Doku, Kofi E. Boakye","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2273","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2273","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research shows that the prevalence of substance use disorders among the prison population is high globally. Although prisons are highly controlled environments, access to drugs and other substances in prison remains a major problem. Yet, previous research is focussed mainly on the Western context, with the studies generally reporting on lifetime prevalence without reference to whether the disorders are manifest even within the controlled environment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To estimate the prevalence of substance use disorders evident while in prison in Ghana and associated risk indicators. For these purposes, substance use disorder was defined by any indication of dependency, or escalating use or socially problematic use during the 12 months of imprisonment prior to the interview.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study involved 500 adults (443 men and 57 women) in a medium-security prison in Ghana who had served at least 1 year of a prison sentence. Participants' alcohol use disorder was assessed separately from other substance use disorders which included cannabis, cocaine and other stimulants using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); it is a structured interview and diagnostic tool for major psychiatric and substance use disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two percent of the 500 participants had used alcohol to the level of alcohol use disorder, and 6% had other substance use disorders in 12 months prior to interview and while in prison. Cannabis (4%) and stimulants (3%) were the most frequently reported substance use disorders. Logistic regression model estimates indicate that younger age, prior offending and alcohol use dependence were significantly associated with such disorders in prison.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In spite of efforts to prevent substance use in prison, nearly one in 10 of these prisoners were using alcohol or illicit drugs to a level indicative of substance use disorders. Our findings suggest that prioritising brief assessment may help identify those in most need of clinical help to limit their alcohol and illicit substance use problems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"62-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9270152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole L. Schramm-Sapyta, Matthew Ralph, Luong Huynh, Becky Tang, Maria Tackett, Michele Easter, Isabella Larsen
Background
A growing body of literature demonstrates strong association between poor mental health and criminal recidivism, but research from county jails is limited.
Aims
Our aim was to examine the relationship between re-arrest and severe mental illnesses—schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder—together and separately and with substance use disorders, separately and as comorbid conditions, in a mid-sized county jail cohort in the southeastern United States.
Methods
We examined the full cohort of 8097 individuals who were booked into the County Detention Facility between 31 January 2014 and 31 January 2015. Their incarceration data were merged with data from the local health system to investigate the presence of severe mental illness and substance use disorder diagnoses. Re-arrest data were tracked for 4 years after the index arrest.
Results
Approximately 60% of the cohort was re-arrested within 4 years. People with substance use disorders, with or without severe mental illness, had higher re-arrest rates than those with severe mental illness alone or neither diagnosis. Drug-associated arrests did not explain this finding.
Conclusions
Using detailed mental illness diagnosis data with a complete cohort of detained arrestees, we have shown the wide range of need among such individuals. By demonstrating that drug-associated crimes per se do not drive repeated arrest, we underscore a need to examine other factors that promote the cycle of repeated arrest in this population. Each individual requires treatment tailored to their personal psychiatric and criminogenic needs.
{"title":"Relationships between substance use disorders, ‘severe mental illness’ and re-arrest in a county detention facility: A 4-year follow-up cohort study","authors":"Nicole L. Schramm-Sapyta, Matthew Ralph, Luong Huynh, Becky Tang, Maria Tackett, Michele Easter, Isabella Larsen","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2277","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A growing body of literature demonstrates strong association between poor mental health and criminal recidivism, but research from county jails is limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to examine the relationship between re-arrest and severe mental illnesses—schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder—together and separately and with substance use disorders, separately and as comorbid conditions, in a mid-sized county jail cohort in the southeastern United States.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined the full cohort of 8097 individuals who were booked into the County Detention Facility between 31 January 2014 and 31 January 2015. Their incarceration data were merged with data from the local health system to investigate the presence of severe mental illness and substance use disorder diagnoses. Re-arrest data were tracked for 4 years after the index arrest.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Approximately 60% of the cohort was re-arrested within 4 years. People with substance use disorders, with or without severe mental illness, had higher re-arrest rates than those with severe mental illness alone or neither diagnosis. Drug-associated arrests did not explain this finding.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using detailed mental illness diagnosis data with a complete cohort of detained arrestees, we have shown the wide range of need among such individuals. By demonstrating that drug-associated crimes <i>per se</i> do not drive repeated arrest, we underscore a need to examine other factors that promote the cycle of repeated arrest in this population. Each individual requires treatment tailored to their personal psychiatric and criminogenic needs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 3","pages":"185-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9570883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joni Reef, Marije Jeltes, Yannick van den Brink, Eddy Brand
