Regional Science and Urban Economics最新文献

英文中文

Persistence and variation of schools as housing amenities 学校作为住房便利设施的持续性和变化

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104058

Cora J.L. Wigger

Research from the 1980’s to early 2000’s documents that home values reflect characteristics of neighborhood schools, but recent shifts in education and housing could be changing these patterns. In this paper, I first revisit an old question: how are neighborhood school characteristics capitalized into the value of housing? I then ask, how has this capitalization effect changed over time? In particular, I explore variation from 2008–2023, a period marked by rapid change in school choice, recovery from a housing bust, pandemic-related disruptions, and an increasingly competitive housing market. I use a boundary discontinuity design to compare property sales on either side of elementary school boundaries and explore variation in the capitalization of a variety of school characteristics across years and school and housing conditions. Overall, I document average patterns that are highly consistent with past literature, where test scores and student racial and socioeconomic demographics significantly affect housing sales prices but measures of school growth do not. I also find that the capitalization of test scores and student demographics varies over time, coinciding with the prevalence of school choice and the competitiveness of the housing market.

20 世纪 80 年代到 21 世纪初的研究表明，房屋价值反映了社区学校的特点，但最近教育和住房的变化可能正在改变这些模式。在本文中，我首先重提了一个老问题：社区学校的特点是如何转化为住房价值的？然后我又问，这种资本化效应随着时间的推移发生了怎样的变化？特别是，我探讨了 2008-2023 年间的变化，这一时期的特点是学校选择的快速变化、住房萧条的恢复、与大流行病相关的干扰以及竞争日益激烈的住房市场。我使用边界不连续设计来比较小学边界两侧的房产销售情况，并探索不同年份、不同学校和住房条件下各种学校特征资本化的变化。总体而言，我所记录的平均模式与过去的文献高度一致，即考试成绩、学生种族和社会经济人口统计学特征会显著影响住房销售价格，但学校发展的衡量标准却不会。我还发现，随着时间的推移，考试分数和学生人口统计学的资本化程度也在变化，这与择校的盛行和住房市场的竞争性相吻合。

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引用次数: 0

Firm sorting, clustering, and vertical disintegration: Evidence from China 企业排序、集群和纵向解体：来自中国的证据

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104066

Yingyue Quan

Using universal firm-level data on the garment sector in Pearl River Delta, China, we show that clustered firms are more likely to be vertically disintegrated. Additionally, an increase in clustering and vertical disintegration is observed following China’s accession to the World Trade Organization. However, most models of changes in agglomeration forces fail to explain these findings. Contrary to the commonly held view that high-productivity firms sort into clusters, we show that agglomeration can disproportionately benefit less productive firms when the agglomeration force is input sharing. Empirical evidence supports this view.

利用中国珠江三角洲服装行业的通用企业级数据，我们发现集群企业更有可能纵向解体。此外，在中国加入世界贸易组织后，我们还观察到集群和纵向解体的增加。然而，大多数关于集聚力变化的模型都无法解释这些发现。与人们普遍认为高生产率企业会形成集群的观点相反，我们的研究表明，当集聚力为投入共享时，集聚会使生产率较低的企业不成比例地受益。经验证据支持这一观点。

引用次数: 0

Infrastructures of race? Colonial indigenous segregation and contemporary land values 种族基础设施？殖民地土著种族隔离和当代土地价值

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104065

Luis Baldomero-Quintana , L. Guillermo Woo-Mora , Enrique De la Rosa-Ramos

We investigate the persistent impact of a colonial segregation policy on land values in modern Mexico City. During colonial times, Indigenous communities were confined, with varying degrees of success, to settlements known as pueblos de indios. Using historical records, we exploit quasi-random variation due to the pueblos’ catchment areas and use a Regression Discontinuity Design to estimate the causal effects of pueblos on land prices. We find a 5% land value penalty for areas affected by the colonial policy. The penalty is exacerbated for the pueblos formerly inhabited exclusively by Indigenous populations. Historical evidence and novel digitized maps reveal that these land value penalties have been driven over the past two centuries by low public goods provision, negative economic expectations, and the historical sorting of working-class individuals who built small housing structures that are second-nature factors. Moreover, in contemporary data, we observe discontinuities in housing overcrowding and public goods quality within the pueblos’ catchment areas. Our results underscore the repercussions of colonial policies on contemporary spatial equilibria, clarifying the mechanisms driving historical persistence and offering implications for urban policies.

