Journal of Safety Research最新文献_第9页

Rates and ratios of fatal and nonfatal drowning attended by ambulance in New South Wales, Australia between 2010 and 2021 2010 年至 2021 年期间澳大利亚新南威尔士州救护车处理的致命和非致命溺水事件的比率和比例

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.019

Edwina Mead , Chen-Chun Shu , Pooria Sarrami , Rona Macniven , Michael Dinh , Hatem Alkhouri , Lovana Daniel , Amy E. Peden

Introduction: Drowning is a preventable cause of mortality, with 279 unintentional drowning deaths per year in Australia. Despite larger estimated numbers, less is known about nonfatal drowning compared to fatalities. This study aimed to examine the burden of fatal and nonfatal drowning in the Australian state of New South Wales using pre-hospital case capture. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of individuals attended by an ambulance in NSW for drowning between 2010 and 2021 was conducted. Ambulance data (paper-based and electronic medical records) were linked to emergency department and death registry. Ratios of fatal to nonfatal drowning were constructed overall, by sex, age, and remoteness of incident and residential locations. Results: 3,973 ambulance-attended drowning patients were identified (an annual rate of 4.16/100,000 persons). Six percent (6.1%; n = 243) died within 30 days, 82.7% (n = 201) of which died on the day of incident, including at the scene. Mean survival time for those who died between 2 and 30 days was 4.6 days. The overall ratio of fatal to nonfatal incidents was 1:15. Ratios were highest for 10–19 year-olds (1:77), females (1:22), and in metropolitan incident (1:20) and residential (1:23) locations. Across the study drowning declined by 14 incidents and 0.18 fatalities per year. Discussion: Temporal trends indicate declining drowning incidents and fatalities. However, this study highlights significant numbers of nonfatal incidents among those traditionally seen as lower risk, such as adolescents and females, necessitating a widened focus on improving water safety among these groups. Conclusions: Nonfatal drowning results in significant, yet preventable health system burden in New South Wales. Practical Applications: This study highlights the importance of documenting the full burden of drowning, including health system impacts of a preventable cause of injury and death. Such data may be used to encourage further investment in primary prevention efforts.

导言：溺水是一种可预防的死亡原因，澳大利亚每年有 279 人死于意外溺水。尽管估计数字较大，但与致命溺水相比，人们对非致命溺水的了解较少。本研究旨在通过院前病例采集，对澳大利亚新南威尔士州致命性和非致命性溺水造成的负担进行研究。研究方法对 2010 年至 2021 年期间新南威尔士州因溺水而接受救护车救治的人员进行了横截面分析。救护车数据（纸质和电子病历）与急诊科和死亡登记处的数据相链接。按照性别、年龄、事发地点和居住地点的偏远程度，构建了致命溺水与非致命溺水的总体比率。结果共确认了 3,973 名救护车接诊的溺水患者（年发病率为 4.16/100,000）。6%（6.1%；n = 243）的患者在 30 天内死亡，其中 82.7%（n = 201）的患者在事发当天死亡，包括在现场死亡。在 2 至 30 天内死亡者的平均存活时间为 4.6 天。死亡与非死亡事件的总体比例为 1:15。其中，10-19 岁儿童（1:77）、女性（1:22）、大都市（1:20）和住宅区（1:23）的比例最高。在整个研究期间，溺水事件每年减少 14 起，死亡人数每年减少 0.18 人。讨论：时间趋势表明溺水事件和死亡人数在下降。然而，本研究强调了传统上被认为风险较低的人群（如青少年和女性）中发生的大量非致命事件，因此有必要更广泛地关注改善这些人群的水上安全。结论非致命性溺水给新南威尔士州的卫生系统造成了巨大的负担，但这是可以预防的。实际应用：这项研究强调了记录溺水造成的全部负担的重要性，包括可预防的伤亡原因对卫生系统造成的影响。这些数据可用于鼓励进一步投资初级预防工作。

{"title":"Rates and ratios of fatal and nonfatal drowning attended by ambulance in New South Wales, Australia between 2010 and 2021","authors":"Edwina Mead , Chen-Chun Shu , Pooria Sarrami , Rona Macniven , Michael Dinh , Hatem Alkhouri , Lovana Daniel , Amy E. Peden","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Drowning is a preventable cause of mortality, with 279 unintentional drowning deaths per year in Australia. Despite larger estimated numbers, less is known about nonfatal drowning compared to fatalities. This study aimed to examine the burden of fatal and nonfatal drowning in the Australian state of New South Wales using pre-hospital case capture. <em>Methods:</em> A cross-sectional analysis of individuals attended by an ambulance in NSW for drowning between 2010 and 2021 was conducted. Ambulance data (paper-based and electronic medical records) were linked to emergency department and death registry. Ratios of fatal to nonfatal drowning were constructed overall, by sex, age, and remoteness of incident and residential locations. <em>Results:</em> 3,973 ambulance-attended drowning patients were identified (an annual rate of 4.16/100,000 persons). Six percent (6.1%; n = 243) died within 30 days, 82.7% (n = 201) of which died on the day of incident, including at the scene. Mean survival time for those who died between 2 and 30 days was 4.6 days. The overall ratio of fatal to nonfatal incidents was 1:15. Ratios were highest for 10–19 year-olds (1:77), females (1:22), and in metropolitan incident (1:20) and residential (1:23) locations. Across the study drowning declined by 14 incidents and 0.18 fatalities per year. <em>Discussion:</em> Temporal trends indicate declining drowning incidents and fatalities. However, this study highlights significant numbers of nonfatal incidents among those traditionally seen as lower risk, such as adolescents and females, necessitating a widened focus on improving water safety among these groups. <em>Conclusions:</em> Nonfatal drowning results in significant, yet preventable health system burden in New South Wales. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This study highlights the importance of documenting the full burden of drowning, including health system impacts of a preventable cause of injury and death. Such data may be used to encourage further investment in primary prevention efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 373-380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The maximum potential benefits of safety systems on light van crashes in the United States 安全系统对美国轻型货车碰撞事故的最大潜在效益

