Social facilitation is one of the most prominent and oldest research topics in (social) psychology. It is the “increase in response merely from the sight or sound of others making the same movement” (Allport, 1924, p. 262) or conditions of “sheer presence of other individuals” (Zajonc, 1965, p. 269). Experiments found facilitation, inhibition or no effect (Bond & Titus, 1983), argued to be a function of task difficulty (Zajonc, 1965). In humans, cognitive tasks have been studied more frequently than motor tasks. Skill-based tasks (i.e., coordination-based) are hypothesized to be negatively affected by the presence of others due to a higher cognitive load (overload hypothesis, Manstead & Semin, 1980), whereas performances in effort-based tasks (i.e., condition-based) should profit due to increased readiness.In a first step, a systematic search of several databases was conducted, identifying articles comparing motor-task performance in the presence of or in coaction with others and alone. We identified N=72 articles investigating motor-related human performance (5,419 participants), published between 1924 and 2019. Effort-based tasks appeared to be facilitated, while within skill-based tasks, differences between tasks performed under time pressure and precision pressure were identified (cf. Bond & Titus, 1983).In a second step, we conducted a meta-analysis (N=28) with subsequent moderator analyses. The results generally align with the systematic review. Moreover, the experimenter’s influential presence was emphasized. Finally, this review supports the overload hypothesis and draws conclusions for the state of the theory and experimental limitations specific to social-facilitation research on motor tasks.
{"title":"Moving in the presence of others - a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Edda van Meurs, Jona Greve, B. Strauss","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/25wh7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/25wh7","url":null,"abstract":"Social facilitation is one of the most prominent and oldest research topics in (social) psychology. It is the “increase in response merely from the sight or sound of others making the same movement” (Allport, 1924, p. 262) or conditions of “sheer presence of other individuals” (Zajonc, 1965, p. 269). Experiments found facilitation, inhibition or no effect (Bond & Titus, 1983), argued to be a function of task difficulty (Zajonc, 1965). In humans, cognitive tasks have been studied more frequently than motor tasks. Skill-based tasks (i.e., coordination-based) are hypothesized to be negatively affected by the presence of others due to a higher cognitive load (overload hypothesis, Manstead & Semin, 1980), whereas performances in effort-based tasks (i.e., condition-based) should profit due to increased readiness.In a first step, a systematic search of several databases was conducted, identifying articles comparing motor-task performance in the presence of or in coaction with others and alone. We identified N=72 articles investigating motor-related human performance (5,419 participants), published between 1924 and 2019. Effort-based tasks appeared to be facilitated, while within skill-based tasks, differences between tasks performed under time pressure and precision pressure were identified (cf. Bond & Titus, 1983).In a second step, we conducted a meta-analysis (N=28) with subsequent moderator analyses. The results generally align with the systematic review. Moreover, the experimenter’s influential presence was emphasized. Finally, this review supports the overload hypothesis and draws conclusions for the state of the theory and experimental limitations specific to social-facilitation research on motor tasks.","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46974169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1952471
David Tod, Andrew Booth, Brett Smith
ABSTRACT The purpose of the current article is to define critical appraisal, identify its benefits, discuss conceptual issues influencing the adequacy of a critical appraisal, and detail procedures to help reviewers undertake critical appraisals. A critical appraisal involves a careful and systematic assessment of a study’s trustworthiness or methodological rigour, and contributes to assessing how confident people can be in the findings of a set of studies. To help reviewers include high quality critical appraisals in their articles, they can consider differences between quality and bias, the value of total quality scores, the advantages and disadvantages of standardized checklists, the relevance of the experimental hierarchy of evidence, the differences between critical appraisal tools and reporting standards, and the challenges involved in appraising qualitative research. The steps involved in a sound critical appraisal include: (a) identifying the study type(s) of the individual paper(s), (b) identifying appropriate criteria and checklist(s), (c) selecting an appropriate set of criteria and checklist, (d) performing the appraisal, and (e) summarizing and using the results. Although these steps apply to critical appraisals of both quantitative and qualitative research, they require reviewers to make and defend a number of decisions resulting from the subjective features involved in assessing research.
