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A comparison of health behaviours in male adolescents with and without offending histories referred for adolescent health services in Turkey 向土耳其青少年保健服务机构转诊的有犯罪史和无犯罪史的男性青少年的健康行为比较
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-12 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2268
Nusret Ayaz, Serdar Karatoprak

Background

Offending and incarceration are important societal problems that might be reduced by improving early intervention. Most prior work identifying risk factors has focussed on early oppositional or aggressive behaviours and environmental problems. Among adults, it is well recognised that offenders have much poorer health than the wider population. This raises questions about whether behaviours that put health at risk while a teenager may also be good markers of subsequent offending.

Aims

To examine the relationship between risky health behaviours and delinquency by comparing male teenage offenders with a history of incarceration and male teenagers with no criminal involvement.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 66 male 12–18-year-old offenders with an incarceration history who were referred for evaluation to the Forensic Medicine Polyclinic in 2021 were compared with 74 similar aged adolescents without a criminal record but attending another clinic in the same hospital, using the Risky Health Behaviour Scale (RHBS). This covers dietary, road safety and sexual behaviours as well as exercise, substance use and violent behaviours. Negative items were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated more pro-health activities.

Results

Total RHBS scores were significantly lower among the offender-group than the comparison teenagers (Means 93.19 ± 17.00: 107.20 ± 10.83; p ≤ 0.001). This reflected significant differences in each of the subscale scores except dietary and risky sexual behaviour. Only substance use behaviours, however, were independently related to offender group membership, as was family socio-economic status.

Conclusions

Our findings add indications of risky health-related behaviours to the already extensive literature on risky social behaviours in the history of young offenders. It is possible that focussing on young offenders referred to a health service, albeit one primarily directed at mental health, has exaggerated such differences, but if substantiated in larger and more diverse samples, these findings may open new avenues for early identification of young people at risk of offending and commensurate early interventions. Focus on substance use by young people seems especially important, but low family socio-economic status needs remedies too.

犯罪和监禁是重要的社会问题,可以通过改善早期干预来减少。大多数先前确定风险因素的工作都集中在早期的对立或攻击行为和环境问题上。在成年人中,人们普遍认为罪犯的健康状况比一般人差得多。这就提出了一个问题,即青少年时期危害健康的行为是否也可能是随后犯罪的良好标志。目的通过对有监禁史的男性青少年罪犯和没有犯罪前科的男性青少年罪犯进行比较,探讨危险健康行为与犯罪之间的关系。方法采用危险健康行为量表(RHBS),对2021年转介至法医学综合诊所接受评估的66名有监禁史的12 - 18岁男性罪犯与74名无犯罪记录但在同一医院另一家诊所就诊的年龄相近的青少年进行比较。这包括饮食、道路安全和性行为以及运动、药物使用和暴力行为。消极项目的得分是相反的,因此得分越高表明更有利于健康的活动。结果犯罪组青少年RHBS总分显著低于对照组(平均93.19±17.00分:107.20±10.83分;p≤0.001)。这反映了除了饮食和危险性行为外,每个子量表得分的显著差异。然而,只有物质使用行为与罪犯群体成员独立相关,家庭社会经济地位也是如此。结论:我们的发现为已经广泛的关于青少年罪犯历史中危险社会行为的文献增加了危险健康相关行为的迹象。虽然主要针对心理健康,但将重点放在向卫生服务机构移交的年轻罪犯身上,可能夸大了这种差异,但如果在更大、更多样化的样本中得到证实,这些发现可能为早期识别有犯罪风险的年轻人和相应的早期干预开辟新的途径。关注年轻人的药物使用似乎特别重要,但家庭社会经济地位低也需要补救措施。
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引用次数: 0
Acceptability and feasibility of using avatar-based virtual world software as an adjunct to clinical interventions, training, and reflective practice in a medium secure setting: A qualitative interview study 在中等安全环境中,使用虚拟世界软件辅助临床干预、培训和反思实践的可接受性和可行性:一项定性访谈研究
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2264
Katy Mason, Sarah Bicknell, Ernest Kreutzer, Ashleigh Wood, Jonathan Hurlow

Background

Relationships are at the core of recovery, particularly in secure services where patients have usually had difficulties with authority figures and can have mentalisation deficits. Early indications are that avatar-based virtual world software may help facilitate communication and emotional expression.