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.021

Aimee E. Cox, Jessica B. Cicchino

Introduction: The retail landscape has shifted from brick-and-mortar sales to e-commerce, which surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Light vans are popular vehicles to meet the rising home delivery demands. Two New Car Assessment Programs developed van ratings programs based on their equipment of safety features. This study was designed to estimate the maximum potential benefits that safety technologies could provide light vans based on their historical involvement in relevant crash scenarios. Methods: We used U.S. crash data from 2016—2021 to estimate the average annual total (police-reported), injury, and fatal crashes involving light vans. We determined the proportion of total crashes where front crash prevention, lane departure prevention, blind spot detection, and intelligent speed assistance systems might help the driver prevent crashes or mitigate their severity. We determined the proportions of injury and fatal crashes that resulted in an injury to someone not traveling in the light van. Results: Of the systems studied, front crash prevention that detects vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists was relevant to largest percentage of light van crashes and could prevent as many as 17% of their involvements, 14% of their injury crashes, and 19% of their fatal crashes. Combined, the four systems have the potential to reduce up to 26% of light van crashes, 22% of their injury crashes, and 36% of their fatal crashes. Sixty-two percent of injury crashes and 56% of fatal crashes relevant to these technologies resulted in injuries or fatalities to occupants of other vehicles or other road users. Conclusions: Light vans are a growing market that can benefit from safety technology, especially when considering their impact on others with whom they share the road. Practical Applications: People and businesses in the market for a light van should seek these systems. Aftermarket products can be installed on light vans not equipped with them.

导言：在 COVID-19 大流行期间，零售业已从实体销售转向电子商务。为满足日益增长的送货上门需求，轻型厢式货车成为热门车型。两个 "新车评估计划 "根据面包车的安全性能设备制定了面包车评级计划。本研究旨在根据轻型货车在相关碰撞事故中的历史表现，估算安全技术可为其带来的最大潜在效益。方法：我们使用 2016-2021 年的美国碰撞数据来估算涉及轻型货车的年均总碰撞事故（警方报告）、受伤事故和死亡事故。我们确定了前部碰撞预防、车道偏离预防、盲点检测和智能车速辅助系统可帮助驾驶员预防碰撞或减轻碰撞严重程度的碰撞事故占总碰撞事故的比例。我们还确定了导致非轻型厢式货车乘客受伤和死亡的碰撞事故比例。结果：在所研究的系统中，检测车辆、行人和骑车人的前部碰撞预防系统与轻型厢式货车碰撞事故的相关比例最高，可预防多达 17% 的肇事事故、14% 的受伤事故和 19% 的致命事故。这四个系统加在一起，有可能减少多达 26% 的轻型货车碰撞事故、22% 的受伤碰撞事故和 36% 的致命碰撞事故。与这些技术相关的62%的受伤碰撞事故和56%的致命碰撞事故导致其他车辆的乘员或其他道路使用者受伤或死亡。结论：轻型货车是一个不断增长的市场，可以从安全技术中获益，特别是考虑到它们对与之共用道路的其他人的影响。实际应用：在轻型厢式货车市场上，人们和企业应寻求这些系统。售后市场产品可安装在未配备这些系统的轻型货车上。

{"title":"The maximum potential benefits of safety systems on light van crashes in the United States","authors":"Aimee E. Cox, Jessica B. Cicchino","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The retail landscape has shifted from brick-and-mortar sales to e-commerce, which surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Light vans are popular vehicles to meet the rising home delivery demands. Two New Car Assessment Programs developed van ratings programs based on their equipment of safety features. This study was designed to estimate the maximum potential benefits that safety technologies could provide light vans based on their historical involvement in relevant crash scenarios. <em>Methods:</em> We used U.S. crash data from 2016—2021 to estimate the average annual total (police-reported), injury, and fatal crashes involving light vans. We determined the proportion of total crashes where front crash prevention, lane departure prevention, blind spot detection, and intelligent speed assistance systems might help the driver prevent crashes or mitigate their severity. We determined the proportions of injury and fatal crashes that resulted in an injury to someone not traveling in the light van. <em>Results:</em> Of the systems studied, front crash prevention that detects vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists was relevant to largest percentage of light van crashes and could prevent as many as 17% of their involvements, 14% of their injury crashes, and 19% of their fatal crashes. Combined, the four systems have the potential to reduce up to 26% of light van crashes, 22% of their injury crashes, and 36% of their fatal crashes. Sixty-two percent of injury crashes and 56% of fatal crashes relevant to these technologies resulted in injuries or fatalities to occupants of other vehicles or other road users. <em>Conclusions:</em> Light vans are a growing market that can benefit from safety technology, especially when considering their impact on others with whom they share the road. <em>Practical Applications:</em> People and businesses in the market for a light van should seek these systems. Aftermarket products can be installed on light vans not equipped with them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 366-372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-label material and human risk factors recognition model for construction site safety management 用于建筑工地安全管理的多标签材料和人为风险因素识别模型

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.10.002

Jeongeun Park , Sojeong Seong , Soyeon Park , Minchae Kim , Ha Young Kim

Introduction: Construction sites are prone to numerous safety risk factors, but safety managers have difficulty managing these risk factors for practical reasons. Moreover, manually identifying multiple risk factors visually is challenging. Therefore, this study aims to propose a deep learning model–based multi-label risk factor recognition (MRFR) framework that automatically recognizes multiple potential material and human risk factors at construction sites. The research answers the following questions: How can a deep learning model be developed and optimized to recognize and classify multiple material and human risk factors automatically and concurrently at construction sites, and how can the decision-making process of the model be understood and improved for practical application in preemptive safety management? Methods: Data comprising 14,605 instances of eight types of material and human risk factors were collected from construction sites. Multiple risk factors can occur concurrently; thus, an optimal model for multi-label recognition of possible risk factors was developed. Results: The MRFR framework combines material and human risk factors into a single label while achieving satisfactory performance with an F1 score of 0.9981 and a Hamming loss of 0.0008. The causes of mispredictions by MRFR were analyzed by interpreting the decision basis of the model using visualization. Conclusion: This study found that the model must have sufficient capacity to detect multiple risk factors. Performance degradation in MRFR is primarily due to difficulties recognizing visual ambiguities and a tendency to focus on nearby objects when perspective is involved. Practical applications: This study contributes to safety management knowledge by developing a model to recognize multi-label material and human risk factors. Furthermore, the results can be used as guidelines for data collection methods and model improvement in the future. The MRFR framework can be used as an algorithm to recognize risk factors preemptively and automatically at real-world construction sites.