{"title":"Critical appraisal","authors":"David Tod, Andrew Booth, Brett Smith","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1952471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1952471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of the current article is to define critical appraisal, identify its benefits, discuss conceptual issues influencing the adequacy of a critical appraisal, and detail procedures to help reviewers undertake critical appraisals. A critical appraisal involves a careful and systematic assessment of a study’s trustworthiness or methodological rigour, and contributes to assessing how confident people can be in the findings of a set of studies. To help reviewers include high quality critical appraisals in their articles, they can consider differences between quality and bias, the value of total quality scores, the advantages and disadvantages of standardized checklists, the relevance of the experimental hierarchy of evidence, the differences between critical appraisal tools and reporting standards, and the challenges involved in appraising qualitative research. The steps involved in a sound critical appraisal include: (a) identifying the study type(s) of the individual paper(s), (b) identifying appropriate criteria and checklist(s), (c) selecting an appropriate set of criteria and checklist, (d) performing the appraisal, and (e) summarizing and using the results. Although these steps apply to critical appraisals of both quantitative and qualitative research, they require reviewers to make and defend a number of decisions resulting from the subjective features involved in assessing research.","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1952471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/1750984x.2021.1934887
Danielle L. Cormier, L. Ferguson, N. Gyurcsik, Jennifer L. Briere, J. Dunn, K. Kowalski
Understanding the personality characteristics that help and/or hinder competitive success in sport is of great interest to many sport psychology researchers. Grit (i.e. passion and perseverance tow...
{"title":"Grit in sport: a scoping review","authors":"Danielle L. Cormier, L. Ferguson, N. Gyurcsik, Jennifer L. Briere, J. Dunn, K. Kowalski","doi":"10.1080/1750984x.2021.1934887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2021.1934887","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the personality characteristics that help and/or hinder competitive success in sport is of great interest to many sport psychology researchers. Grit (i.e. passion and perseverance tow...","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984x.2021.1934887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42895470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1929404
C. Pesce, S. Vazou, V. Benzing, C. Álvarez‐Bueno, S. Anzeneder, M. Mavilidi, Liliana Leone, M. Schmidt
{"title":"Effects of chronic physical activity on cognition across the lifespan: a systematic meta-review of randomized controlled trials and realist synthesis of contextualized mechanisms","authors":"C. Pesce, S. Vazou, V. Benzing, C. Álvarez‐Bueno, S. Anzeneder, M. Mavilidi, Liliana Leone, M. Schmidt","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1929404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1929404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1929404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45010390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055
S. G. Goddard, C. Stevens, P. Jackman, C. Swann
Flow is an optimal psychological state associated with exceptional performances and positive subjective experiences in sport and exercise. Considering these reported benefits, there have been many ...
{"title":"A systematic review of flow interventions in sport and exercise","authors":"S. G. Goddard, C. Stevens, P. Jackman, C. Swann","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055","url":null,"abstract":"Flow is an optimal psychological state associated with exceptional performances and positive subjective experiences in sport and exercise. Considering these reported benefits, there have been many ...","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44319977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1904434
R. Rosenkranz, K. Ridley, J. Guagliano, S. Rosenkranz
Despite clear evidence of the potential benefits gained by being physically active, children and adolescents (collectively youth) often fail to achieve the recommended daily 60 min of moderate-to-v...
{"title":"Physical activity capability, opportunity, motivation and behavior in youth settings: theoretical framework to guide physical activity leader interventions","authors":"R. Rosenkranz, K. Ridley, J. Guagliano, S. Rosenkranz","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1904434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1904434","url":null,"abstract":"Despite clear evidence of the potential benefits gained by being physically active, children and adolescents (collectively youth) often fail to achieve the recommended daily 60 min of moderate-to-v...","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1904434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44604199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854
Clare MacMahon, L. Parrington, Todd Pickering, Blair Aitken, Linda Schücker
Interest in the influence of a prior cognitive task on physical performance is growing. This work has been approached by several different disciplines, showing its broad importance. The findings fr...
