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The Corporation, Democracy, and the Idea of the Bicameral Firm 公司、民主与两院制企业理念
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1177/00323292231163690
Tom Malleson
This article introduces this special issue on the bicameral firm. It lays the groundwork by providing a brief overview of the democratic firm in its historical and political context. The article describes the main problems that large undemocratic corporations pose for society; it contrasts the main ways in which theorists and social movements have sought to democratize the firm—from voice-centric models (such as codetermination) to ownership-centric models (such as Employee Stock Ownership Plans and worker cooperatives); and it outlines the historical ebbs and flows of political movements for enhanced workplace democracy. It is within this context that it is fruitful to consider Isabelle Ferreras's powerful proposal for a bicameral firm. The article concludes by considering the real-world prospects for economic bicameralism and highlights a number of questions that Ferreras's proposal motivates us to consider—questions that are urgent and vital for anyone who cares about the future of democracy.
本文介绍了两院制公司的这一特殊问题。它通过在其历史和政治背景下对民主公司的简要概述奠定了基础。文章描述了大型非民主公司给社会带来的主要问题;它对比了理论家和社会运动寻求公司民主化的主要方式——从以声音为中心的模式(如共同决定)到以所有权为中心的模式(如员工持股计划和工人合作社);它还概述了为加强工作场所民主而进行的政治运动的历史起落。正是在这种背景下,考虑伊莎贝尔·费雷拉斯关于两院制公司的有力建议是富有成效的。文章最后考虑了经济两院制的现实前景,并强调了费雷拉斯的建议促使我们思考的一些问题——对任何关心民主未来的人来说,这些问题都是紧迫而至关重要的。
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引用次数: 1
Workplace Democracy, the Bicameral Firm, and Stakeholder Theory 工作场所民主、两院制企业和利益相关者理论
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/00323292231163700
M. Fleurbaey
Ferreras's bicameral governance proposal for the corporation contributes to a recent wave of interest in democratizing the workplace. In this article, I connect this to a related ongoing movement in favor of the stakeholder approach to corporate purpose. I argue that this connection sheds light on, and may provide remedies for, some issues with the bicameral proposal: first, the risk of gridlock between the two parties in the dual governance structure; second, the indeterminacy of good management when shareholder primacy is abandoned. But I also note that shareholder primacy emerged spontaneously from structural features of the economy, so that special protection for the “good” firms is warranted, and that other key limitations of a market economy cannot be alleviated fully by democratizing the firm.
费雷拉斯为公司提出的两院制治理方案引发了最近对工作场所民主化的兴趣。在本文中,我将此与一场相关的持续运动联系起来,这场运动有利于利益相关者实现公司目标的方法。我认为,这种联系揭示了两院制提案的一些问题,并可能为这些问题提供补救措施:首先,两党在双重治理结构中陷入僵局的风险;第二,放弃股东至上时良好管理的不确定性。但我也注意到,股东至上是从经济的结构特征中自发产生的,因此有必要对“好”企业进行特殊保护,而市场经济的其他关键局限性无法通过企业民主化来完全缓解。
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引用次数: 1
Prospects for Democratizing the Corporation in US Law 美国法律对公司民主化的展望
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/00323292231164281
R. Freeland
This essay examines the prospects for democratizing corporations in the context of US corporate law. US corporate law is “enabling”—it provides enormous latitude to design and alter the rules of corporate governance in almost any way participants see fit. This creates greater room for democratization than is often recognized; at least in principle, there is plenty of room to add employees or other constituencies to corporate boards. Yet board decisions are deeply constrained both by directors’ fiduciary duties and by the values and assumptions underlying US corporate law, all of which are strongly biased toward shareholder primacy. These create ongoing ideological and material barriers in both corporate law and supporting institutions that serve as strong obstacles to democratization.