Aims

To establish the feasibility of using avatar-based virtual world software in a medium secure hospital, adjunctive to standard staff-patient interactions during clinical interventions and staff activities including reflective practice and training; to explore patient, staff participant and facilitator experiences using it.

Methods

Use of the software was offered across an 89-bedded unit as an optional adjunct to clinical interventions, reflective practice and training sessions. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Volunteer sampling was used. Five patients volunteered and were matched with an equal number of staff facilitators and participants.

Results

Eighty four sessions were completed using the avatar software with between 1 and 11 participant(s) per session, totalling 347 participant sessions. No adverse events occurred relatable to the sessions. An overarching theme of ‘adding value’ emerged, encompassing subthemes such as ‘concrete visual presence and imagery’, ‘mentalisation processes’ and ‘enhanced focus, depth and problem solving’. Experiences of added value were affected by moderators which were ‘power and relationship dynamics’, the ‘ability to use software’, ‘practical processes’ and ‘literacy’.

Conclusions

Avatar software is feasible to implement, acceptable to patients and staff and may offer an opportunity to aid mentalisation and reflection. By definition, everyone engaging in this study was a volunteer, even an enthusiast, so it would now be useful to extend evaluation to those who need some encouragement to use avatar software. Research to quantify benefits and establish the cost impact is now indicated, as our findings show it may offer a novel way of connecting with hard-to-reach patient groups.

人际关系是康复的核心,特别是在安全服务中,患者通常与权威人物有困难,可能有精神缺陷。早期迹象表明,基于头像的虚拟世界软件可能有助于促进交流和情感表达。目的探讨在中等安全医院中使用基于虚拟世界的虚拟世界软件的可行性,辅助临床干预和员工活动(包括反思性实践和培训)中的标准医患互动;探索患者,员工参与者和促进者使用它的经验。方法在89个床位的单元中使用该软件,作为临床干预、反思实践和培训课程的可选辅助手段。使用半结构化访谈收集定性数据,并使用专题分析进行分析。采用志愿者抽样。五名患者自愿参加,并与同等数量的工作人员辅导员和参与者相匹配。结果使用化身软件完成84个会话,每会话1 ~ 11人,共计347个会话。未发生与疗程相关的不良事件。“增加价值”的总体主题出现了,包括“具体的视觉存在和图像”、“心理过程”和“增强的焦点、深度和解决问题的能力”等子主题。附加价值体验受到“权力和关系动态”、“使用软件的能力”、“实践过程”和“文化素养”等调节因素的影响。结论阿凡达软件实施可行,为患者和工作人员所接受,可提供一个辅助思维和反思的机会。根据定义,参与这项研究的每个人都是志愿者,甚至是爱好者,所以现在将评估扩展到那些需要鼓励使用虚拟化身软件的人是有用的。量化效益和确定成本影响的研究现在表明,我们的发现表明,它可能提供一种与难以接触的患者群体联系的新方式。
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引用次数: 2
Reforming psychosocial and mental health pathways for young people following initial encounters with police 改革与警察初次接触后年轻人的社会心理和精神健康途径
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2262
David Baker, Simon Rice, Rosemary Purcell
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引用次数: 0
A comparison of men and women referred to provincial correctional mental health services in Ontario, Canada 向加拿大安大略省省级惩教精神卫生服务机构提交的男性和女性的比较
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2263
Ipsita Ray, Lindsay Fulham, Alexander I. Simpson, Tobias Vogel, Cory Gerritsen, Kiran Patel, Roland M. Jones

Background

Women comprise around 15% of admissions to provincial correctional institutions in Canada. Women in custody are known to have a high prevalence of mental health concerns, but little is known about how those referred to mental health services compare with referred men at a similar stage of imprisonment.

Aims

Our aim was to describe and compare clinical, social and demographic characteristics of a complete cohort of custodially remanded men and women who were referred to mental health services while under custodial remand in two correctional institutions.

Methods

We carried out retrospective analysis of data obtained from 4040 men and 1734 provincially detained women referred to mental health services in two correctional centres holding mainly pre-trial prisoners and serving a large mixed urban-rural catchment area in Toronto, Canada over a nearly five-year period. Men and women were first screened using the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen. Those who screened positive were assessed using the Jail Screening Assessment Tool the Brief Psychopathology Rating Scale—Expanded (BPRS-E) and the Clinical Global Impression—Corrections (CGI-C).

