Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.005
Dahee Hong , Sangjin Han
Introduction: As the older population grows, the number of road crashes caused by older drivers has consistently increased at an average of 3.7% per year over the past five years in South Korea. To address this issue, since 2019 the South Korean government has promoted a program of voluntary driver’s license surrender (particularly among older drivers) that provides transport cards worth 100,000 to 200,000 Korean currency for voluntarily surrendering licenses. Method: This study aims to analyze the effect of voluntary driver's license surrender on road crashes caused by older drivers using the Comparison Group method. The number of crashes, the number of fatal crashes, and the number of serious injury crashes are compared before and after introduction of voluntary surrender program. The effects are examined in detail in terms of the ages of older drivers, the surrender rates, and the types of local areas like urban or rural areas. Results: The results indicate that voluntary driver's license surrender significantly reduced the number of fatal and serious injury crashes among older drivers. In particular, it was found that age group 75 and older showed the highest reduction of crashes in all age groups and that the cities and counties with the higher rate of driver’s license surrender showed higher crash reductions. The reduction was also higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
{"title":"The effect of voluntary driver's licence surrender on road crashes caused by older drivers","authors":"Dahee Hong , Sangjin Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> As the older population grows, the number of road crashes caused by older drivers has consistently increased at an average of 3.7% per year over the past five years in South Korea. To address this issue, since 2019 the South Korean government has promoted a program of voluntary driver’s license surrender (particularly among older drivers) that provides transport cards worth 100,000 to 200,000 Korean currency for voluntarily surrendering licenses. <em>Method:</em> This study aims to analyze the effect of voluntary driver's license surrender on road crashes caused by older drivers using the Comparison Group method. The number of crashes, the number of fatal crashes, and the number of serious injury crashes are compared before and after introduction of voluntary surrender program. The effects are examined in detail in terms of the ages of older drivers, the surrender rates, and the types of local areas like urban or rural areas. <em>Results:</em> The results indicate that voluntary driver's license surrender significantly reduced the number of fatal and serious injury crashes among older drivers. In particular, it was found that age group 75 and older showed the highest reduction of crashes in all age groups and that the cities and counties with the higher rate of driver’s license surrender showed higher crash reductions. The reduction was also higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 211-219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.003
Chengxin Zhang , Huizhong Guo , Zifei Wang , Fred Feng , Anuj Pradhan , Shan Bao
Objective: This study investigates how targeted training interventions can improve safe driver interaction with vehicle automation (VA) systems, focusing on Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKA), both safety–critical advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). While VA features can enhance roadway safety, they do not function reliably under all conditions. Drivers’ limited awareness of system boundaries can cause overreliance or missed interventions, raising crash risk. Effective training reduces misuse and enhances road safety by promoting correct knowledge and application. Method: A review of multiple automakers’ owners’ manuals revealed inconsistencies in describing ACC and LKA functions. Three training formats were compared: (1) owners’ manual (OM), (2) knowledge-based (KB) with summarized operational guidelines and visual aids, and (3) skill-based hands-on practice in a driving simulator (SIM). Thirty-six participants with no prior VA experience were randomly assigned to one group. Safety-relevant outcomes − system comprehension (quiz scores) and real-world engagement (frequency and duration of activations) − were analyzed using mixed-effects and negative binomial models. Results: KB training produced the greatest improvements in comprehension of system limitations, as well as safer engagement patterns. Compared with OM participants, KB participants achieved significantly higher quiz scores and engaged LKA and ACC more often (1.4 and 1.45 times, respectively); they also demonstrated greater awareness of scenarios requiring manual control, indicating reduced risk of inappropriate reliance. Older drivers exhibited longer activations overall, highlighting age-related differences in reliance and potential safety implications. Conclusion: Short, targeted training can significantly improve safe and effective VA system use, particularly for senior drivers. These results highlight training as a proactive safety intervention to reduce human-automation mismatch and enhance system reliability in real-world driving. Practical Applications: The findings support standardized, accessible, age-tailored training to align driver behavior with VA safety standards, therefore preventing accidents and ensuring safer automation integration for all.