导言：建筑工地容易出现许多安全风险因素，但由于实际原因，安全管理人员很难管理这些风险因素。此外，手动直观地识别多种风险因素也具有挑战性。因此，本研究旨在提出一种基于深度学习模型的多标签风险因素识别（MRFR）框架，该框架可自动识别建筑工地潜在的多种物质和人为风险因素。本研究回答了以下问题：如何开发和优化深度学习模型，以自动并发识别建筑工地上的多种材料和人为风险因素并对其进行分类，以及如何理解和改进该模型的决策过程，以便在先期安全管理中实际应用？方法：从建筑工地收集了 14,605 个数据，包括八种物质和人为风险因素。多种风险因素可能同时出现，因此开发了一种对可能的风险因素进行多标签识别的最佳模型。结果：MRFR 框架将材料和人为风险因素合并为一个标签，同时取得了令人满意的性能，F1 分数为 0.9981，汉明损失为 0.0008。通过可视化解释模型的决策依据，分析了 MRFR 预测错误的原因。结论：本研究发现，模型必须有足够的能力来检测多种风险因素。MRFR 性能下降的主要原因是难以识别视觉模糊性，以及在涉及透视时倾向于关注附近的物体。实际应用：本研究通过开发一种识别多标签物质和人为风险因素的模型，为安全管理知识做出了贡献。此外，研究结果还可作为今后数据收集方法和模型改进的指导方针。MRFR 框架可作为一种算法，在现实世界的建筑工地上预先自动识别风险因素。

{"title":"Multi-label material and human risk factors recognition model for construction site safety management","authors":"Jeongeun Park , Sojeong Seong , Soyeon Park , Minchae Kim , Ha Young Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Construction sites are prone to numerous safety risk factors, but safety managers have difficulty managing these risk factors for practical reasons. Moreover, manually identifying multiple risk factors visually is challenging. Therefore, this study aims to propose a deep learning model–based multi-label risk factor recognition (MRFR) framework that automatically recognizes multiple potential material and human risk factors at construction sites. The research answers the following questions: How can a deep learning model be developed and optimized to recognize and classify multiple material and human risk factors automatically and concurrently at construction sites, and how can the decision-making process of the model be understood and improved for practical application in preemptive safety management? <em>Methods:</em> Data comprising 14,605 instances of eight types of material and human risk factors were collected from construction sites. Multiple risk factors can occur concurrently; thus, an optimal model for multi-label recognition of possible risk factors was developed. <em>Results:</em> The MRFR framework combines material and human risk factors into a single label while achieving satisfactory performance with an F1 score of 0.9981 and a Hamming loss of 0.0008. The causes of mispredictions by MRFR were analyzed by interpreting the decision basis of the model using visualization. Conclusion: This study found that the model must have sufficient capacity to detect multiple risk factors. Performance degradation in MRFR is primarily due to difficulties recognizing visual ambiguities and a tendency to focus on nearby objects when perspective is involved. <em>Practical applications:</em> This study contributes to safety management knowledge by developing a model to recognize multi-label material and human risk factors. Furthermore, the results can be used as guidelines for data collection methods and model improvement in the future. The MRFR framework can be used as an algorithm to recognize risk factors preemptively and automatically at real-world construction sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 354-365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kinematic characterization of micro-mobility vehicles during evasive maneuvers 微型机动飞行器在规避机动过程中的运动学特征

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.020

Paolo Terranova , Shu-Yuan Liu , Sparsh Jain , Johan Engström , Miguel A. Perez

Introduction: Over the last decade, the increasing popularity of Micromobility Vehicles (MMVs) has led to profound changes in personal mobility, raising concerns about road safety and public health. Therefore, the effective characterization of their kinematic performances and safety boundaries is becoming crucial. Hence, this study aims to: (1) characterize the MMVs kinematic behaviors during emergency maneuvers; (2) examine how various power sources affect their performances; and (3) assess the suitability of a piecewise linear model for modeling their trajectories. Method: We conducted a test track experiment involving 40 frequent riders performing emergency braking and swerving maneuvers on different electric MMVs, their traditional counterparts, and behaving as running pedestrians. A second experiment determined the swerving boundaries of different devices estimating their minimum radius of curvature. Results: Electric MMVs displayed superior braking capabilities compared to their traditional counterparts, while the opposite was observed in terms of swerving performances. Performances significantly varied across MMV-types, with handlebar-based devices (bicycles and scooters) consistently outperforming the handlebar-less MMVs (skateboards and onewheel). The piecewise linear models used for braking profiles well fitted most MMV trajectories, except for skateboards and pedestrians due their foot-ground interaction. Conclusions: This research highlights the influence of MMVs-specific characteristics on their maneuverability, underscoring that steering or braking effectiveness in collisions may vary depending on device type and power source. Piecewise linear models effectively generated parameterized functions for modeling braking trajectories, despite further improvements are suggested given the inapplicability of the single brake-ramp assumption to all the MMVs. Practical applications: The identified similarities and distinctions between MMVs could offer insights to traffic regulators and may assist MMV designers and manufacturers in enhancing the devices users’ safety. The piecewise model results allow traffic events reconstructions and simulations, enabling intelligent driving system to predict MMV riders' evasive actions in critical situations.

导言：在过去的十年中，微型移动车辆（MMV）的日益普及给个人移动带来了深刻的变化，引起了人们对道路安全和公共健康的关注。因此，有效描述其运动性能和安全边界变得至关重要。因此，本研究旨在：（1）描述微型汽车在紧急机动过程中的运动学行为；（2）研究各种动力源如何影响微型汽车的性能；以及（3）评估片断线性模型对微型汽车轨迹建模的适用性。方法：我们在试车场进行了一项实验，让 40 名经常骑车的人在不同的电动 MMV 和传统的 MMV 上进行紧急制动和转弯动作，并扮演奔跑的行人。第二项实验通过估计不同设备的最小曲率半径来确定其转弯边界。实验结果电动多用途车辆的制动能力优于传统多用途车辆，而转弯性能则与之相反。不同类型多用途车的性能差异很大，有车把的设备（自行车和滑板车）始终优于无车把的多用途车（滑板车和独轮车）。用于制动曲线的分片线性模型很好地拟合了大多数多用途车的轨迹，但滑板和行人除外，因为它们的脚与地面之间存在相互作用。结论这项研究强调了多用途运载工具的特定特性对其机动性的影响，并强调了碰撞中的转向或制动效果可能因设备类型和动力源而异。分段线性模型有效地生成了用于制动轨迹建模的参数化函数，但鉴于单一制动坡道假设不适用于所有多用途车辆，因此建议进一步改进。实际应用：所发现的多用途车辆之间的相似之处和不同之处可为交通监管者提供启示，并可帮助多用途车辆设计者和制造商提高设备使用者的安全性。片断模型的结果可用于交通事件重构和模拟，使智能驾驶系统能够预测多用途车驾驶员在危急情况下的规避行动。

