Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2124336
M. Kang, Ellen V. Rubin
Abstract Over five decades, US civil service laws institutionalized federal employees’ whistleblower rights through a series of reforms since 1978. In 2012, the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act extended statutory protections to employees of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for the first time. This quasi-experimental study evaluates whether these legal protections changed the perceptions of TSA employees by enhancing their behavioral control over the opportunity to blow the whistle. Changes in TSA employee perceptions of behavioral control are compared to changes in perceptions in three control agencies, using a difference-in-differences estimation. We further consider whether TSA managers’ perceptions change in unique ways, in comparison to the control agencies. The results indicate that providing protection only changed TSA employees’ behavioral control over whistleblowing immediately after passage, but not over the long term. Further, the law did enhance TSA managers’ perceived behavioral control differentially. Policy implications for reconstructing the shield is provided.
{"title":"The efficacy of protection: the effects of the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 on the Transportation Security Administration","authors":"M. Kang, Ellen V. Rubin","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2124336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2124336","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over five decades, US civil service laws institutionalized federal employees’ whistleblower rights through a series of reforms since 1978. In 2012, the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act extended statutory protections to employees of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for the first time. This quasi-experimental study evaluates whether these legal protections changed the perceptions of TSA employees by enhancing their behavioral control over the opportunity to blow the whistle. Changes in TSA employee perceptions of behavioral control are compared to changes in perceptions in three control agencies, using a difference-in-differences estimation. We further consider whether TSA managers’ perceptions change in unique ways, in comparison to the control agencies. The results indicate that providing protection only changed TSA employees’ behavioral control over whistleblowing immediately after passage, but not over the long term. Further, the law did enhance TSA managers’ perceived behavioral control differentially. Policy implications for reconstructing the shield is provided.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"649 - 666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44283036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2120938
Ping Zhang, Can Chen, Yu Shi
Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic has prompted a variety of fiscal policy responses from national governments around the world. This research constructs a panel data set of 170 countries to investigate the impact of fiscal capacity and COVID-19 crisis severity on government spending during the pandemic, after controlling for socio-economic, political, and institutional factors. Using cluster analysis and multivariate regression, the results show that COVID-19 fiscal spending increased with the expansion of the pandemic, although spending on COVID-19 tended to decrease somewhat over time. We also find that countries with stronger fiscal capacity were associated with higher fiscal spending during the pandemic. Thus, our study suggests that the severity of the pandemic combined with the fiscal capacity of countries shaped government spending on COVID-19.
{"title":"Crisis severity, fiscal capacity, and COVID-19 spending: a cross-country analysis","authors":"Ping Zhang, Can Chen, Yu Shi","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2120938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2120938","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic has prompted a variety of fiscal policy responses from national governments around the world. This research constructs a panel data set of 170 countries to investigate the impact of fiscal capacity and COVID-19 crisis severity on government spending during the pandemic, after controlling for socio-economic, political, and institutional factors. Using cluster analysis and multivariate regression, the results show that COVID-19 fiscal spending increased with the expansion of the pandemic, although spending on COVID-19 tended to decrease somewhat over time. We also find that countries with stronger fiscal capacity were associated with higher fiscal spending during the pandemic. Thus, our study suggests that the severity of the pandemic combined with the fiscal capacity of countries shaped government spending on COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"609 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46927786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-15DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2119316
Min Xiong, Shaoming Cheng, H. Guo, J. Zhao
Abstract While government fiscal gap is traditionally considered a demand factor for the use of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to deliver public services, a high level of fiscal gap may signal elevated financial risks to private partners and deter them from entering into PPP agreements. A causal mediation analytic framework is used to delineate the two distinct causal pathways. We develop a conceptual model and test derived hypotheses with data of Chinese prefecture-level cities during 2015–2017. The findings suggest that government fiscal gap has a positive impact on PPP adoption, through the mediating role of the debt position. The fiscal gap, as a risk factor, is negatively associated with PPP participation. Risk aversion of the private sector manifests more conspicuously as smaller PPP investment amounts than as a lower likelihood of PPP participation. The adverse effects of the fiscal gap associated with financial risks may entirely offset any positive impact.