Results

There were many similarities between men and women, but also some important differences. Women were more socioeconomically disadvantaged than men. More women than men reported having children, yet fewer reported having any form of employment or social supports, although men were more likely to report unstable housing. In addition, women were significantly more likely to have mood and anxiety problems and to be self-harming, but did not differ from men in current psychotic symptoms. We also found differences in patterns of substance use, with a higher proportion of women using heroin and methamphetamines but fewer women having accessed addiction services.

Conclusions

Our findings have implications for clinicians and service planners. They underscore the value of systematic screening for identifying need. More specifically, they suggest need for increased availability of addiction services for women as well as ensuring support for those women who have dependent-age children. Improvement in supports for entry into employment is particularly needed for women, while men are particularly likely to need access to stable housing.

背景在加拿大的省级惩教机构中,女性约占15%。众所周知,被拘留的妇女普遍存在心理健康问题,但很少有人知道,在类似的监禁阶段,被转介到精神保健服务的妇女与被转介到精神保健服务的男子相比如何。我们的目的是描述和比较在两所教养机构还押期间被转介到精神卫生服务机构的一组完整的还押男性和女性的临床、社会和人口特征。方法回顾性分析了加拿大多伦多市两个主要关押预审囚犯的教养中心近5年来4040名男性和1734名省级在押女性的心理健康服务数据。男性和女性首先使用短期监狱心理健康筛查进行筛查。使用监狱筛查评估工具、简易精神病理评定量表(BPRS-E)和临床总体印象矫正(CGI-C)对筛查阳性的患者进行评估。结果男性和女性有许多相似之处,但也有一些重要的差异。女性在社会经济上比男性处于更不利的地位。报告有孩子的女性多于男性,但报告有任何形式的就业或社会支持的人数较少,尽管男性更有可能报告住房不稳定。此外,女性明显更有可能出现情绪和焦虑问题以及自我伤害,但在目前的精神病症状上与男性没有区别。我们还发现了物质使用模式的差异,使用海洛因和甲基苯丙胺的女性比例较高,但获得成瘾服务的女性比例较低。结论我们的研究结果对临床医生和服务计划人员有启示意义。它们强调了系统筛查对确定需求的价值。更具体地说,他们建议需要为妇女提供更多的成瘾服务,并确保为那些有受抚养子女的妇女提供支持。妇女特别需要改善对就业的支助,而男子则特别可能需要获得稳定的住房。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns of homicide in Sfax, Tunisia: A 9-year cohort study (2011–2019) 突尼斯斯法克斯杀人模式:一项为期9年的队列研究(2011-2019)
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2261
Ben Amar Wiem, Siala Hela, Zribi Malek, Karray Narjes, Hammami Zouhir, Maatoug Samir

Introduction

In Tunisia, since the January 2011 revolution, there has been considerable media interest in violence, particularly homicides. A popular perspective is, aside from any politically motivated killings, of a rise in homicides from year to year. In the absence of Tunisian national homicide statistics, a more accurate picture may be obtainable from area pathologist records.

Aims

To examine annual homicide rates from post-mortem data for the second largest administrative area of Tunisia, Sfax, with a mixed urban-rural population of about one million people.

Methods

All victims of common law homicide for the region are taken to the forensic department of one hospital in Sfax. We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study of all such cases of homicide for the 9 year period from the date of the fall of the Tunisian government in 14 January 2011 to 31 December 2019 and linked these data to those from earlier studies in the same department.

Results

One hundred and nine victims of unlawful homicide were identified during this nine year period, with an average of 12 cases per year and a peak of 17 cases in 2016, yielding a broadly consistent rate of 1.2 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants and no consistent pattern in fluctuations. Just over two-thirds of the victims were men. Mean age of victims was 34.85 years (range 8–90 years). Just under half were married (45%); largest employment groups were of low-paid casual workers (40%) or unemployed (28%). One third of the killings had taken place in a private residence, with interpersonal conflict given as the largest explanatory category; over one quarter were intra-familial and 14% between intimate partners. There was some seasonal variation, with nearly two-thirds of homicides occurring in the spring and summer months.