{"title":"Kinematic characterization of micro-mobility vehicles during evasive maneuvers","authors":"Paolo Terranova , Shu-Yuan Liu , Sparsh Jain , Johan Engström , Miguel A. Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Over the last decade, the increasing popularity of Micromobility Vehicles (MMVs) has led to profound changes in personal mobility, raising concerns about road safety and public health. Therefore, the effective characterization of their kinematic performances and safety boundaries is becoming crucial. Hence, this study aims to: (1) characterize the MMVs kinematic behaviors during emergency maneuvers; (2) examine how various power sources affect their performances; and (3) assess the suitability of a piecewise linear model for modeling their trajectories. <em>Method</em>: We conducted a test track experiment involving 40 frequent riders performing emergency braking and swerving maneuvers on different electric MMVs, their traditional counterparts, and behaving as running pedestrians. A second experiment determined the swerving boundaries of different devices estimating their minimum radius of curvature. <em>Results</em>: Electric MMVs displayed superior braking capabilities compared to their traditional counterparts, while the opposite was observed in terms of swerving performances. Performances significantly varied across MMV-types, with handlebar-based devices (bicycles and scooters) consistently outperforming the handlebar-less MMVs (skateboards and onewheel). The piecewise linear models used for braking profiles well fitted most MMV trajectories, except for skateboards and pedestrians due their foot-ground interaction. <em>Conclusions</em>: This research highlights the influence of MMVs-specific characteristics on their maneuverability, underscoring that steering or braking effectiveness in collisions may vary depending on device type and power source. Piecewise linear models effectively generated parameterized functions for modeling braking trajectories, despite further improvements are suggested given the inapplicability of the single brake-ramp assumption to all the MMVs. <em>Practical applications</em>: The identified similarities and distinctions between MMVs could offer insights to traffic regulators and may assist MMV designers and manufacturers in enhancing the devices users’ safety. The piecewise model results allow traffic events reconstructions and simulations, enabling intelligent driving system to predict MMV riders' evasive actions in critical situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 342-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vehicle-pedestrian interaction analysis for evaluating pedestrian crossing safety at uncontrolled crosswalks − a geospatial approach using multimodal all-traffic trajectories 用于评估无控制人行横道上行人过街安全的车辆与行人互动分析--利用多模式全交通轨迹的地理空间方法

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.005

Fei Guan , Trevor Whitley , Hao Xu , Ziru Wang , Zhihui Chen , Tianwen Hui , Yuan Tian

Introduction: Pedestrian crossing safety has gained increased attention due to the high rate of pedestrian fatalities and injuries, especially at uncontrolled crosswalks. Method: In this study, we proposed a novel GIS-based method for detecting motorist yield behaviors using multi-modal trajectory data collected from LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors at uncontrolled crosswalks. The approach classifies diverse types of motorist-pedestrian interactions and calculates motorist compliance rates, enabling us to assess the safety performance of different geometric crossing treatments. The method was applied to four uncontrolled crosswalks in midtown Reno, NV to analyze the impact of different crossing treatments, including curb extensions, pedestrian refuge islands, and Danish Offset, on motorist yield rates. Results: The findings indicated that refuge islands significantly improve driver yield rates, with further improvement observed when implementing Danish Offset designs. Among the four sites, the highest motorist yield rate (78.0%) was observed at Taylor (Danish Offset), followed by St. Lawrence (refuge island) with 71.9%. Martin and LaRue (curb extension only) exhibited lower yield rates of 57.9% and 61.3%, respectively. Practical applications: This study emphasized the importance of considering different directions when evaluating pedestrian safety at crosswalks, an aspect currently not considered in the latest Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This research also provides valuable insights into applying multimodal all-road-user geospatial trajectory data for initiative-taking traffic safety performance evaluation of pedestrian crossing facilities at uncontrolled crosswalks and can guide future efforts in improving pedestrian safety.

引言由于行人死伤率较高，尤其是在不受控制的人行横道上，行人过街安全问题日益受到关注。研究方法在这项研究中，我们提出了一种基于 GIS 的新方法，利用在不受控制的人行横道上从 LiDAR（光探测和测距）传感器收集到的多模式轨迹数据来检测机动车让行行为。该方法可对机动车与行人互动的各种类型进行分类，并计算机动车让行率，使我们能够评估不同几何过街处理的安全性能。我们将该方法应用于内华达州里诺市中心的四个不受控制的人行横道，以分析不同的人行横道处理方法（包括路缘延伸、行人避难岛和丹麦偏移）对机动车让行率的影响。结果显示研究结果表明，行人安全岛能明显提高驾驶员的让行率，而丹麦偏移设计能进一步提高让行率。在四个地点中，泰勒（丹麦偏移）的机动车让行率最高（78.0%），其次是圣劳伦斯（避难岛），为 71.9%。马丁和拉鲁（仅路缘延伸）的让行率较低，分别为 57.9% 和 61.3%。实际应用：本研究强调了在评估人行横道的行人安全时考虑不同方向的重要性，而目前最新的《公路通行能力手册》（HCM）并未考虑这一点。这项研究还为应用多模式全道路用户地理空间轨迹数据，对无控制人行横道上的行人过街设施进行主动交通安全性能评估提供了宝贵的见解，并可指导未来改善行人安全的工作。