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>In the Netherlands, young offenders who have been convicted of a particularly serious offence may be subjected to a so-called ‘Placement in an Institution for Juveniles’ (PIJ) measure if they are considered to pose a high ongoing risk to public safety. They form a rarely studied distinct group. Treatment in specialist forensic custodial institutions for young people (FYCI) is an intervention of last resort and costly. The most serious young offenders tend to be the hardest to rehabilitate while preventing further offending. Treatment is focussed on reducing risk of harm as well as improving health and other protective factors.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Aims</h3> <p>To explore the contribution of treatment in an FYCI under a forensic treatment order—the PIJ-measure—to the reduction of risk of reoffending.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>In a pre–post intervention study, the <i>Juvenile Forensic Profile</i> (JFP) was used to score complete case files of 178 young offenders at the start and end of their placement in an FYCI under the PIJ-measure, 59% of those serving between the years 2013 and 2016 inclusive. The JFP covers risk and protective factors in seven domains encompassing criminal behaviour, family, environment, risk factors, psychopathology, psychology and behaviour during incarceration. Change or stability in scores was tested against reincarceration within 2 years of PIJ-measure completion.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Impulse control and alcohol and drug use problems showed the greatest improvements. Behaviour that deteriorates during the stay is primarily related to obtaining more autonomy during reintegration efforts, including furlough. Reincarceration in the 2 years of community follow-up was unusual (13.5%). The two main variables associated with reincarceration were problematic behaviour during the pre-discharge year and lack of behavioural improvement during treatment.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Outcomes of mandatory treatment in this group of serious young offenders have not previously been studied in a rigorous pre–post intervention study design. We found evidence of an overall tendency to improvement over time in mental state and social skills, reflected by risk assessment scale scores. Continued substance use problems while incarcerated and continuing social skills deficits were most strongly associated with reincarceration suggest
{"title":"Young offenders in forensic institutions in the Netherlands after committing serious crimes: Contribution of mandatory treatment and reduction of reincarceration","authors":"Joni Reef, Marije Jeltes, Yannick van den Brink, Eddy Brand","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2272","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the Netherlands, young offenders who have been convicted of a particularly serious offence may be subjected to a so-called ‘Placement in an Institution for Juveniles’ (PIJ) measure if they are considered to pose a high ongoing risk to public safety. They form a rarely studied distinct group. Treatment in specialist forensic custodial institutions for young people (FYCI) is an intervention of last resort and costly. The most serious young offenders tend to be the hardest to rehabilitate while preventing further offending. Treatment is focussed on reducing risk of harm as well as improving health and other protective factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To explore the contribution of treatment in an FYCI under a forensic treatment order—the PIJ-measure—to the reduction of risk of reoffending.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a pre–post intervention study, the <i>Juvenile Forensic Profile</i> (JFP) was used to score complete case files of 178 young offenders at the start and end of their placement in an FYCI under the PIJ-measure, 59% of those serving between the years 2013 and 2016 inclusive. The JFP covers risk and protective factors in seven domains encompassing criminal behaviour, family, environment, risk factors, psychopathology, psychology and behaviour during incarceration. Change or stability in scores was tested against reincarceration within 2 years of PIJ-measure completion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Impulse control and alcohol and drug use problems showed the greatest improvements. Behaviour that deteriorates during the stay is primarily related to obtaining more autonomy during reintegration efforts, including furlough. Reincarceration in the 2 years of community follow-up was unusual (13.5%). The two main variables associated with reincarceration were problematic behaviour during the pre-discharge year and lack of behavioural improvement during treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Outcomes of mandatory treatment in this group of serious young offenders have not previously been studied in a rigorous pre–post intervention study design. We found evidence of an overall tendency to improvement over time in mental state and social skills, reflected by risk assessment scale scores. Continued substance use problems while incarcerated and continuing social skills deficits were most strongly associated with reincarceration suggest","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ef/2f/CBM-33-33.PMC10107129.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9313711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ulrika Athanassiou, Melissa J. Green, Stacy Tzoumakis, Tyson Whitten, Kristin R. Laurens, Felicity Harris, Vaughan J. Carr, Kimberlie Dean
Background
Parental offending and mental illness are associated with an increased risk of criminal behaviour in offspring during adolescence and adulthood, but the impact of such problems on younger children, including children's experiences of victimisation, is less well known.
Aim
To investigate the associations between parental offending and mental illness recorded prior to their offspring's age of 5 years and their offspring's contact with police as a ‘person of interest’, ‘victim’ or ‘witness’ between ages 5 and 13 years.