本文考察了美国公司法背景下公司民主化的前景。美国公司法是“授权的”——它为以参与者认为合适的几乎任何方式设计和修改公司治理规则提供了巨大的自由度。这为民主化创造了比人们通常认识到的更大的空间;至少在原则上,公司董事会有足够的空间增加员工或其他选民。然而,董事会的决策深受董事的受托责任和美国公司法的价值观和假设的约束,所有这些都强烈偏向股东至上。这些在公司法和支持机构中造成了持续的意识形态和物质障碍,成为民主化的有力障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Learning from Cooperatives to Strengthen Economic Bicameralism 向合作社学习加强经济两院制
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1177/00323292231163705
S. Pek
Bicameral firms can generate societal benefits both directly, by granting representatives of labor investors voice in shaping firm decision-making, and more indirectly, by serving as a transition phase from capital investor–owned firms to worker cooperatives. However, there is room to augment these benefits by leveraging insights from research on cooperatives. This article draws lessons from three types of cooperatives—traditional worker cooperatives, multistakeholder cooperatives, and union cooperatives—to help refine Ferreras's proposal for bicameral firms. First, bicameral firms should offer labor investors more opportunities to participate in firm governance and hold their representatives to account. Second, they should create robust channels for other stakeholders to influence firm decision-making. Third, they should carefully delineate the role of labor unions vis-à-vis the Chamber of Representatives of the Labour Investors. These refinements will better position bicameral firms to achieve their direct benefits and facilitate subsequent transitions to worker cooperatives.
两院制企业既可以直接产生社会效益,通过让劳动力投资者代表在制定企业决策时有发言权,也可以间接地作为资本投资者所有的企业向工人合作社的过渡阶段。然而,通过利用合作社研究的见解,还有增加这些好处的空间。本文从三种类型的合作社——传统工人合作社、多方利益相关者合作社和联合合作社——中吸取教训,以帮助完善费雷拉斯关于两院制企业的建议。首先,两院制公司应该为劳工投资者提供更多参与公司治理的机会,并让他们的代表承担责任。其次,他们应该为其他利益相关者创造强有力的渠道来影响公司决策。第三,他们应该仔细界定工会相对于劳工投资者代表院的作用。这些改进将更好地定位两院制企业,以实现其直接利益,并促进随后向工人合作社的过渡。
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引用次数: 0
Fallacies about Corporations: Comments on “Democratizing the Corporation” 关于公司的谬误:评“公司民主化”
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/00323292231163689
D. Ellerman
This article comments on Isabelle Ferreras's “Democratizing the Corporation.” The focus is on the conceptual framing, which arguably contains a number of problems that are quite common on the left and are thus doubly deserving of commentary and explanation.
这篇文章是对Isabelle Ferreras的《公司民主化》的评论。本书的重点是概念框架,其中包含了许多在左派中相当常见的问题,因此值得倍加评论和解释。
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引用次数: 1
Structural Power without the Structure: A Class-Centered Challenge to New Structural Power Formulations 没有结构的结构性权力:以阶级为中心对新的结构性权力表述的挑战
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/00323292221126801
Manolis Kalaitzake
This article argues for the utility in conceiving of two distinctive approaches to the structural power of finance—New Structural Power (NSP) and Traditional Structural Power (TSP). While both are crucial to political economy scholarship, this article highlights the intellectual trade-off that is inherent to the adoption of one perspective over the other, and it stresses the explanatory advantages of the TSP perspective specifically. First, it shows how the TSP framework can facilitate an understanding of when policymaker ideas do and do not matter in the exercise of structural power, retaining the concept of “automaticity” in structural power operations. Second, it demonstrates how each framework is custom-built to explain substantively different aspects of the policy process, with TSP research aimed at system-oriented limitation mechanisms and NSP research aimed at agent-oriented selection mechanisms. Third, it contends that TSP formulations must be embedded within a model of (contradictory) functional explanation, which is the best way to gain empirical traction on the most important macrostructural developments in contemporary finance-led capitalism. Methodologically, this implies an agenda of “explanation through commonalities” rather than the NSP-favored “explanation through variation.”