{"title":"The impact of local government fiscal gaps on public-private partnerships: government demand and private sector risk aversion","authors":"Min Xiong, Shaoming Cheng, H. Guo, J. Zhao","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2119316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2119316","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While government fiscal gap is traditionally considered a demand factor for the use of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to deliver public services, a high level of fiscal gap may signal elevated financial risks to private partners and deter them from entering into PPP agreements. A causal mediation analytic framework is used to delineate the two distinct causal pathways. We develop a conceptual model and test derived hypotheses with data of Chinese prefecture-level cities during 2015–2017. The findings suggest that government fiscal gap has a positive impact on PPP adoption, through the mediating role of the debt position. The fiscal gap, as a risk factor, is negatively associated with PPP participation. Risk aversion of the private sector manifests more conspicuously as smaller PPP investment amounts than as a lower likelihood of PPP participation. The adverse effects of the fiscal gap associated with financial risks may entirely offset any positive impact.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"589 - 608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47912865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2112328
Jonas Lund-Tønnesen, Tom Christensen
Abstract Input, throughput, and output legitimacy of government measures are considered to be essential for governance capacity in crisis. During the COVID-19 crisis, governments around the world developed digital contact-tracing applications to support their crisis management—with varying degrees of success. While Norway is seen as a high performer in the crisis, the contact-tracing app called Smittestopp developed in Norway had little impact. Using a case study, we studied the governance capacity and legitimacy of this technology in terms of how it was developed, how much it was utilized by citizens, and its usefulness relative to other government measures. Although the app did very little to help the COVID-19 crisis management in Norway, we identify some important lessons to be learned. We argue that the initial input and throughput legitimacy is important if a government policy is to maintain output legitimacy over time and be effective in a crisis. Consequently, this study contributes to the literature on governance capacity and legitimacy in crisis management.
{"title":"The dynamics of governance capacity and legitimacy: the case of a digital tracing technology during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Jonas Lund-Tønnesen, Tom Christensen","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2112328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2112328","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Input, throughput, and output legitimacy of government measures are considered to be essential for governance capacity in crisis. During the COVID-19 crisis, governments around the world developed digital contact-tracing applications to support their crisis management—with varying degrees of success. While Norway is seen as a high performer in the crisis, the contact-tracing app called Smittestopp developed in Norway had little impact. Using a case study, we studied the governance capacity and legitimacy of this technology in terms of how it was developed, how much it was utilized by citizens, and its usefulness relative to other government measures. Although the app did very little to help the COVID-19 crisis management in Norway, we identify some important lessons to be learned. We argue that the initial input and throughput legitimacy is important if a government policy is to maintain output legitimacy over time and be effective in a crisis. Consequently, this study contributes to the literature on governance capacity and legitimacy in crisis management.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"126 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49038196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2115595
Xueying Chen
Abstract This study unravels the complexity of government-CSOs relations in China by distinguishing the roles of the central government and local governments and develops a “central government-local government-society” framework. Investigations into the “central government-local government-society” interactions in a public crisis management case during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the key features of government-CSOs interactions in China: i) the central-local tension shapes the demand for the society’s participation in public governance as an additional influencer, and the presence of citizen groups as the critical audience has influenced the way central and local governments interact; ii) the central government and the society empower each other in public governance, and the central government’s capability of turning CSOs into partners secures the mutual beneficial relation between them; iii) the fragmentation of the local government and its affiliated institutions leads to the co-existence of the conflicting modes of government-CSOs interactions at the local level, which is the institutional basis for the survival and growth of CSOs even in localities with very conservative local political environments. It turns out that distinguishing the roles of heterogenous “state” actors helps to unravel the complexity of government-CSOs relations and provides new insights into the role of CSOs.