我们调查了殖民隔离政策对现代墨西哥城土地价值的持续影响。在殖民时期，土著社区被限制在被称为印第安人村庄的定居点，取得了不同程度的成功。利用历史记录，我们利用普韦布洛人集水区的准随机变化，并使用回归不连续设计来估计普韦布洛人对土地价格的因果影响。我们发现受殖民政策影响的地区有5%的土地价值罚款。对于以前完全由土著居民居住的普韦布洛人来说，这种惩罚更加严重。历史证据和新颖的数字化地图显示，在过去的两个世纪里，低公共产品供应、消极的经济预期，以及建造小型住房结构的工薪阶层的历史分类，都是驱动这些土地价值惩罚的因素。此外，在当代数据中，我们观察到在普韦布洛人的集水区，住房过度拥挤和公共产品质量的不连续性。我们的研究结果强调了殖民政策对当代空间平衡的影响，阐明了推动历史持续性的机制，并为城市政策提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Your room is ready: Tourism and urban revival 您的房间已准备就绪旅游业与城市复兴

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104059

Alberto Hidalgo

Tourism is an essential sector of the global economy, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. Despite its importance, our understanding of its impact on urban economic activity remains limited. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the impact of tourism on urban transformation using a dataset of hotel openings in Madrid from 2001–2010. I show that hotel openings positively impact the number of establishments and employment by using the number of protected buildings as an instrumental variable to account for the non-random distribution of hotel openings. Interestingly, hotel openings contribute to changes in the composition of the economic activities and the business structures, enhancing tourist-oriented corporate-owned businesses over other individual-owned companies. Finally, economic effects extend to the real estate market, increasing rental prices and residential investment.

旅游业是全球经济的重要部门，对国内生产总值和就业贡献巨大。尽管旅游业非常重要，但我们对其对城市经济活动影响的了解仍然有限。本文旨在填补这一空白，利用 2001-2010 年马德里酒店开业数据集研究旅游业对城市转型的影响。通过使用受保护建筑的数量作为工具变量来解释酒店开业的非随机分布，我发现酒店开业对机构数量和就业产生了积极影响。有趣的是，酒店的开业促进了经济活动和企业结构组成的变化，使以游客为导向的公司所有制企业比其他个人所有制企业更受青睐。最后，经济效应延伸到房地产市场，提高了租金价格和住宅投资。

引用次数: 0

The role of historic amenities in shaping cities 历史景观在塑造城市中的作用

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104042

Miquel-Àngel Garcia-López , Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal

The existence of amenities matters to understanding people’s residential choices. Our theoretical model extends the standard urban model by introducing exogenous amenities to explain population allocation within cities. To estimate the model predictions, we focus on historic amenities using detailed geolocated data for 579 European cities. We analyze how the shape of city centers endowed or not endowed with these amenities is affected. We measure historic amenities with the location of buildings from the Roman, Medieval, and Renaissance–Baroque periods. Our results show that cities with historic buildings in their centers have steeper population density gradients, are more compact and centralized, and have been less affected by the suburbanization processes caused by transportation improvements. Heterogeneity analyses show that the quantity and the quality of historic buildings also matter. Several robustness checks controlling for natural and modern amenities and testing for the spatial scope of these amenities verify our main results.

便利设施的存在对于理解人们的居住选择至关重要。我们的理论模型对标准城市模型进行了扩展，引入了外生便利设施来解释城市内的人口分布。为了估算模型的预测结果，我们利用 579 个欧洲城市的详细地理位置数据，重点研究了历史上的便利设施。我们分析了拥有或不拥有这些便利设施的城市中心的形态是如何受到影响的。我们用罗马、中世纪和文艺复兴-巴洛克时期建筑的位置来衡量历史设施。我们的研究结果表明，市中心有历史建筑的城市人口密度梯度更陡，更加紧凑和集中，受交通改善造成的郊区化进程的影响较小。异质性分析表明，历史建筑的数量和质量也很重要。一些稳健性检验控制了自然和现代设施，并检验了这些设施的空间范围，从而验证了我们的主要结果。

引用次数: 0

Brand loyalty, managerial delegation and position choices: Bertrand versus Cournot competition 品牌忠诚度、管理授权和职位选择：伯特兰竞争与库诺竞争

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104052

Tai-Liang Chen , Mingjie Yang

In a mature product market, brands compete aggressively with each other using a marketing mix that includes position, pricing, and managerial delegation to win loyal customers and gain a larger market share. We examine the effects of brand loyalty on the endogenous choices of managerial compensation contracts and optimal brand positions in an uncovered market model. We analytically compare 18 symmetric and asymmetric mutual delegation cases associated with three delegation schemes—no delegation, sales delegation and relative performance (RP) delegation—in the Bertrand and Cournot competition modes. In the case of symmetric mutual contracts, under Bertrand competition, a price commitment effect resulting from the delegation decision weakens the competition, inducing higher prices and profits for both brands regardless of the type of delegation scheme. Under Cournot competition, delegation decisions can be viewed as signals to promote competition, intensifying the degree of competition. To acquire more loyal customers and higher profits, mutual RP delegation is the dominant choice under Bertrand competition, whereas mutual profit maximization is the dominant choice under Cournot competition. Furthermore, the social welfare is the highest when both brands optimally choose the RP delegation under Bertrand or optimally choose no delegation under Cournot; however, consumer surpluses are the lowest in both optimal cases.