{"title":"Vehicle-pedestrian interaction analysis for evaluating pedestrian crossing safety at uncontrolled crosswalks − a geospatial approach using multimodal all-traffic trajectories","authors":"Fei Guan , Trevor Whitley , Hao Xu , Ziru Wang , Zhihui Chen , Tianwen Hui , Yuan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Pedestrian crossing safety has gained increased attention due to the high rate of pedestrian fatalities and injuries, especially at uncontrolled crosswalks. <em>Method</em>: In this study, we proposed a novel GIS-based method for detecting motorist yield behaviors using multi-modal trajectory data collected from LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors at uncontrolled crosswalks. The approach classifies diverse types of motorist-pedestrian interactions and calculates motorist compliance rates, enabling us to assess the safety performance of different geometric crossing treatments. The method was applied to four uncontrolled crosswalks in midtown Reno, NV to analyze the impact of different crossing treatments, including curb extensions, pedestrian refuge islands, and Danish Offset, on motorist yield rates. <em>Results</em>: The findings indicated that refuge islands significantly improve driver yield rates, with further improvement observed when implementing Danish Offset designs. Among the four sites, the highest motorist yield rate (78.0%) was observed at Taylor (Danish Offset), followed by St. Lawrence (refuge island) with 71.9%. Martin and LaRue (curb extension only) exhibited lower yield rates of 57.9% and 61.3%, respectively. <em>Practical applications</em>: This study emphasized the importance of considering different directions when evaluating pedestrian safety at crosswalks, an aspect currently not considered in the latest Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This research also provides valuable insights into applying multimodal all-road-user geospatial trajectory data for initiative-taking traffic safety performance evaluation of pedestrian crossing facilities at uncontrolled crosswalks and can guide future efforts in improving pedestrian safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 326-341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of integrated takeover request warning with personal portable device on takeover time and post-takeover performance in level 3 driving automation 带个人便携式设备的综合接管请求警告对 3 级自动驾驶中的接管时间和接管后性能的影响

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016

Niloy Talukder , Chris Lee , Yong Hoon Kim , Balakumar Balasingam , Francesco Biondi , Aditya Subramani Murugan , Eunsik Kim

Introduction: Level 3 driving automation defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) requests human drivers to drive manually when the vehicle cannot perform the driving task. In this regard, researchers have studied the integrated takeover request (TOR) which provides visual and auditory TOR warning in both vehicle interface (e.g., dashboard, windshield (head-up display) and personal portable device (PPD) (e.g., cell phone, tablet). However, these studies neither used auditory TOR warning in PPD nor examined the effect of use of headphone on takeover. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of the integrated TOR with the use of headphones on the takeover time and the post-takeover performance. Method: The behavior of 60 drivers was observed in the driving simulator experiment. During the experiment, the drivers watched a video on a tablet in automated driving, received the TOR warning, and manually drove in the lane change and pullover scenarios. The survey was also conducted to ask drivers’ experience and preference for TOR warning. Results: The integrated TOR significantly reduced the takeover time compared to the conventional TOR which provides the TOR warning in vehicle interface only. The integrated TOR also improved the post-takeover performance as indicated by more stable steering operation and safer driving behavior after TOR warning. However, the use of headphones did not significantly reduce the takeover time or improve the post-takeover performance for the integrated TOR. The participants generally perceived higher subjective comfort and safety level with the integrated TOR than the conventional TOR. Conclusions: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can significantly reduce the takeover time and improve the post-takeover performance in both urgent and less urgent conditions. Practical applications: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can be applied to SAE Level 3 driving automation for safe transition from automated to manual driving.

导言：美国汽车工程师学会（SAE）定义的三级自动驾驶要求人类驾驶员在车辆无法完成驾驶任务时进行手动驾驶。在这方面，研究人员已经对综合接管请求（TOR）进行了研究，该请求可在车辆界面（如仪表盘、挡风玻璃（平视显示器））和个人便携设备（PPD）（如手机、平板电脑）上提供视觉和听觉TOR警告。但是，这些研究既没有在 PPD 中使用听觉 TOR 警告，也没有研究使用耳机对接管的影响。因此，本研究评估了使用耳机的综合 TOR 对接管时间和接管后表现的影响。研究方法在驾驶模拟器实验中观察了 60 名驾驶员的行为。在实验过程中，驾驶员在平板电脑上观看了自动驾驶视频，收到了 TOR 警告，并在变道和靠边停车场景中进行了手动驾驶。此外，还进行了一项调查，以了解驾驶员对 TOR 警告的体验和偏好。结果：与仅在车辆界面提供 TOR 警告的传统 TOR 相比，集成 TOR 大大缩短了接管时间。集成式 TOR 还改善了接管后的性能，表现在 TOR 警告后转向操作更稳定，驾驶行为更安全。不过，使用耳机并没有明显缩短接管时间，也没有明显改善集成式 TOR 的接管后性能。与传统的 TOR 相比，参与者普遍认为集成式 TOR 的主观舒适度和安全水平更高。结论：在 PPD 中使用带有听觉警告的综合 TOR 可以大大缩短接管时间，并提高紧急情况和非紧急情况下的接管后性能。实际应用：带有听觉警告的 PPD 集成 TOR 可应用于 SAE 3 级自动驾驶，实现从自动驾驶到手动驾驶的安全过渡。

{"title":"Effects of integrated takeover request warning with personal portable device on takeover time and post-takeover performance in level 3 driving automation","authors":"Niloy Talukder , Chris Lee , Yong Hoon Kim , Balakumar Balasingam , Francesco Biondi , Aditya Subramani Murugan , Eunsik Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Level 3 driving automation defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) requests human drivers to drive manually when the vehicle cannot perform the driving task. In this regard, researchers have studied the integrated takeover request (TOR) which provides visual and auditory TOR warning in both vehicle interface (e.g., dashboard, windshield (head-up display) and personal portable device (PPD) (e.g., cell phone, tablet). However, these studies neither used auditory TOR warning in PPD nor examined the effect of use of headphone on takeover. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of the integrated TOR with the use of headphones on the takeover time and the post-takeover performance. <em>Method</em>: The behavior of 60 drivers was observed in the driving simulator experiment. During the experiment, the drivers watched a video on a tablet in automated driving, received the TOR warning, and manually drove in the lane change and pullover scenarios. The survey was also conducted to ask drivers’ experience and preference for TOR warning. <em>Results</em>: The integrated TOR significantly reduced the takeover time compared to the conventional TOR which provides the TOR warning in vehicle interface only. The integrated TOR also improved the post-takeover performance as indicated by more stable steering operation and safer driving behavior after TOR warning. However, the use of headphones did not significantly reduce the takeover time or improve the post-takeover performance for the integrated TOR. The participants generally perceived higher subjective comfort and safety level with the integrated TOR than the conventional TOR. <em>Conclusions</em>: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can significantly reduce the takeover time and improve the post-takeover performance in both urgent and less urgent conditions. <em>Practical applications</em>: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can be applied to SAE Level 3 driving automation for safe transition from automated to manual driving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 314-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of rates of occurrence for hydroplaning events with naturalistic driving data 利用自然驾驶数据确定水滑事件的发生率