{"title":"Understanding the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the “central government-local government-society” framework: a case study on public crisis management during the pandemic in China","authors":"Xueying Chen","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2115595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2115595","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study unravels the complexity of government-CSOs relations in China by distinguishing the roles of the central government and local governments and develops a “central government-local government-society” framework. Investigations into the “central government-local government-society” interactions in a public crisis management case during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the key features of government-CSOs interactions in China: i) the central-local tension shapes the demand for the society’s participation in public governance as an additional influencer, and the presence of citizen groups as the critical audience has influenced the way central and local governments interact; ii) the central government and the society empower each other in public governance, and the central government’s capability of turning CSOs into partners secures the mutual beneficial relation between them; iii) the fragmentation of the local government and its affiliated institutions leads to the co-existence of the conflicting modes of government-CSOs interactions at the local level, which is the institutional basis for the survival and growth of CSOs even in localities with very conservative local political environments. It turns out that distinguishing the roles of heterogenous “state” actors helps to unravel the complexity of government-CSOs relations and provides new insights into the role of CSOs.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"570 - 588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44936971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2104413
Xianglin Ma, Guoxian Bao, G. VanLandingham
Abstract Leaders’ directives are a formal means of governance in authoritarian states. While government responsiveness to the public is a core normative concept of democratic theory, this concept has typically not been a core value of authoritative states. However, in China, to improve government responsiveness, leaders’ directives have been used to mandate local governments to create online public comment forums and formally respond to submitted comments from the public. This article empirically examines whether leaders’ directives are effective in promoting local government responsiveness and public participation. To test the study’s hypotheses, we collect data from the Local Government Demand Board (LGDB) on public demands and government responses of 214 county-level entities in two provinces from 2011 to 2017. Using the difference-in-difference method, we find that provincial leaders’ directives in China have raised local government response to the public. We also find that when provincial political elites promote public expression of opinions by using leaders’ directives, the Chinese public responds positively to these signals.
{"title":"Can regional decrees improve government responsiveness? An empirical study of leaders' directives and local government responses in China","authors":"Xianglin Ma, Guoxian Bao, G. VanLandingham","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2104413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2104413","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leaders’ directives are a formal means of governance in authoritarian states. While government responsiveness to the public is a core normative concept of democratic theory, this concept has typically not been a core value of authoritative states. However, in China, to improve government responsiveness, leaders’ directives have been used to mandate local governments to create online public comment forums and formally respond to submitted comments from the public. This article empirically examines whether leaders’ directives are effective in promoting local government responsiveness and public participation. To test the study’s hypotheses, we collect data from the Local Government Demand Board (LGDB) on public demands and government responses of 214 county-level entities in two provinces from 2011 to 2017. Using the difference-in-difference method, we find that provincial leaders’ directives in China have raised local government response to the public. We also find that when provincial political elites promote public expression of opinions by using leaders’ directives, the Chinese public responds positively to these signals.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"528 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2106330
Daniel Tyskbo, A. Styhre
Abstract While leadership is one of the most discussed concepts in the social sciences, there is a need for more scholarly research that examines the ambiguous leadership position of middle managers, and how their leadership work is perceived in practice. In this article, we follow the recent research turn of adopting a social constructionist view of leadership, and make use of metaphors to answer the following research question: how are middle managers in the public sector managing the expectations and demands from both top management and subordinates, and what are some of its consequences? We study this in the public sector, a context of particular importance but one that has often been neglected in previous research. Through a qualitative in-depth case study, based on observations, interviews, and organizational documents, our findings show that middle managers were trapped in the way they moved between being constructed as a leader and a follower, along what we call a leader-follower pendulum, and in the way they enacted two different leadership metaphors: the buddy and the commander. These aspects jointly contribute to a complex and ambiguous situation for middle managers, which in turn gives rise to alienation and the constant strive to fit in, something that we metaphorically refer to as “karma chameleon.”