本文论证了两种不同的金融结构权力方法——新结构权力和传统结构权力的实用性。虽然两者都对政治经济学学术至关重要,但本文强调了采用一种视角相对于另一种视角所固有的智力权衡,并特别强调了TSP视角的解释优势。首先,它展示了TSP框架如何有助于理解决策者的想法在行使结构性权力时起作用和不起作用,在结构性权力运作中保留“自动性”的概念。其次,它展示了如何定制每个框架来解释政策过程的实质性不同方面,TSP研究针对的是面向系统的限制机制,而NSP研究针对的则是面向代理的选择机制。第三,它认为TSP公式必须嵌入一个(矛盾的)功能解释模型中,这是对当代金融主导的资本主义中最重要的宏观结构发展获得经验牵引的最佳方式。从方法上讲,这意味着“通过共性进行解释”的议程,而不是NSP青睐的“通过变异进行解释”
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引用次数: 0
Banks’ Structural Power and States’ Choices on What Structurally Matters: The Geo-Economic Foundations of State Priority toward Banking in France, Germany, and Spain 银行的结构性权力和国家对结构性问题的选择:法国、德国和西班牙国家优先发展银行业的地缘经济基础
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1177/00323292221125565
E. Massoc
Since the 2008 financial crisis, Europe's largest banks have largely remained unchallenged. Is this because of the structural power banks continue to hold over states? This article challenges the view that states are sheer hostages of banks’ capacity to provide credit to the real economy—the conventional definition of structural power. Instead, it sheds light on the geo-economic dimension of banks’ power: key public officials conceive the position of “their own” banks in global financial markets as a crucial dimension of state power. State priority toward banking thus results from political choices as to what structurally matters most for the state. Based on a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates in France, Germany, and Spain, as well as on a comparative analysis of the implementation of a special tax on banks, this article shows that power dynamics within states largely shape political priorities toward banking at both domestic and international levels.
自2008年金融危机以来,欧洲最大的银行基本上没有受到挑战。这是因为结构性力量银行继续控制各州吗?这篇文章挑战了这样一种观点,即国家完全是银行向实体经济提供信贷能力的人质——这是结构性权力的传统定义。相反,它揭示了银行权力的地缘经济层面:关键公职人员将“自己的”银行在全球金融市场中的地位视为国家权力的关键层面。因此,国家对银行业的优先权来自于对国家结构最重要的政治选择。基于对法国、德国和西班牙议会辩论的话语分析,以及对银行特别税实施情况的比较分析,本文表明,国家内部的权力动态在很大程度上决定了国内外银行业的政治优先事项。
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引用次数: 2
Exit, Control, and Politics: Structural Power and Corporate Governance under Asset Manager Capitalism 退出、控制与政治:资产管理人资本主义下的结构性权力与公司治理
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1177/00323292221126262
Benjamin Braun
The power of finance vis-à-vis the nonfinancial sector is changing. Macroeconomic developments and financial innovations have reduced financial actors’ exit options, thus diminishing exit-based structural power. At the same time, shareholdings have become more concentrated in the hands of large asset managers, thus increasing control-based power. This article documents these trends, before examining whether asset managers wield their power and why, despite being universal shareholders, they have not steered corporate behavior toward decarbonization. Rather than assuming orderly, good-faith interactions between shareholders and managers, this article argues that in the United States today, political considerations govern the use of control-based power. Asset managers’ corporate governance policies are subservient to the—increasingly inconsistent—goals of maximizing assets under management while avoiding regulatory backlash. Unlike exit-based power, control-based power is constrained by being highly visible and, therefore, easily politicized.