Conclusion

Contrary to press hype, we found no evidence of rising homicide rates in Southern Tunisia, although this does represent a different picture from that in the north of the country. The seasonal variation would merit further exploration as it raises questions around impact of fluctuations in mental health.

在突尼斯,自2011年1月的革命以来,媒体对暴力事件,特别是谋杀事件非常感兴趣。一种流行的观点是,除了任何出于政治动机的杀戮之外,杀人案件每年都在上升。由于缺乏突尼斯全国凶杀统计数据,可以从地区病理学家的记录中获得更准确的情况。目的通过对突尼斯第二大行政区斯法克斯(Sfax)的尸检数据,研究每年的杀人率。斯法克斯是一个城乡混合人口约100万的地区。方法将本区所有普通法杀人案的受害人送往斯法克斯某医院的法医部。我们对自2011年1月14日突尼斯政府倒台之日起至2019年12月31日的9年期间的所有此类杀人案件进行了回顾性和描述性研究,并将这些数据与同一部门早期研究的数据联系起来。结果在这九年期间,发现了109名非法杀人受害者,平均每年发生12起案件,2016年达到17起案件的高峰,大致一致的是每10万居民1.2起凶杀案,并且没有一致的波动模式。超过三分之二的受害者是男性。患者平均年龄34.85岁(8 ~ 90岁)。不到一半的人已婚(45%);最大的就业群体是低薪临时工(40%)或失业者(28%)。三分之一的杀戮发生在私人住宅,人际冲突被认为是最大的解释类别;超过四分之一是家庭内部的,14%是亲密伴侣之间的。有一些季节变化,近三分之二的凶杀案发生在春季和夏季。与媒体炒作相反,我们没有发现突尼斯南部凶杀率上升的证据,尽管这确实代表了该国北部不同的情况。这种季节性变化值得进一步探索,因为它提出了有关心理健康波动影响的问题。
{"title":"Patterns of homicide in Sfax, Tunisia: A 9-year cohort study (2011–2019)","authors":"Ben Amar Wiem,&nbsp;Siala Hela,&nbsp;Zribi Malek,&nbsp;Karray Narjes,&nbsp;Hammami Zouhir,&nbsp;Maatoug Samir","doi":"10.1002/cbm.2261","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cbm.2261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Tunisia, since the January 2011 revolution, there has been considerable media interest in violence, particularly homicides. A popular perspective is, aside from any politically motivated killings, of a rise in homicides from year to year. In the absence of Tunisian national homicide statistics, a more accurate picture may be obtainable from area pathologist records.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine annual homicide rates from post-mortem data for the second largest administrative area of Tunisia, Sfax, with a mixed urban-rural population of about one million people.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All victims of common law homicide for the region are taken to the forensic department of one hospital in Sfax. We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study of all such cases of homicide for the 9 year period from the date of the fall of the Tunisian government in 14 January 2011 to 31 December 2019 and linked these data to those from earlier studies in the same department.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred and nine victims of unlawful homicide were identified during this nine year period, with an average of 12 cases per year and a peak of 17 cases in 2016, yielding a broadly consistent rate of 1.2 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants and no consistent pattern in fluctuations. Just over two-thirds of the victims were men. Mean age of victims was 34.85 years (range 8–90 years). Just under half were married (45%); largest employment groups were of low-paid casual workers (40%) or unemployed (28%). One third of the killings had taken place in a private residence, with interpersonal conflict given as the largest explanatory category; over one quarter were intra-familial and 14% between intimate partners. There was some seasonal variation, with nearly two-thirds of homicides occurring in the spring and summer months.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contrary to press hype, we found no evidence of rising homicide rates in Southern Tunisia, although this does represent a different picture from that in the north of the country. The seasonal variation would merit further exploration as it raises questions around impact of fluctuations in mental health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47362,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health","volume":"32 5","pages":"350-357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40371186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The relationship between self-forgiveness and psychological wellbeing in prison inmates: The mediating role of mindfulness 监狱囚犯自我宽恕与心理健康的关系:正念的中介作用
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2260
Giorgia F. Paleari, Francesca Danioni, Sara Pelucchi, Maria Rita Lombrano, Daniel Lumera, Camillo Regalia

Background

Previous research with general population samples has consistently shown that forgiveness and mindfulness facilitate coping with distressing experiences and significantly promote mental health. No study, however, has examined their unique contribution to prisoners' psychological wellbeing nor has considered the different forms of self-forgiveness among prisoners.