{"title":"Karma chameleon: Exploring the leadership complexities of middle managers in the public sector","authors":"Daniel Tyskbo, A. Styhre","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2106330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2106330","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While leadership is one of the most discussed concepts in the social sciences, there is a need for more scholarly research that examines the ambiguous leadership position of middle managers, and how their leadership work is perceived in practice. In this article, we follow the recent research turn of adopting a social constructionist view of leadership, and make use of metaphors to answer the following research question: how are middle managers in the public sector managing the expectations and demands from both top management and subordinates, and what are some of its consequences? We study this in the public sector, a context of particular importance but one that has often been neglected in previous research. Through a qualitative in-depth case study, based on observations, interviews, and organizational documents, our findings show that middle managers were trapped in the way they moved between being constructed as a leader and a follower, along what we call a leader-follower pendulum, and in the way they enacted two different leadership metaphors: the buddy and the commander. These aspects jointly contribute to a complex and ambiguous situation for middle managers, which in turn gives rise to alienation and the constant strive to fit in, something that we metaphorically refer to as “karma chameleon.”","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"548 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45868046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2089792
Alec Fraser, Lisa Knoll, Debra Hevenstone
Abstract Over the past decade Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) have attracted much public policy and management research interest and debate. This article draws on the Welfare Conventions Approach to explore the diversity of five SIB-financed Active Labor Market Programs in four European countries using comparative case study methods. We identify a tension between the requirement to align civic and financial interests in SIB-financed programs alongside a drive to reform public sector procurement in a more entrepreneurial direction. We suggest that the diversity of SIBs emanates from the political struggles in implementation processes stemming from a plurality of welfare conventions that actors need to align and compromise. SIBs are built within historically grown “institutional contexts” that are themselves on the move over decades of welfare state reform, and processes of marketization – and thus far from homogenous.
{"title":"Contested Social Impact Bonds: welfare conventions, conflicts and compromises in five European Active-Labor Market Programs","authors":"Alec Fraser, Lisa Knoll, Debra Hevenstone","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2089792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2089792","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past decade Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) have attracted much public policy and management research interest and debate. This article draws on the Welfare Conventions Approach to explore the diversity of five SIB-financed Active Labor Market Programs in four European countries using comparative case study methods. We identify a tension between the requirement to align civic and financial interests in SIB-financed programs alongside a drive to reform public sector procurement in a more entrepreneurial direction. We suggest that the diversity of SIBs emanates from the political struggles in implementation processes stemming from a plurality of welfare conventions that actors need to align and compromise. SIBs are built within historically grown “institutional contexts” that are themselves on the move over decades of welfare state reform, and processes of marketization – and thus far from homogenous.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"339 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43226518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2096733
Mathilde Pellizzari, Fabian Muniesa
Abstract Public policy innovations such as social impact bonds (SIBs) have prompted critical attention in recent literature. Yet, little is known about the operations they require and the shapes they take. This study contributes to this research agenda through a focus on the problem of ‘feasibility’. We consider this notion as a vernacular preoccupation put forward by SIB practitioners. We theorize this phenomenon with reference to the notions of tactics (making sense of situations in which schematization and ordering are difficult) and trials (the success of an action depending on the transformations it faces in the process of becoming explicit). We focus on how ‘feasibility’ emerged as a distinctive concern in a number of SIB cases in Chile, Colombia and France. We show how this concern translated recurrently into ways of orienting the SIB arrangement toward shapes in which it could prove viable and tractable.
{"title":"Social impact bonds and the tactics of feasibility: experience from Chile, Colombia and France","authors":"Mathilde Pellizzari, Fabian Muniesa","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2096733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2096733","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Public policy innovations such as social impact bonds (SIBs) have prompted critical attention in recent literature. Yet, little is known about the operations they require and the shapes they take. This study contributes to this research agenda through a focus on the problem of ‘feasibility’. We consider this notion as a vernacular preoccupation put forward by SIB practitioners. We theorize this phenomenon with reference to the notions of tactics (making sense of situations in which schematization and ordering are difficult) and trials (the success of an action depending on the transformations it faces in the process of becoming explicit). We focus on how ‘feasibility’ emerged as a distinctive concern in a number of SIB cases in Chile, Colombia and France. We show how this concern translated recurrently into ways of orienting the SIB arrangement toward shapes in which it could prove viable and tractable.","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"357 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41530384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1080/10967494.2022.2086951
L. William, B. Pauksztat, S. Corby
{"title":"Representative bureaucracy and disabled employees in the British public sector","authors":"L. William, B. Pauksztat, S. Corby","doi":"10.1080/10967494.2022.2086951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2022.2086951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47671,"journal":{"name":"International Public Management Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44475005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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