金融相对于非金融部门的力量正在发生变化。宏观经济发展和金融创新减少了金融行为者的退出选择,从而削弱了基于退出的结构性力量。与此同时,股权越来越集中在大型资产管理公司手中,从而增加了基于控制的权力。这篇文章记录了这些趋势,然后研究了资产管理公司是否行使权力,以及为什么尽管他们是普遍股东,但他们没有引导企业行为走向脱碳。本文认为,在今天的美国,政治因素支配着基于控制权的权力的使用,而不是假设股东和经理之间有秩序、真诚的互动。资产管理公司的公司治理政策屈从于——越来越不一致——最大化管理资产的目标,同时避免监管反弹。与基于退出的权力不同,基于控制的权力受到高度可见性的限制,因此很容易被政治化。
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引用次数: 12
Domestic Bank Reform and the Contingent Nature of the Structural Power of Finance in Emerging Markets 国内银行改革与新兴市场金融结构力量的偶然性
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00323292221125567
Florence Dafe, Lena Rethel
This article examines the structural power of domestic finance in developing and emerging economies (DEEs) in the context of a shift toward increasingly activist financial development planning and financial sector reform. Focusing on efforts to create large, internationally competitive banks in Malaysia and Nigeria dating to the late 1990s and early 2000s, it highlights that banks have not played their envisaged role in financing structural transformation via industrial growth and economic development. Nonetheless, (large) banks in DEEs have attained considerable structural power over financial policy, supporting their ability to shape growth and investment strategies. Therefore, the article proposes a revised model of the structural power of finance, recognizing its contingent nature. States pursue various forms of financialization both as a substitute to, or in conjunction with, industrial policy. Financialized development strategies enhance the structural power of large banks in DEEs, notwithstanding their limited role in meeting the investment/development imperative.
本文考察了发展中国家和新兴经济体在金融发展规划和金融部门改革日益积极的背景下国内金融的结构性力量。报告聚焦于马来西亚和尼日利亚自上世纪90年代末和本世纪初以来创建具有国际竞争力的大型银行的努力,强调银行在通过工业增长和经济发展为结构转型融资方面没有发挥其设想的作用。尽管如此,德国的(大型)银行在金融政策方面已经获得了相当大的结构性权力,这支持了它们塑造增长和投资战略的能力。因此,本文提出了一个修正的金融结构权力模型,承认其偶然性。各国追求各种形式的金融化,既可以替代产业政策,也可以与产业政策相结合。金融化发展战略增强了发展中国家大型银行的结构性力量,尽管它们在满足投资/发展需要方面的作用有限。
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引用次数: 1
Introduction: The Structural Power of Finance Meets Financialization 导论:金融的结构性力量与金融化
IF 2.4 2区 社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-25 DOI: 10.1177/00323292221125563
Florence Dafe, S. Hager, Natalya Naqvi, Leon Wansleben
How do we theorize and analyze the structural power of finance when global capitalism itself undergoes constant and profound structural transformation? The literature continues to assume that the source of financial structural power is its unique ability to provide credit to the real economy, playing a crucial role in meeting the investment imperative. But recent research documents that most financial market activities no longer facilitate productive investment and can even be a drag on economic development. If the financial sector's primary role is not to support productive investments, then on what basis does it continue to hold structural power? The contributions to this special issue engage with how decades of financialization have transformed the basis of structural power toward alternative functions that have gone unnoticed in the existing literature. These include household and real estate lending that fuels consumption-led growth, concentration and expansion of financial institutions as tools of geo-economic strategy, financing current account deficits that facilitate global imbalances, and wealth preservation that bolsters inequality.
当全球资本主义本身经历了持续而深刻的结构转型时,我们如何对金融的结构力量进行理论化和分析?文献继续认为,金融结构力量的来源是其向实体经济提供信贷的独特能力,在满足投资需求方面发挥着至关重要的作用。但最近的研究表明,大多数金融市场活动不再促进生产性投资,甚至可能拖累经济发展。如果金融部门的主要作用不是支持生产性投资,那么它在什么基础上继续拥有结构性权力?对这一特刊的贡献涉及几十年的金融化如何将结构性权力的基础转变为现有文献中没有注意到的替代功能。其中包括家庭和房地产贷款,以推动消费主导的增长,金融机构作为地缘经济战略工具的集中和扩张,为促进全球失衡的经常账户赤字融资,以及加强不平等的财富保护。
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引用次数: 3
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