{"title":"Understanding the effects of cognitive tasks on physical performance: a constraints framework to guide further research","authors":"Clare MacMahon, L. Parrington, Todd Pickering, Blair Aitken, Linda Schücker","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the influence of a prior cognitive task on physical performance is growing. This work has been approached by several different disciplines, showing its broad importance. The findings fr...","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1907854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48754041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-22DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1910977
T. Newman, Sandra R. Black, Fernando Santos, Benjamin Jefka, Nicholas Brennan
{"title":"Coaching the development and transfer of life skills: a scoping review of facilitative coaching practices in youth sports","authors":"T. Newman, Sandra R. Black, Fernando Santos, Benjamin Jefka, Nicholas Brennan","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1910977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1910977","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1910977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46465432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.1080/1750984x.2021.1975305
R. A. Simpson, F. Didymus, T. Williams
Research on organizational stress in competitive sport has grown exponentially within the last two decades. Despite the volume of literature and the narrative reviews available, no systematic reviews exist that have sought to bring collective findings together in a single, rigorous point of reference. The objective of this oral presentation is to share the findings of this review on organizational stress and well-being, which was subjected to rigorous evaluation and synthesis, with the aim of highlighting innovative avenues for future qualitative research. A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA-P guidelines and robust searches of PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus databases. Citation pearl growing and manual searches of journal databases helped to retrieve additional relevant papers that may have been missed in the initial searches. To be included, retrieved papers must have contained primary or secondary data collected from athletes, coaches, support staff in competitive sport, and have been published between March 2001 and September 2020. Key information from sifted papers (i.e., at the title, abstract, and full-text levels) were extracted and the final sample of included papers were tabulated into a study characteristics table on MicrosoftTM Excel. Study quality scores were evaluated among the research team, while included papers were shared among topical experts to reduce the risk of bias. The final sample comprised 47 studies that included 4,630 individuals (athletes, coaches, and support staff). The synthesized findings presented within this systematic review of literature proffer a myriad of widely distributed organizational stressors underpinned by a range of situational properties and managed through a variety of coping options (e.g., problem solving, social support). Limited studies within the literature focused on cognitive appraisals, emotions, and well-being within the context of organizational stress, with existing literature overly focusing on athletes and discrete stress experiences. The review highlights the importance of interpersonal stress transactions (e.g., appraisals, coping) and their influence on individual and collective functioning in sport. Athletes, coaches, and support staff in sport organizations experience a range of stress transactions that holds implications for performance and health-related outcomes. As this presentation will highlight, future research should consider the use of longitudinal, diary, integrative designs, and further innovatively designed studies (e.g., creative non-fiction) within under-represented populations (e.g., coaches, support staff) to deepen our understanding of the relational nature of organizational stress and well-being.
{"title":"Organizational stress and well-being in competitive sport: a systematic review","authors":"R. A. Simpson, F. Didymus, T. Williams","doi":"10.1080/1750984x.2021.1975305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2021.1975305","url":null,"abstract":"Research on organizational stress in competitive sport has grown exponentially within the last two decades. Despite the volume of literature and the narrative reviews available, no systematic reviews exist that have sought to bring collective findings together in a single, rigorous point of reference. The objective of this oral presentation is to share the findings of this review on organizational stress and well-being, which was subjected to rigorous evaluation and synthesis, with the aim of highlighting innovative avenues for future qualitative research. A systematic review of literature was conducted using PRISMA-P guidelines and robust searches of PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus databases. Citation pearl growing and manual searches of journal databases helped to retrieve additional relevant papers that may have been missed in the initial searches. To be included, retrieved papers must have contained primary or secondary data collected from athletes, coaches, support staff in competitive sport, and have been published between March 2001 and September 2020. Key information from sifted papers (i.e., at the title, abstract, and full-text levels) were extracted and the final sample of included papers were tabulated into a study characteristics table on MicrosoftTM Excel. Study quality scores were evaluated among the research team, while included papers were shared among topical experts to reduce the risk of bias. The final sample comprised 47 studies that included 4,630 individuals (athletes, coaches, and support staff). The synthesized findings presented within this systematic review of literature proffer a myriad of widely distributed organizational stressors underpinned by a range of situational properties and managed through a variety of coping options (e.g., problem solving, social support). Limited studies within the literature focused on cognitive appraisals, emotions, and well-being within the context of organizational stress, with existing literature overly focusing on athletes and discrete stress experiences. The review highlights the importance of interpersonal stress transactions (e.g., appraisals, coping) and their influence on individual and collective functioning in sport. Athletes, coaches, and support staff in sport organizations experience a range of stress transactions that holds implications for performance and health-related outcomes. As this presentation will highlight, future research should consider the use of longitudinal, diary, integrative designs, and further innovatively designed studies (e.g., creative non-fiction) within under-represented populations (e.g., coaches, support staff) to deepen our understanding of the relational nature of organizational stress and well-being.","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45927991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901299
S. Taylor, R. Eklund, C. Arthur
{"title":"Fear of failure in sport, exercise, and physical activity: a scoping review","authors":"S. Taylor, R. Eklund, C. Arthur","doi":"10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47658,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60063350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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