Aims

Our aim was to investigate the role of mindfulness in mediating any association between prisoners' self-forgiveness and psychological wellbeing and to test whether any such links are moderated by years spent in prison. In this study self-forgiveness was conceptualised as a multidimensional construct, including presence of genuine self-forgiveness, absence of pseudo self-forgiveness and/or absence of self-punitiveness.

Methods

Participants were recruited from a prison in Northern Italy. Consenting men were asked to complete an anonymous self-report questionnaire with only a researcher present.

Results

104 male prisoners (mean age 46.63 years, SD 11.38) took part. Findings were that self-punitiveness was inversely related to well-being, with mindfulness mediating this relationship, this while controlling for the other dimensions of self-forgiveness and the perceived severity of the crime committed. Contrary to expectation, we found no direct relationship between genuine self-forgiveness and well-being, but the moderated mediation models showed that genuine self-forgiveness was positively associated with mindfulness and, through this, had an indirect association with wellbeing, significant only for prisoners who had already spent several years in prison.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm that self-forgiveness is a complex construct, worthy of further investigation among offenders. They suggest that forgiveness interventions for prisoners should include modules aimed at primarily reducing self-punitive attitudes. Promotion of genuine self-forgiveness should be tried only with awareness that this is likely to take a very long time. In such circumstances, interventions may promote energy to be invested in mindful processes with a consequent improvement in psychological wellbeing.

以往对一般人群样本的研究一致表明,宽恕和正念有助于应对痛苦经历,并显著促进心理健康。然而,没有研究考察过他们对囚犯心理健康的独特贡献,也没有考虑过囚犯之间不同形式的自我宽恕。我们的目的是调查正念在囚犯自我宽恕和心理健康之间的中介作用,并测试这种联系是否会因服刑时间而有所缓和。在这项研究中,自我宽恕被定义为一个多维结构,包括真正的自我宽恕,不存在虚假的自我宽恕和/或不存在自我惩罚。方法参与者是从意大利北部的一所监狱中招募的。同意的男性被要求在只有研究人员在场的情况下完成一份匿名自我报告问卷。结果共有104名男性在押人员参与调查,平均年龄46.63岁,SD 11.38岁。研究发现,自我惩罚与幸福感呈负相关,正念调节了这种关系,同时控制了自我宽恕的其他维度和所犯罪行的严重性。与预期相反,我们发现真正的自我宽恕和幸福感之间没有直接关系,但经过调节的中介模型显示,真正的自我宽恕与正念呈正相关,通过这一点,与幸福感有间接关联,仅对已经在监狱里呆了几年的囚犯有意义。我们的研究结果证实了自我宽恕是一个复杂的结构,值得在罪犯中进一步研究。他们建议,对囚犯的宽恕干预应该包括旨在主要减少自我惩罚态度的模块。只有在意识到这可能需要很长时间的情况下,才能促进真正的自我宽恕。在这种情况下,干预措施可能会促进精力投入到正念过程中,从而改善心理健康。
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引用次数: 0
Intergenerational continuity of crime: A comparison between children of discordant siblings 犯罪的代际连续性:不和谐兄弟姐妹子女之间的比较
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2259
Steve van de Weijer

Background

Various studies have shown that fathers and children show similarities in criminal behaviour, but little is known about the nature of this relationship. By using a family-based research design, this study controls for familial confounders and gives a better estimate of the extent to which paternal crime has a direct effect on offspring offending.

Aims

To test the extent of any relationship between paternal offending during the childhood of offspring and adolescent offending by those offspring and to examine the effect of potential confounders of this relationship.

Methods

Data were from records held by Statistics Netherlands for 1,155,771 individuals born in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2001. Police data were used to measure paternal offending during the childhood (age 0–11) of this cohort and their adolescent offending (age 12–18). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the bivariate relationship between paternal and offspring offending, as well as this relationship after controlling for various demographic and socio-economic variables. Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to compare children of discordant brothers (N = 9232). By comparing within families rather than between unrelated individuals, all unmeasured familial factors that are shared between these cousins were controlled for.