{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness of driver training interventions in improving safe engagement with vehicle automation systems","authors":"Chengxin Zhang , Huizhong Guo , Zifei Wang , Fred Feng , Anuj Pradhan , Shan Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> This study investigates how targeted training interventions can improve safe driver interaction with vehicle automation (VA) systems, focusing on Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKA), both safety–critical advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). While VA features can enhance roadway safety, they do not function reliably under all conditions. Drivers’ limited awareness of system boundaries can cause overreliance or missed interventions, raising crash risk. Effective training reduces misuse and enhances road safety by promoting correct knowledge and application. <em>Method:</em> A review of multiple automakers’ owners’ manuals revealed inconsistencies in describing ACC and LKA functions. Three training formats were compared: (1) owners’ manual (OM), (2) knowledge-based (KB) with summarized operational guidelines and visual aids, and (3) skill-based hands-on practice in a driving simulator (SIM). Thirty-six participants with no prior VA experience were randomly assigned to one group. Safety-relevant outcomes − system comprehension (quiz scores) and real-world engagement (frequency and duration of activations) − were analyzed using mixed-effects and negative binomial models. <em>Results:</em> KB training produced the greatest improvements in comprehension of system limitations, as well as safer engagement patterns. Compared with OM participants, KB participants achieved significantly higher quiz scores and engaged LKA and ACC more often (1.4 and 1.45 times, respectively); they also demonstrated greater awareness of scenarios requiring manual control, indicating reduced risk of inappropriate reliance. Older drivers exhibited longer activations overall, highlighting age-related differences in reliance and potential safety implications. <em>Conclusion:</em> Short, targeted training can significantly improve safe and effective VA system use, particularly for senior drivers. These results highlight training as a proactive safety intervention to reduce human-automation mismatch and enhance system reliability in real-world driving. <em>Practical Applications:</em> The findings support standardized, accessible, age-tailored training to align driver behavior with VA safety standards, therefore preventing accidents and ensuring safer automation integration for all.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.001
Grace Gao , Shamay S.M. Ng , Siu Shing Man , Billy C.L. So
Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are prevalent among healthcare professionals due to the physically demanding nature of their work environments. These disorders increase costs associated with workers’ compensation claims and healthcare services, reduce productivity, and negatively impact the quality of life for affected workers. Therefore, proper ergonomic risk assessment tools are vital for monitoring and preventing WMSDs among healthcare professionals. Method: This study provides a comprehensive overview of ergonomic risk assessment techniques used among healthcare workers. Following an extensive search, 31 studies published in English from 2014 to 2024 were identified. Results: With growing awareness of ergonomic risks in healthcare settings, research has explored various assessment methods to understand and mitigate these risks among healthcare workers across different disciplines. This finding highlights the significant role of self-reported and observation-based methods, despite potential subjective biases. Despite their challenges and underutilization, direct measurement methods have demonstrated substantial potential for enhancing ergonomic assessments when appropriately adapted to healthcare environments. Conclusions and practical applications: In future research, a longitudinal study design incorporating ergonomic risk assessment tools and hybrid methodologies integrating simulated settings with real-world observations should be employed to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of ergonomic risks among healthcare professionals. This approach would contribute to the development of effective interventions aimed at mitigating WMSDs.