在一个成熟的产品市场中，品牌之间会利用包括定位、定价和管理授权在内的营销组合展开激烈竞争，以赢得忠诚客户和更大的市场份额。我们在一个无覆盖市场模型中研究了品牌忠诚度对经理报酬合同和最佳品牌地位的内生选择的影响。我们分析比较了伯特兰竞争模式和库诺竞争模式下与三种委托方案--无委托、销售委托和相对业绩（RP）委托--相关的 18 种对称和非对称相互委托情况。在对称相互委托的情况下，在伯特兰竞争模式下，委托决策所产生的价格承诺效应会削弱竞争，从而导致两个品牌的价格和利润都提高，而不管委托方案的类型如何。在库诺竞争下，委托决策可视为促进竞争的信号，会加剧竞争程度。为了获得更多忠诚客户和更高利润，在伯特兰竞争下，相互 RP 委托是主要选择，而在库诺竞争下，相互利润最大化是主要选择。此外，当两个品牌在伯特兰竞争中都最优化地选择 RP 授权或在库诺竞争中都最优化地选择不授权时，社会福利最高；但在两种最优情况下，消费者盈余都最低。

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引用次数: 0

Public firms on an international border: A model of spatial price discrimination 国际边界上的上市公司：空间价格歧视模型

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104054

John S. Heywood , Zheng Wang

This paper uniquely examines an international mixed oligopoly in a model of spatial price discrimination. It isolates the importance of the location of the border showing a variety of equilibria depending on the nationality and placement of the private rivals. While the presence of a public firm often improves domestic welfare, it need not. Moreover, a prisoner's dilemma can exist in which each country would benefit from the privatization of both public firms but neither country has a unilateral incentive to privatize. The implications are discussed.

本文在空间价格歧视模型中对国际混合寡头垄断进行了独特的研究。它孤立地分析了边界位置的重要性，并根据私营竞争对手的国籍和位置显示了多种均衡。虽然公营企业的存在往往会提高国内福利，但也并非一定如此。此外，囚徒困境也可能存在，即每个国家都会从两家公营公司的私有化中受益，但两国都没有单方面私有化的动机。本文讨论了其影响。

引用次数: 0

The fiscal effects of immigration on local governments: Revisiting the Mariel Boatlift 移民对地方政府的财政影响：重新审视马里埃尔漂流事件

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104053

Travis St. Clair

Immigration raises important political and economic questions, yet there remains considerable disagreement about its short- and long-term consequences. This paper examines the fiscal consequences of immigration for local governments. Previous work has highlighted the gap between the long-term economic benefits of immigration and the short-term fiscal burden posed by recent arrivals, however several influential estimates based on cash-flow accounting suffer from potential bias. I use a quasi-experimental approach to re-examine a famous case: the large wave of Cuban refugees that landed in Miami in 1980, otherwise known as the Mariel Boatlift. Using a synthetic control design, I find that per-pupil education costs increased in Miami in the aftermath of the Boatlift, financed by an increase in state transfers. These effects persisted for at least ten years. The results shed light on the heterogeneous impacts of immigration over time and space.

移民问题提出了重要的政治和经济问题，但对其短期和长期后果仍存在相当大的分歧。本文探讨了移民对地方政府的财政影响。以往的研究强调了移民带来的长期经济效益与新移民造成的短期财政负担之间的差距，但一些基于现金流会计的有影响力的估算存在潜在偏差。我采用准实验方法重新研究了一个著名案例：1980 年登陆迈阿密的大批古巴难民潮，又称 "马里埃尔船运"。利用合成控制设计，我发现 "马里埃尔船运 "事件后，迈阿密的生均教育成本增加了，资金来源是国家转移支付的增加。这些影响至少持续了十年。这些结果揭示了移民在时间和空间上的异质性影响。

引用次数: 0

Immigrants' clusters and unequal access to healthcare treatments 移民聚居区和获得医疗保健治疗的机会不平等