Results

Offending during adolescence was about three times as likely among offspring whose fathers had offended while they were 11 years old or younger than among adolescents with no such paternal problem (OR: 3.21, CI 3.17–3.26). This relationship was attenuated after controlling for measured confounders (OR: 1.78, CI 1.75–1.81) and for unmeasured familial confounders (OR: 1.47, CI 1.36–1.59), but remained significant.

Conclusions

Paternal offending has an association with offspring offending, but this is small after controlling for measured socio-economic and unmeasured familial confounders. Previous studies that did not control for unmeasured familial confounders seem likely to have overestimated the effect of paternal crime on their offspring’s offending. This has implications for interventions for the offspring. If confined to mitigating the negative consequences of paternal offending, they are likely to have limited effectiveness.

各种研究表明,父亲和孩子在犯罪行为上有相似之处,但人们对这种关系的本质知之甚少。通过使用基于家庭的研究设计,本研究控制了家庭混杂因素,并更好地估计了父亲犯罪对后代犯罪的直接影响程度。目的测试子女童年时期父亲犯罪与这些子女的青少年犯罪之间的关系的程度,并检查这种关系的潜在混杂因素的影响。方法数据来自荷兰统计局1996年至2001年间在荷兰出生的1,155,771人的记录。警方的数据被用来衡量该队列儿童时期(0-11岁)和青少年时期(12-18岁)的父亲犯罪行为。采用Logistic回归分析估计父代和子代犯罪之间的双变量关系,并在控制各种人口统计学和社会经济变量后估计这种关系。采用条件logistic回归分析比较不和谐兄弟的子女(N = 9232)。通过在家族内部进行比较,而不是在不相关的个体之间进行比较,这些表亲之间共有的所有未测量的家族因素都得到了控制。结果:在11岁或更小的时候父亲有过冒犯行为的孩子在青春期犯罪的可能性是没有这种父亲问题的孩子的三倍(or: 3.21, CI: 3.17-3.26)。在控制了测量的混杂因素(OR: 1.78, CI 1.75-1.81)和未测量的家族混杂因素(OR: 1.47, CI 1.36-1.59)后,这种关系减弱,但仍然显著。结论:父亲犯罪与后代犯罪有关联,但在控制了测量的社会经济和未测量的家庭混杂因素后,这种关联很小。先前的研究没有控制未测量的家族混杂因素,似乎高估了父亲犯罪对后代犯罪的影响。这意味着对后代的干预。如果仅限于减轻父亲冒犯的负面后果,它们的效果可能有限。
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引用次数: 0
The healthcare plight of offenders in the community 社区中罪犯的医疗困境
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2258
Guy C. M. Skinner, David P. Farrington
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引用次数: 1
The impact of anger and self-concealment on post-traumatic stress and psychiatric comorbid symptoms in Chinese prisoners: A longitudinal study 愤怒和自我隐藏对中国囚犯创伤后应激和精神共病症状的影响:一项纵向研究
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2257
Man Cheung Chung, Zhuo Sheng Chen, Bu Xin Han

Background

Research reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among prisoners varies between countries, with most studies based on Western samples. The trajectory of symptoms has also been controversial. Trauma can affect prisoners' emotions and their emotional regulation tends to be maladaptive.

Aims

To examine changes in PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners in China over time and to determine whether anger and self-concealment predicts later distress.

Method

In a longitudinal, prospective study, sentenced men in one prison in China were asked to complete a demographic page and several self-rating scales: the Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the General Health Questionnaire-28, the Clinical Anger Scale and the Self-Concealment Scale at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after the initial assessment.

Results

More than half of the 496 participating men were diagnosed with PTSD. For those completing the scales at each evaluation, PTSD-DS scores were significantly lower at baseline than at the 6-month and 1-year assessments. No significant differences were found between the two follow-up scores. There was no significant difference in psychiatric comorbidity between the three phases. At the cross-sectional level, after controlling for age and education level, PTSD, anger and self-concealment were associated with psychiatric comorbidity. At the prospective level, anger predicted PTSD 6 months and 1 year later. Self-concealment predicted psychiatric comorbidity over time.

Conclusions

Among these prisoners the prevalence of chronic PTSD was far higher than in general population estimates. Early identification of aspects of coping styles is likely to help predict disorder trajectory and inform interventions. Early signs of anger were indicative of the chronic severity of trauma reactions, while the intention to hide distress was related to other later mental health problems.