{"title":"Ergonomic risk assessment methods for work-related musculoskeletal disorders among healthcare workers: A systematic review","authors":"Grace Gao , Shamay S.M. Ng , Siu Shing Man , Billy C.L. So","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are prevalent among healthcare professionals due to the physically demanding nature of their work environments. These disorders increase costs associated with workers’ compensation claims and healthcare services, reduce productivity, and negatively impact the quality of life for affected workers. Therefore, proper ergonomic risk assessment tools are vital for monitoring and preventing WMSDs among healthcare professionals. <em>Method:</em> This study provides a comprehensive overview of ergonomic risk assessment techniques used among healthcare workers. Following an extensive search, 31 studies published in English from 2014 to 2024 were identified. <em>Results:</em> With growing awareness of ergonomic risks in healthcare settings, research has explored various assessment methods to understand and mitigate these risks among healthcare workers across different disciplines. This finding highlights the significant role of self-reported and observation-based methods, despite potential subjective biases. Despite their challenges and underutilization, direct measurement methods have demonstrated substantial potential for enhancing ergonomic assessments when appropriately adapted to healthcare environments. <em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> In future research, a longitudinal study design incorporating ergonomic risk assessment tools and hybrid methodologies integrating simulated settings with real-world observations should be employed to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of ergonomic risks among healthcare professionals. This approach would contribute to the development of effective interventions aimed at mitigating WMSDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 189-196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.004
Soyeon Kim , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
Introduction: The advancement of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) aims to enhance driving safety, efficiency, and convenience. However, their potential remains underutilized as drivers frequently disengage or avoid using these systems. This study investigates the phenomenon of ADAS disuse, encompassing situational disengagement and systematic avoidance, through in-depth interviews with SAE Level 2 automated vehicle drivers. Method: Using thematic analysis, we identified nine key themes influencing disuse across three domains: Driving task (strategic, tactical, and operational level of driving tasks); Human (sense of control, knowledge, trust, and responsibility); and Environment (road users and road situation). Results: Drivers cited discomfort with system aggressiveness, lack of trust in detection capabilities, and incompatibility with their driving styles as critical factors. Environmental complexities, such as construction zones and pedestrian-heavy areas, further exacerbated disengagement. Additionally, legal and moral responsibility emerged as influences on drivers’ preferences for manual control. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the need for adaptive, user-centered designs prioritizing trust, transparency, and context-sensitive system behaviors. By addressing these barriers, ADAS can achieve safer and more consistent adoption, supporting broader goals of accident prevention and traffic efficiency. Practical Applications: This study provides insights for enhancing ADAS design and fostering driver confidence, paving the way for their effective integration into modern mobility solutions.
{"title":"Disuse of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS)","authors":"Soyeon Kim , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: The advancement of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) aims to enhance driving safety, efficiency, and convenience. However, their potential remains underutilized as drivers frequently disengage or avoid using these systems. This study investigates the phenomenon of ADAS disuse, encompassing situational disengagement and systematic avoidance, through in-depth interviews with SAE Level 2 automated vehicle drivers. <em>Method:</em> Using thematic analysis, we identified nine key themes influencing disuse across three domains: Driving task (strategic, tactical, and operational level of driving tasks); Human (sense of control, knowledge, trust, and responsibility); and Environment (road users and road situation). <em>Results:</em> Drivers cited discomfort with system aggressiveness, lack of trust in detection capabilities, and incompatibility with their driving styles as critical factors. Environmental complexities, such as construction zones and pedestrian-heavy areas, further exacerbated disengagement. Additionally, legal and moral responsibility emerged as influences on drivers’ preferences for manual control. <em>Conclusions:</em> Our findings underscore the need for adaptive, user-centered designs prioritizing trust, transparency, and context-sensitive system behaviors. By addressing these barriers, ADAS can achieve safer and more consistent adoption, supporting broader goals of accident prevention and traffic efficiency. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This study provides insights for enhancing ADAS design and fostering driver confidence, paving the way for their effective integration into modern mobility solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 180-188"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.013
Vedant S. Goyal , Gregory D. Erhardt , Nikiforos Stamatiadis , Christopher R. Bollinger
Introduction: Over the last decade, Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) have emerged as a popular mobility option. Yet past research has not conclusively established the linkage between their service operations and road crash risk. Our analysis compares road crash outcomes in San Francisco between 2010, when TNCs were negligible, and 2016, when they comprised 15% of vehicle trips within San Francisco. Method: We estimated a fixed-effects Poisson regression model for four crash outcomes, controlling for the change in background traffic, speed, and time-invariant factors including roadway geometry. Results: Our results show that TNCs have three competing influences on crashes: (a) they increase total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and thus crashes; (b) VMT on TNCs themselves is associated with fewer crashes, potentially due to a newer vehicle fleet or the selection of drivers; and (c) TNC pick-ups and drop-offs are associated with more crashes, potentially due to more conflicts at the curb. We apply these models to estimate the number of crashes expected from a counterfactual 2016 scenario without TNCs and compare that to the with-TNC scenario to isolate the total effect of TNCs. This model application reveals that TNCs are associated with a 4% decrease in total crashes. We also find that TNCs are associated with a slight reduction in fatal and injury crashes, crashes involving a bicyclist or pedestrian, and alcohol-involved crashes, but the results are not statistically significant for these crash types. Practical applications: By disaggregating TNC services into distinct operational components, our research provides valuable insights for urban transport planners and policymakers seeking to maximize the safety benefits of emerging transportation technology while mitigating their associated risks.