Methods
Our sample consisted of 72,771 children and their parents drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an Australian longitudinal population-based record linkage study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between parental factors and offspring's police contact. Separate models examined the relationships between maternal or paternal offending and mental illness, as well as the combination among either or both parents, as the independent variables, and their child's police contact as the dependent variable.
Results
Parental offending and mental illness were each individually associated with indices of police contact among offspring. Stronger associations were observed when both offending and mental illness were present together (in either parent, or when one parent had both exposures). Stronger associations were evident for mothers with both factors across all offspring police contact types, relative to fathers with both factors, in fully adjusted models; that is, children of mothers with both factors were over four times as likely to have contact with police as a ‘person of interest’ (OR = 4.29; 95% CI = 3.75–4.92) and over three times as likely to have contact as a victim (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 3.01–3.74) or witness (OR = 3.58; 95% CI = 3.03–4.24), than children whose mothers had no history of offending or mental illness.
Conclusions
Children with a parental history of offending and mental illness in early life are at an increased likelihood of early police contact as young as 5–13 years of age; it is vital that this is taken as a signal to help them and their affected families according to need.
父母的犯罪行为和精神疾病与后代在青春期和成年期犯罪行为的风险增加有关，但这些问题对年幼儿童的影响，包括儿童的受害经历，却鲜为人知。目的调查父母犯罪与子女5岁前的精神疾病记录之间的关系，以及子女在5至13岁期间作为“利害关系人”、“受害者”或“证人”与警察接触的关系。我们的样本包括来自新南威尔士州儿童发展研究的72,771名儿童及其父母，这是一项澳大利亚基于人口的纵向记录联系研究。采用Logistic回归分析来检验父母因素与子女警察接触之间的关系。单独的模型检验了母亲或父亲的犯罪与精神疾病之间的关系，以及父母一方或双方的结合，作为自变量，而他们的孩子的警察联系作为因变量。结果父母犯罪和精神疾病分别与子女的警察接触指数相关。当犯罪和精神疾病同时出现时(父母中的任何一方，或者父母中的一方同时出现)，观察到更强的关联。在完全调整后的模型中，具有这两种因素的母亲与具有这两种因素的父亲相比，在所有后代警察接触类型中具有更强的相关性;也就是说，有这两种因素的母亲的孩子作为“感兴趣的人”与警察接触的可能性是其四倍多(OR = 4.29;95% CI = 3.75-4.92)，与受害者接触的可能性是受害者的三倍多(OR = 3.35;95% CI = 3.01-3.74)或证人(or = 3.58;95% CI = 3.03-4.24)，比母亲无犯罪史或无精神疾病的儿童高。结论:父母早期有犯罪史和精神疾病史的儿童在5-13岁早期接触警察的可能性增加;至关重要的是，这被视为一个信号，根据需要帮助他们及其受影响的家庭。
{"title":"Relationships between parental mental illness and/or offending and offspring contact with the police in childhood: Findings from a longitudinal record-linkage study","authors":"Ulrika Athanassiou, Melissa J. Green, Stacy Tzoumakis, Tyson Whitten, Kristin R. Laurens, Felicity Harris, Vaughan J. Carr, Kimberlie Dean","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2274","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2274","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parental offending and mental illness are associated with an increased risk of criminal behaviour in offspring during adolescence and adulthood, but the impact of such problems on younger children, including children's experiences of victimisation, is less well known.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate the associations between parental offending and mental illness recorded prior to their offspring's age of 5 years and their offspring's contact with police as a ‘person of interest’, ‘victim’ or ‘witness’ between ages 5 and 13 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our sample consisted of 72,771 children and their parents drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an Australian longitudinal population-based record linkage study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between parental factors and offspring's police contact. Separate models examined the relationships between maternal or paternal offending and mental illness, as well as the combination among either or both parents, as the independent variables, and their child's police contact as the dependent variable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parental offending and mental illness were each individually associated with indices of police contact among offspring. Stronger associations were observed when both offending and mental illness were present together (in either parent, or when one parent had both exposures). Stronger associations were evident for mothers with both factors across all offspring police contact types, relative to fathers with both factors, in fully adjusted models; that is, children of mothers with both factors were over four times as likely to have contact with police as a ‘person of interest’ (OR = 4.29; 95% CI = 3.75–4.92) and over three times as likely to have contact as a victim (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 3.01–3.74) or witness (OR = 3.58; 95% CI = 3.03–4.24), than children whose mothers had no history of offending or mental illness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children with a parental history of offending and mental illness in early life are at an increased likelihood of early police contact as young as 5–13 years of age; it is vital that this is taken as a signal to help them and their affected families according to need.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"33 1","pages":"72-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cbm.2274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10698686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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