研究报告称,各国囚犯中创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的患病率各不相同,大多数研究基于西方样本。症状的发展轨迹也一直存在争议。创伤会影响囚犯的情绪,使他们的情绪调节趋于不适应。目的研究中国囚犯创伤后应激障碍和精神疾病随时间的变化,并确定愤怒和自我隐藏是否预示着后来的痛苦。方法在一项纵向前瞻性研究中,研究人员要求中国一所监狱的被判刑男子在基线和初步评估后6个月和12个月完成一份人口统计页面和几份自评量表:创伤后应激诊断量表、一般健康问卷-28、临床愤怒量表和自我隐藏量表。结果在496名参与研究的男性中,超过一半的人被诊断患有创伤后应激障碍。对于那些在每次评估中完成量表的人,PTSD-DS得分在基线时明显低于6个月和1年的评估。两组随访评分无显著差异。三个阶段的精神共病无显著差异。在横断面水平上,在控制了年龄和教育水平后,PTSD、愤怒和自我隐藏与精神合并症相关。在预期水平上,愤怒预测6个月和1年后的PTSD。随着时间的推移,自我隐藏预示着精神疾病的共病。结论:在这些囚犯中,慢性创伤后应激障碍的患病率远远高于一般人群的估计。早期识别应对方式的各个方面可能有助于预测障碍轨迹并为干预提供信息。愤怒的早期迹象表明创伤反应的慢性严重性,而隐藏痛苦的意图与后来的其他心理健康问题有关。
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引用次数: 1
Evidence for the ecological validity of the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen: Positive predictive value among remanded men and women 短期监狱心理健康筛查生态效度的证据:还押男性和女性的积极预测价值
IF 1.2 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-21 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2256
Cory Gerritsen, Vito Adamo, Lindsay Fulham, Roland Jones, Stephanie Penney, Abanti Tagore, Alexander Simpson

Background

Individuals with severe mental illness are over-represented in correctional institutions. The scarcity of mental health services in prison settings has increased the demand for tools to screen effectively for mental health need. While the need for sensitivity is widely recognised, there has been less attention to specificity of screening tools. In addition, prior studies have focussed on research-informed diagnostic performance rather than real-world service provision.

Objective

To examine the performance of the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen (BJMHS) for indicating secondary mental health need in ‘real world’ conditions.

Methods

Retrospective data were collected from 2977 individuals (2256 male) remanded in either of two correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada, who had been screened on reception as having clinically significant mental health needs by correctional health staff using the BJMHS and examined by specialist mental health staff at triage. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the BJMHS was calculated, using actual secondary mental health service referral as the performance criterion.

Results

Overall, the positive predictive value of the BJMHS was 67.2%. It was significantly higher for men (69.5%) than women (60.1%).

Conclusions

While these findings add support to the use of the BJMHS in screening mental health need among people under custodial remand, its false positive rate, particularly among women suggests a need to improve its performance. One potentially important avenue for future research would be whether repeating the screen after an interval prior to specialist referral would improve efficiency.

惩教机构中严重精神疾病患者的比例过高。监狱环境中心理健康服务的匮乏增加了对有效筛查心理健康需求的工具的需求。虽然对敏感性的需要得到广泛认可,但对筛选工具的特异性的关注较少。此外,先前的研究侧重于研究知情的诊断性能,而不是现实世界的服务提供。目的探讨简易监狱心理健康量表(BJMHS)在“真实世界”条件下对二级心理健康需求的指示作用。方法回顾性收集2977名在押人员(2256名男性)的资料,这些在押人员在接收时通过BJMHS对有临床显著精神卫生需求的在押人员进行了筛查,并在分诊时由专业精神卫生人员进行了检查。以实际二级心理卫生服务转诊情况为考核标准,计算BJMHS阳性预测值(PPV)。结果BJMHS的阳性预测值为67.2%。男性(69.5%)明显高于女性(60.1%)。结论:虽然这些发现为BJMHS在候审在押人员中筛查心理健康需求提供了支持,但其假阳性率,特别是在妇女中的假阳性率表明需要改进其性能。未来研究的一个潜在重要途径是,在专家转诊之前的间隔时间重复筛查是否会提高效率。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
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