{"title":"Do Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) improve or worsen road safety? Assessing crash impacts in San Francisco","authors":"Vedant S. Goyal , Gregory D. Erhardt , Nikiforos Stamatiadis , Christopher R. Bollinger","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Over the last decade, Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) have emerged as a popular mobility option. Yet past research has not conclusively established the linkage between their service operations and road crash risk. Our analysis compares road crash outcomes in San Francisco between 2010, when TNCs were negligible, and 2016, when they comprised 15% of vehicle trips within San Francisco. <em>Method:</em> We estimated a fixed-effects Poisson regression model for four crash outcomes, controlling for the change in background traffic, speed, and time-invariant factors including roadway geometry. <em>Results:</em> Our results show that TNCs have three competing influences on crashes: (a) they increase total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and thus crashes; (b) VMT on TNCs themselves is associated with fewer crashes, potentially due to a newer vehicle fleet or the selection of drivers; and (c) TNC pick-ups and drop-offs are associated with more crashes, potentially due to more conflicts at the curb. We apply these models to estimate the number of crashes expected from a counterfactual 2016 scenario without TNCs and compare that to the with-TNC scenario to isolate the total effect of TNCs. This model application reveals that TNCs are associated with a 4% decrease in total crashes. We also find that TNCs are associated with a slight reduction in fatal and injury crashes, crashes involving a bicyclist or pedestrian, and alcohol-involved crashes, but the results are not statistically significant for these crash types. <em>Practical applications:</em> By disaggregating TNC services into distinct operational components, our research provides valuable insights for urban transport planners and policymakers seeking to maximize the safety benefits of emerging transportation technology while mitigating their associated risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 171-179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.008
Wen Hu, Jessica Cicchino
Introduction: With the increasing prevalence of crash avoidance technologies, well-established effects of traditional safety countermeasures may change. This study examines the impact of automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems on the effects of red-light safety cameras on real-world crashes at signalized intersections. Method: Effects of AEB systems alone on rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes at signalized intersections were estimated using crash data from 19 states and Poisson regression models. Effects of red-light safety cameras alone on rear-end crashes, rear-end injury crashes, all crashes, and all injury crashes were evaluated by meta-analysis of 35 previous studies. Based on these two analyses, effects of red-light safety cameras on crashes were calculated assuming that 28%, 51%, 95%, and 100% of vehicles on the road were equipped with AEB systems. Results: As the percentage of vehicles equipped with AEB grows, the increases in rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes associated with red-light safety cameras decline, and the reductions in all crashes and all injury crashes grow. With no AEB impact, red-light safety cameras are associated with a 21% increase in rear-end crashes, a 10% increase in rear-end injury crashes, a 7% reduction in all crashes, and a 19% reduction in all injury crashes. Those figures improve in tandem as more vehicles are equipped with AEB. Assuming all vehicles have AEB, the increases in rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes decline to 13.5% and 5.9%, respectively, and the reductions in all crashes and all injury crashes grow to 9.7% and 20.2%, accordingly. Conclusions: The growing prevalence of AEB systems will extend the benefits of red-light safety cameras by mitigating associated increases in rear-end crashes. Estimates of the benefits of other proven safety countermeasures should also be reevaluated to account for the growing impact of crash avoidance technologies.