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.018

Christina Witcher , Daniel Christ , Jeremy Sudweeks , Charles Layman , Miguel Perez

Introduction: The degree to which hydroplaning occurs in real-world conditions is not entirely known. Naturalistic driving data can be helpful in addressing some of the limitations of existing data sources related to the incidence of hydroplaning. Method: Data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study were leveraged to estimate the incidence of hydroplaning. Two hydroplaning detection algorithms were used for candidate hydroplaning event generation. Hard braking events were also identified and analyzed as normative comparisons to the hydroplaning events. Results: A total of 1,141 hydroplaning events were found in the naturalistic driving data and utilized for analysis, including 650 hydroplaning events that were unnoticeable by the driver based on lack of observable reactions, 13 events that were deemed to be of “critical” severity, and only 3 events that resulted in crash events during more than 30 million miles of driving. Hard braking events occurred nearly four times more often, and at comparatively lower speeds, than hydroplaning events. Observable driver reactions also differed between event types. For example, more drivers changed their posture after a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event and drivers maintained both hands on the wheel at higher rates after experiencing a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event. Suspension of secondary tasks during hard braking and hydroplaning events was also observed. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that drivers perceive hydroplaning events as more harmful than hard braking events, despite the large discrepancy and incompatibility in how often these driving situations lead to vehicular crashes. Practical application: The findings of this research will provide vehicle and tire designers with empirical data that quantifies the important tradeoffs they must make in balancing vehicle and tire performance in wet and dry environments, and in tradeoffs related to tire wear performance and grip.

导言：在真实世界条件下发生水浸的程度尚不完全清楚。自然驾驶数据有助于解决现有数据源在水浸发生率方面的一些局限性。方法：利用第二次公路战略研究计划自然驾驶研究的数据来估算水浸发生率。使用两种水浸检测算法生成候选水浸事件。此外，还确定并分析了硬制动事件，作为与水浸事件的标准对比。结果：在自然驾驶数据中发现并用于分析的水浸事件共有 1,141 起，其中包括 650 起驾驶员因缺乏可观察到的反应而无法察觉的水浸事件、13 起被视为 "严重 "的水浸事件，以及在超过 3,000 万英里的驾驶里程中仅有 3 起导致碰撞事件的水浸事件。与水滑事故相比，急刹车事故的发生率要高出近四倍，而且车速相对较低。可观察到的驾驶员反应也因事件类型而异。例如，与急刹车相比，更多的驾驶员在发生水滑事故后会改变姿势；与急刹车相比，驾驶员在发生水滑事故后将双手放在方向盘上的比例更高。此外，还观察到驾驶员在急刹车和侧滑事件中暂停了次要任务。结论：总体而言，这些研究结果表明，驾驶员认为侧滑事件比急刹车事件更有害，尽管在这些驾驶情况导致车辆碰撞的频率上存在巨大差异和不一致性。实际应用：这项研究的结果将为车辆和轮胎设计师提供经验数据，量化他们在干湿环境中平衡车辆和轮胎性能时必须做出的重要权衡，以及与轮胎磨损性能和抓地力相关的权衡。

{"title":"Determination of rates of occurrence for hydroplaning events with naturalistic driving data","authors":"Christina Witcher , Daniel Christ , Jeremy Sudweeks , Charles Layman , Miguel Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The degree to which hydroplaning occurs in real-world conditions is not entirely known. Naturalistic driving data can be helpful in addressing some of the limitations of existing data sources related to the incidence of hydroplaning. <em>Method:</em> Data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study were leveraged to estimate the incidence of hydroplaning. Two hydroplaning detection algorithms were used for candidate hydroplaning event generation. Hard braking events were also identified and analyzed as normative comparisons to the hydroplaning events. <em>Results:</em> A total of 1,141 hydroplaning events were found in the naturalistic driving data and utilized for analysis, including 650 hydroplaning events that were unnoticeable by the driver based on lack of observable reactions, 13 events that were deemed to be of “critical” severity, and only 3 events that resulted in crash events during more than 30 million miles of driving. Hard braking events occurred nearly four times more often, and at comparatively lower speeds, than hydroplaning events. Observable driver reactions also differed between event types. For example, more drivers changed their posture after a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event and drivers maintained both hands on the wheel at higher rates after experiencing a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event. Suspension of secondary tasks during hard braking and hydroplaning events was also observed. <em>Conclusions:</em> Overall, these findings suggest that drivers perceive hydroplaning events as more harmful than hard braking events, despite the large discrepancy and incompatibility in how often these driving situations lead to vehicular crashes. <em>Practical application:</em> The findings of this research will provide vehicle and tire designers with empirical data that quantifies the important tradeoffs they must make in balancing vehicle and tire performance in wet and dry environments, and in tradeoffs related to tire wear performance and grip.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 303-313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Applying the Health Belief Model to mobile device distracted driving 将健康信念模型应用于移动设备分心驾驶

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.014

Aimee E. Cox, Jessica B. Cicchino, Ian J. Reagan, David S. Zuby

Introduction: The advancement of mobile devices has resulted in constant connectivity, but at the expense of traffic safety. The goal of this study was to apply the Health Belief Model to understand the barriers preventing drivers from driving without manipulating their devices, and what they perceived would motivate them to stop driving distracted. Methods: We conducted a nationwide survey of 2,013 U.S. licensed drivers. Participants indicated how much they agreed with or supported 63 statements and concepts pertaining to the Health Belief Model constructs of threats, barriers, benefits, and cues to action related to manipulating devices while driving. Heath Belief Model constructs were compared between distracted drivers, or those who regularly did (during most or all drives in the previous 30 days) one or more mobile device tasks, and non-distracted drivers. Logistic regression evaluated the relationship between Health Belief Model constructs and distracted driver designation. Results: Those who agreed more with threats (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27, 2.04) and disagreed more with barriers to stopping (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.41) were more likely to not drive distracted. We identified distracted drivers’ top barriers to avoiding cellphone distractions, as well as barrier categories that were significantly greater for distracted drivers than non-distracted drivers. Distracted drivers felt most strongly that intrapersonal, interpersonal, and policy cues would motivate behavior termination, and more support of technological countermeasures was associated with regularly driving distracted after controlling for support for policy and organizational countermeasures. Conclusions: Simultaneously increasing threat perceptions, targeting the top barriers identified, and implementing policy-, interpersonal-, and technological-based countermeasures may encourage device-free driving. Practical Applications: When designing interventions or programs, state highway safety offices should find new ways to increase threat perceptions and offer solutions to the barriers most cited by distracted drivers.