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104063

Marina Di Giacomo , Giovanni Perucca , Massimiliano Piacenza , Gilberto Turati

We focus on caesarean sections (C-sections) to examine access to appropriate medical care for immigrants in the Italian tax-funded universal National Health Service. We use a detailed micro-dataset to analyse whether non-native women receive different treatments compared to natives and whether there are differences between groups of non-natives defined by citizenship. For identification, we control for hospital fixed effects and maternal characteristics, and we compare the different groups by exploiting the clustering of non-natives of different nationalities in different urban areas. We find no significant differences between natives and non-natives in terms of C-sections and inappropriate C-sections. However, we do find significant differences between different groups of immigrants. In addition, we find that linguistic and socio-cultural distances are significant drivers of inequalities among non-native women. As language, habits, traditions, and beliefs can affect communication between the woman and the medical staff in many ways, we interpret our findings in terms of the ability to process and understand information between the two parties. In support of this interpretation, we find evidence of a “segregation effect”: women linguistically and socio-culturally more distant from Italy experience the greatest difficulties in accessing appropriate care when living in urban areas characterized by the presence of large immigrant communities of the same nationality. Moreover, we find that the role of linguistic and socio-cultural barriers is stronger for first-time mothers and women with non-native partners.

我们以剖腹产（C-sections）为重点，研究移民在意大利税收资助的全民国民健康服务中获得适当医疗服务的情况。我们使用详细的微观数据集来分析非本地妇女接受的治疗是否与本地妇女不同，以及根据公民身份界定的非本地群体之间是否存在差异。为了进行识别，我们对医院固定效应和产妇特征进行了控制，并利用不同国籍的非本地人在不同城市地区的聚集情况对不同群体进行了比较。我们发现，在剖腹产和不当剖腹产方面，本地人和非本地人之间没有明显差异。不过，我们确实发现不同移民群体之间存在明显差异。此外，我们还发现语言和社会文化距离是造成非本地妇女不平等的重要原因。由于语言、习惯、传统和信仰会在很多方面影响妇女与医务人员之间的沟通，因此我们从双方处理和理解信息的能力的角度来解释我们的研究结果。为了支持这一解释，我们发现了 "隔离效应 "的证据：在语言和社会文化上与意大利距离较远的妇女，如果居住在有大量同国籍移民社区的城市地区，在获得适当护理方面会遇到最大的困难。此外，我们还发现，语言和社会文化障碍对初为人母和伴侣不是本国人的妇女的影响更大。

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Employer-provided parking: Departure time choice, investment decision, and welfare effects 雇主提供的停车位：出发时间选择、投资决策和福利效应

IF 3.5 2区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Regional Science and Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2024.104056

Zhi-Chun Li , Yao Deng , André de Palma

Employer-provided parking (EP) has become a prevalent way to reduce employees' parking delays and late arrivals through offering them free or low-price parking spaces at the workplace. This paper explores the EP effects on employees' trip scheduling, employer's EP investment decision, and commercial parking operator's pricing decision. An analytical trip scheduling equilibrium model is first presented to model the interaction between EP provision and employees' departure time choices during morning commute. A profit maximization model incorporating the employee productivity is then developed to determine the employer's optimal EP investment decision. A competitive game between employer's investment decision and commercial parking operator's parking pricing decision is analytically investigated, together with the effects of EP investment on social welfare. The results show that the EP investment can lead to a win-win situation with decreased employee commuting cost and increased firm production output; and the employer would like to provide only part of the employees with EP services. The competitive game solutions depend very much on the marginal costs of EP and commercial parking spaces. The EP investment with an excessively high commercial parking fee may hurt the society due to decreased social welfare.

雇主提供停车位（EP）通过在工作场所为员工提供免费或低价停车位来减少员工的停车延误和迟到现象，已成为一种普遍的方式。本文探讨了雇主提供停车位对员工出行安排、雇主提供停车位投资决策和商业停车运营商定价决策的影响。本文首先提出了一个分析性的行程安排均衡模型，以模拟在早上通勤期间提供免费停车位与员工出发时间选择之间的相互作用。然后建立了一个包含员工生产率的利润最大化模型，以确定雇主的最佳 EP 投资决策。分析研究了雇主的投资决策与商业停车运营商的停车定价决策之间的竞争博弈，以及 EP 投资对社会福利的影响。结果表明，环境优化投资可以带来双赢局面，即员工通勤成本降低，企业生产产出增加；而雇主只愿意为部分员工提供环境优化服务。竞争博弈方案在很大程度上取决于环保型停车位和商业停车位的边际成本。环境优化投资与过高的商业停车费可能会因社会福利减少而损害社会。

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