{"title":"Impact of automatic emergency braking on the benefits of red-light safety cameras","authors":"Wen Hu, Jessica Cicchino","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> With the increasing prevalence of crash avoidance technologies, well-established effects of traditional safety countermeasures may change. This study examines the impact of automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems on the effects of red-light safety cameras on real-world crashes at signalized intersections. <em>Method:</em> Effects of AEB systems alone on rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes at signalized intersections were estimated using crash data from 19 states and Poisson regression models. Effects of red-light safety cameras alone on rear-end crashes, rear-end injury crashes, all crashes, and all injury crashes were evaluated by <em>meta</em>-analysis of 35 previous studies. Based on these two analyses, effects of red-light safety cameras on crashes were calculated assuming that 28%, 51%, 95%, and 100% of vehicles on the road were equipped with AEB systems. <em>Results:</em> As the percentage of vehicles equipped with AEB grows, the increases in rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes associated with red-light safety cameras decline, and the reductions in all crashes and all injury crashes grow. With no AEB impact, red-light safety cameras are associated with a 21% increase in rear-end crashes, a 10% increase in rear-end injury crashes, a 7% reduction in all crashes, and a 19% reduction in all injury crashes. Those figures improve in tandem as more vehicles are equipped with AEB. Assuming all vehicles have AEB, the increases in rear-end crashes and rear-end injury crashes decline to 13.5% and 5.9%, respectively, and the reductions in all crashes and all injury crashes grow to 9.7% and 20.2%, accordingly. <em>Conclusions:</em> The growing prevalence of AEB systems will extend the benefits of red-light safety cameras by mitigating associated increases in rear-end crashes. Estimates of the benefits of other proven safety countermeasures should also be reevaluated to account for the growing impact of crash avoidance technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.002
Allison Rewalt, Candace Brakewood, Christopher Cherry
Introduction: Bus stops must be safely accessible to transit passengers who begin and end their trips as pedestrians. Prior studies have analyzed bus stop safety using crash data, but many assumed that all crashes near bus stops were directly related to the stop itself, largely due to the lack of transit-related information in crash data. This research addresses this gap by analyzing fatal “transit bus stop-related” pedestrian crashes from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and comparing them to other nearby fatal pedestrian crashes. Methodology: A descriptive analysis, crosstabulation, binary logit models, and hierarchical clustering were used to compare fatal transit bus stop-related pedestrian crashes and other fatal pedestrian crashes within a quarter- and half-mile radius. Results: Most fatal crashes in both groups occurred midblock, on higher-speed roads, and on arterials, consistent with established pedestrian crash risk factors. The subsequent analysis focused on isolating risks specifically associated with bus stops. The binary logit models indicated that midblock locations, pedestrians stationary on the roadside, and bus-involved crashes significantly increased the odds of a crash being transit bus stop-related. Notably, midblock crashes had 4.7 to 5.2 times the odds of being transit bus stop-related. The clustering revealed three transit bus stop-related crash scenarios: (1) crossing to/from an intersection stop, (2) waiting on the roadside at a midblock stop, and (3) crossing to/from a midblock stop. Clustering the combined sample of fatal transit bus stop-related and nearby fatal crashes revealed a distinct cluster, predominantly composed of transit bus stop-related crashes characterized by pedestrians waiting on the roadside. Conclusions: Different stages of a transit passenger’s journey represent distinct crash types, and midblock stops are especially high-risk. Practical Applications: Crossing improvements and speed reductions may benefit both transit passengers and nearby pedestrians. Evaluating conditions directly at the bus stop may further improve transit passenger safety.