简介移动设备的进步带来了持续的连接性，但却牺牲了交通安全。本研究的目的是应用健康信念模型来了解阻碍驾驶员在不操作设备的情况下开车的障碍，以及他们认为哪些因素会促使他们停止分心驾驶。研究方法我们在全国范围内对 2,013 名美国持证驾驶员进行了调查。受访者表示了他们对 63 项陈述和概念的同意或支持程度，这些陈述和概念涉及健康信念模型的威胁、障碍、益处和行动提示，与驾驶时操作设备有关。对分心驾驶者或经常（在过去 30 天的大部分或全部驾驶过程中）执行一项或多项移动设备任务的驾驶者与非分心驾驶者之间的健康信念模式构建进行了比较。Logistic 回归评估了健康信念模型构建与分心驾驶者指定之间的关系。结果显示更同意威胁（几率比 [OR]，1.61；95% 置信区间 [CI]，1.27, 2.04）和更不同意停车障碍（OR，0.36；95% 置信区间 [CI]，0.31, 0.41）的人更有可能不分心驾驶。我们确定了分心驾驶者避免手机分心的最大障碍，以及分心驾驶者明显大于非分心驾驶者的障碍类别。分心驾驶者最强烈地感受到人际、人际关系和政策线索会促使其行为终止，在控制了对政策和组织对策的支持后，对技术对策的更多支持与经常分心驾驶有关。最后得出结论：同时提高威胁感知、针对所发现的主要障碍以及实施基于政策、人际和技术的对策，可能会鼓励无设备驾驶。实际应用：各州公路安全办公室在设计干预措施或项目时，应寻找新的方法来提高威胁感知，并针对分心驾驶者提到最多的障碍提供解决方案。

{"title":"Applying the Health Belief Model to mobile device distracted driving","authors":"Aimee E. Cox, Jessica B. Cicchino, Ian J. Reagan, David S. Zuby","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The advancement of mobile devices has resulted in constant connectivity, but at the expense of traffic safety. The goal of this study was to apply the Health Belief Model to understand the barriers preventing drivers from driving without manipulating their devices, and what they perceived would motivate them to stop driving distracted. <em>Methods:</em> We conducted a nationwide survey of 2,013 U.S. licensed drivers. Participants indicated how much they agreed with or supported 63 statements and concepts pertaining to the Health Belief Model constructs of threats, barriers, benefits, and cues to action related to manipulating devices while driving. Heath Belief Model constructs were compared between distracted drivers, or those who regularly did (during most or all drives in the previous 30 days) one or more mobile device tasks, and non-distracted drivers. Logistic regression evaluated the relationship between Health Belief Model constructs and distracted driver designation. <em>Results:</em> Those who agreed more with threats (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27, 2.04) and disagreed more with barriers to stopping (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.41) were more likely to not drive distracted. We identified distracted drivers’ top barriers to avoiding cellphone distractions, as well as barrier categories that were significantly greater for distracted drivers than non-distracted drivers. Distracted drivers felt most strongly that intrapersonal, interpersonal, and policy cues would motivate behavior termination, and more support of technological countermeasures was associated with regularly driving distracted after controlling for support for policy and organizational countermeasures. <em>Conclusions:</em> Simultaneously increasing threat perceptions, targeting the top barriers identified, and implementing policy-, interpersonal-, and technological-based countermeasures may encourage device-free driving. <em>Practical Applications:</em> When designing interventions or programs, state highway safety offices should find new ways to increase threat perceptions and offer solutions to the barriers most cited by distracted drivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 294-302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fatalities in electrical occupations, unionization, and associated factors 电气职业的死亡人数、工会化及相关因素

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.008

Oscar Rodriguez-Franco , Majed Zreiqat , Jan K. Wachter , Christopher Janicak

Objective: To evaluate the association between worker unionization and risk factors linked to fatalities in electrical trades due to contact with electricity. Methods: Layered cross-tabulation was used to assess the association between electrical fatalities and selected accident factors grouped by union status using inspection data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) between 1998 and 2018. Analyses were examined by the Pearson chi-square test of independence and the Phi correlation coefficient. Results: The odds of electrical fatalities in organizations with representation for electrical workers were significantly less than in non-unionized environments. Electrical fatalities were significantly less probable in unionized environments for both electricians and electrical power installers/repairers. Accident factors such as electrical event, fatality cause, and accident location were negatively correlated with electrical fatalities in unionized environments. Conclusions: Worker representation displays a statistically significant association with a reduction in electrical fatalities. Practical applications: Electrical unions should continue to promote safer working conditions, compliance with safety regulations, and comprehensive training in electrical safety emphasizing the identification of electrical hazards, including the risks of contact with overhead power lines and energized equipment, as well as accident prevention practices that comprise strict adherence to minimum approaching distances, lockout-tagout procedures, and the proper execution of de-energizing, testing, grounding, tagging, and flagging procedures.

目的评估工人工会化与电气行业触电死亡事故相关风险因素之间的联系。方法利用职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）在 1998 年至 2018 年间的检查数据，采用分层交叉表法评估电气死亡事故与按工会状况分组的选定事故因素之间的关联。分析采用皮尔逊卡方检验和皮氏相关系数进行检验。结果显示在有电气工人代表的组织中，电气事故死亡的几率明显低于非工会环境。在有工会组织的环境中，电工和电力安装工/维修工发生电气死亡事故的概率明显较低。在有工会组织的环境中，电气事故、死亡原因和事故地点等事故因素与电气死亡事故呈负相关。结论：工人代表与电气事故死亡人数的减少在统计学上有显著关联。实际应用：电气工会应继续推广更安全的工作条件、遵守安全法规和全面的电气安全培训，强调识别电气危险，包括接触架空电线和通电设备的风险，以及事故预防措施，包括严格遵守最小接近距离、锁定-标记程序，以及正确执行断电、测试、接地、标记和标志程序。