{"title":"An analysis of pedestrian safety at bus stops using FARS data","authors":"Allison Rewalt, Candace Brakewood, Christopher Cherry","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Bus stops must be safely accessible to transit passengers who begin and end their trips as pedestrians. Prior studies have analyzed bus stop safety using crash data, but many assumed that all crashes near bus stops were directly related to the stop itself, largely due to the lack of transit-related information in crash data. This research addresses this gap by analyzing fatal “transit bus stop-related” pedestrian crashes from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and comparing them to other nearby fatal pedestrian crashes. <em>Methodology</em>: A descriptive analysis, crosstabulation, binary logit models, and hierarchical clustering were used to compare fatal transit bus stop-related pedestrian crashes and other fatal pedestrian crashes within a quarter- and half-mile radius. <em>Results</em>: Most fatal crashes in both groups occurred midblock, on higher-speed roads, and on arterials, consistent with established pedestrian crash risk factors. The subsequent analysis focused on isolating risks specifically associated with bus stops. The binary logit models indicated that midblock locations, pedestrians stationary on the roadside, and bus-involved crashes significantly increased the odds of a crash being transit bus stop-related. Notably, midblock crashes had 4.7 to 5.2 times the odds of being transit bus stop-related. The clustering revealed three transit bus stop-related crash scenarios: (1) crossing to/from an intersection stop, (2) waiting on the roadside at a midblock stop, and (3) crossing to/from a midblock stop. Clustering the combined sample of fatal transit bus stop-related and nearby fatal crashes revealed a distinct cluster, predominantly composed of transit bus stop-related crashes characterized by pedestrians waiting on the roadside. <em>Conclusions</em>: Different stages of a transit passenger’s journey represent distinct crash types, and midblock stops are especially high-risk. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Crossing improvements and speed reductions may benefit both transit passengers and nearby pedestrians. Evaluating conditions directly at the bus stop may further improve transit passenger safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 147-159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.06.019
Eugene Hwang , Myeongjun Kim , Hyemin Shin , Eunseo Kim , Changbum R. Ahn , Jeongmi Lee
Introduction: Evaluating construction workers’ ability to recognize hazards is considered one of the most effective strategies for preventing accidents. This study developed and evaluated implicit behavioral tasks designed to measure perceptual sensitivity to danger in construction sites, offering an innovative alternative to conventional explicit knowledge tests. Method: Utilizing attentional blink, change blindness, and go/no-go tasks, the study examined key cognitive processes such as attentional capture, change detection, and response inhibition—essential for hazard recognition in high-risk environments. Result: Results revealed that construction workers demonstrate superior attentional allocation to dangerous objects, heightened change detection for danger-related stimuli, and enhanced inhibition of impulsive reactions to construction hazards compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the tasks are effective in assessing critical cognitive traits associated with safety awareness and can be scaled for broader application in construction safety management. Practical Applications: Integrating these behavioral tasks into safety training enables construction managers to evaluate workers’ hazard recognition abilities, identify individuals with lower perceptual sensitivity to hazards, and implement targeted interventions.