{"title":"Fatalities in electrical occupations, unionization, and associated factors","authors":"Oscar Rodriguez-Franco , Majed Zreiqat , Jan K. Wachter , Christopher Janicak","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> To evaluate the association between worker unionization and risk factors linked to fatalities in electrical trades due to contact with electricity. <em>Methods:</em> Layered cross-tabulation was used to assess the association between electrical fatalities and selected accident factors grouped by union status using inspection data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) between 1998 and 2018. Analyses were examined by the Pearson chi-square test of independence and the Phi correlation coefficient. <em>Results:</em> The odds of electrical fatalities in organizations with representation for electrical workers were significantly less than in non-unionized environments. Electrical fatalities were significantly less probable in unionized environments for both electricians and electrical power installers/repairers. Accident factors such as electrical event, fatality cause, and accident location were negatively correlated with electrical fatalities in unionized environments. <em>Conclusions:</em> Worker representation displays a statistically significant association with a reduction in electrical fatalities. <em>Practical applications:</em> Electrical unions should continue to promote safer working conditions, compliance with safety regulations, and comprehensive training in electrical safety emphasizing the identification of electrical hazards, including the risks of contact with overhead power lines and energized equipment, as well as accident prevention practices that comprise strict adherence to minimum approaching distances, lockout-tagout procedures, and the proper execution of de-energizing, testing, grounding, tagging, and flagging procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 283-293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An exploration of e-scooter injuries and severity: Impact of restriction policies in Helsinki, Finland 对电动摩托车伤害和严重程度的探讨：芬兰赫尔辛基限制政策的影响

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.006

Samira Dibaj , Shaghayegh Vosough , Khashayar Kazemzadeh , Steve O’Hern , Miloš N. Mladenović

Introduction: The emergence of shared electric scooter (e-scooter) services has introduced a new mobility option in numerous urban areas worldwide. Safety concerns surrounding e-scooter riding have prompted some cities to impose bans or restrictions on shared e-scooters. This study aims to assess the impact of e-scooter restriction policies, on the spatiotemporal distribution of e-scooter injuries and factors influencing injury severity in Helsinki, Finland, in 2021 and 2022. These restrictions include banning shared e-scooter use from midnight to 5 a.m. on weekends and reducing speeds during certain hours. Method: This study employed an ordered logit model, heatmap analysis of crash locations, and temporal analysis across different time frames to achieve these objectives. Results: The findings indicate a 64% reduction in the number of e-scooter injuries after the restrictions. However, the severity of injuries experienced only a slight decrease. Notably, the trend of injury severity appeared smoother in 2022 compared to 2021, with spikes occurring from Friday to Sunday. The spatial distribution of crashes revealed that, in 2021, most crashes were concentrated in the city center, while in 2022, the crash locations were more scattered, partly due to the increased area serviced by e-scooters. The results also underscored the substantial impact of alcohol intoxication, as it significantly increased the probability of more severe injuries. Furthermore, higher age groups and people using e-scooters from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. are more likely to experience higher injury severity after the restrictions were implemented. These research outcomes offer valuable insights for other cities, providing lessons on how to tailor policies to effectively reduce the number of e-scooter-related injuries.

导言共享电动滑板车（e-scooter）服务的出现为全球许多城市地区带来了一种新的出行选择。人们对电动滑板车骑行安全的担忧促使一些城市对共享电动滑板车实施禁令或限制。本研究旨在评估 2021 年和 2022 年芬兰赫尔辛基的电动滑板车限制政策对电动滑板车伤害时空分布的影响以及影响伤害严重程度的因素。这些限制政策包括在周末午夜至凌晨 5 点禁止共用电动摩托车，并在某些时段降低车速。研究方法为实现上述目标，本研究采用了有序对数模型、碰撞地点热图分析以及不同时间段的时间分析。结果研究结果表明，限制措施实施后，电动摩托车受伤人数减少了 64%。但是，受伤的严重程度仅略有下降。值得注意的是，与 2021 年相比，2022 年的受伤严重程度趋势更为平稳，但周五至周日会出现高峰。撞车事故的空间分布显示，2021 年，大多数撞车事故都集中在市中心，而 2022 年，撞车事故的地点更加分散，部分原因是电动滑板车的服务范围扩大了。结果还强调了酒精中毒的重大影响，因为酒精中毒大大增加了更严重伤害的概率。此外，在限制措施实施后，高年龄组和在下午 4 点至晚上 9 点使用电动滑板车的人更有可能受到更严重的伤害。这些研究成果为其他城市提供了宝贵的启示，为如何调整政策以有效减少与电动滑板车相关的伤害事故提供了经验。

{"title":"An exploration of e-scooter injuries and severity: Impact of restriction policies in Helsinki, Finland","authors":"Samira Dibaj , Shaghayegh Vosough , Khashayar Kazemzadeh , Steve O’Hern , Miloš N. Mladenović","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The emergence of shared electric scooter (e-scooter) services has introduced a new mobility option in numerous urban areas worldwide. Safety concerns surrounding e-scooter riding have prompted some cities to impose bans or restrictions on shared e-scooters. This study aims to assess the impact of e-scooter restriction policies, on the spatiotemporal distribution of e-scooter injuries and factors influencing injury severity in Helsinki, Finland, in 2021 and 2022. These restrictions include banning shared e-scooter use from midnight to 5 a.m. on weekends and reducing speeds during certain hours. <em>Method:</em> This study employed an ordered logit model, heatmap analysis of crash locations, and temporal analysis across different time frames to achieve these objectives. <em>Results:</em> The findings indicate a 64% reduction in the number of e-scooter injuries after the restrictions. However, the severity of injuries experienced only a slight decrease. Notably, the trend of injury severity appeared smoother in 2022 compared to 2021, with spikes occurring from Friday to Sunday. The spatial distribution of crashes revealed that, in 2021, most crashes were concentrated in the city center, while in 2022, the crash locations were more scattered, partly due to the increased area serviced by e-scooters. The results also underscored the substantial impact of alcohol intoxication, as it significantly increased the probability of more severe injuries. Furthermore, higher age groups and people using e-scooters from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. are more likely to experience higher injury severity after the restrictions were implemented. These research outcomes offer valuable insights for other cities, providing lessons on how to tailor policies to effectively reduce the number of e-scooter-related injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 271-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0