{"title":"Development and validation of implicit behavioral tests assessing perceptual sensitivity to construction hazards","authors":"Eugene Hwang , Myeongjun Kim , Hyemin Shin , Eunseo Kim , Changbum R. Ahn , Jeongmi Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.06.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.06.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Evaluating construction workers’ ability to recognize hazards is considered one of the most effective strategies for preventing accidents. This study developed and evaluated implicit behavioral tasks designed to measure perceptual sensitivity to danger in construction sites, offering an innovative alternative to conventional explicit knowledge tests. <em>Method:</em> Utilizing attentional blink, change blindness, and go/no-go tasks, the study examined key cognitive processes such as attentional capture, change detection, and response inhibition—essential for hazard recognition in high-risk environments. <em>Result:</em> Results revealed that construction workers demonstrate superior attentional allocation to dangerous objects, heightened change detection for danger-related stimuli, and enhanced inhibition of impulsive reactions to construction hazards compared to the control group. <em>Conclusion:</em> These findings suggest that the tasks are effective in assessing critical cognitive traits associated with safety awareness and can be scaled for broader application in construction safety management. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Integrating these behavioral tasks into safety training enables construction managers to evaluate workers’ hazard recognition abilities, identify individuals with lower perceptual sensitivity to hazards, and implement targeted interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 133-146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.011
Weiqiang Li , Yanhong Fu , Youyou Wu , David C. Schwebel , Ge Lei , Huan Liu , Min Zhao , Tongfei Zhang , Li Li , Peishan Ning , Zhenzhen Rao , Guoqing Hu
Introduction: To compare predictive performances of existing cutoffs developed outside China for four commonly-used fall risk assessment tools and new cutoffs based on a Chinese sample. Method: A 12-month prospective study was conducted between April 2023 and June 2024 in Changsha, China. The Stay Independent Brochure Questionnaire (SIB), Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST), and Time Up and Go Test (TUGT) were included. New cutoffs were developed by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating the largest Youden index. Chi-square test was used to compare predictive performances of new and old cutoffs for the same assessment tools. Results: The study was completed by 1,237 older adults. The new cutoffs for SIB, FES-I, HOME FAST, and TUGT in predicting falls were 3 points, 18 points, 5 points, and 10.6s, respectively, with AUC values ranging from 0.513 (95% CI: 0.485-0.542) for HOME FAST to 0.631 (95% CI: 0.604-0.658) for SIB. For predicting fall-related injuries, the new cutoffs were 3 points for SIB, 26 points for FES-I, 5 points for HOME FAST, and 11.7s for TUGT, with AUC values ranging from 0.530 (95% CI: 0.502-0.558) for HOME FAST to 0.628 (95% CI: 0.601-0.655) for SIB. Compared with the existing cutoffs, the new cutoff values for all tools generally showed significantly improved sensitivities but reduced specificities. Conclusions: The newly-determined cutoffs showed somewhat improved predictive performance over the existing cutoffs in sensitivity, but neither set of cutoffs achieved good predictive performance among older Chinese community-dwellers when the fall risk assessment results were used solely, without supplemental information. Practical Applications: Considering the poor predictive performances of the four commonly-used fall risk assessment tools with either set of cutoffs, we recommend use of the tools along with supplemental information to predict future fall risk among older adults in China.
{"title":"Assessing the cutoffs of four commonly used fall risk assessment tools for old Chinese community-dwellers: A prospective study","authors":"Weiqiang Li , Yanhong Fu , Youyou Wu , David C. Schwebel , Ge Lei , Huan Liu , Min Zhao , Tongfei Zhang , Li Li , Peishan Ning , Zhenzhen Rao , Guoqing Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: To compare predictive performances of existing cutoffs developed outside China for four commonly-used fall risk assessment tools and new cutoffs based on a Chinese sample. <em>Method</em>: A 12-month prospective study was conducted between April 2023 and June 2024 in Changsha, China. The Stay Independent Brochure Questionnaire (SIB), Fall Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST), and Time Up and Go Test (TUGT) were included. New cutoffs were developed by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating the largest Youden index. Chi-square test was used to compare predictive performances of new and old cutoffs for the same assessment tools. <em>Results</em>: The study was completed by 1,237 older adults. The new cutoffs for SIB, FES-I, HOME FAST, and TUGT in predicting falls were 3 points, 18 points, 5 points, and 10.6s, respectively, with AUC values ranging from 0.513 (95% <em>CI</em>: 0.485-0.542) for HOME FAST to 0.631 (95% <em>CI</em>: 0.604-0.658) for SIB. For predicting fall-related injuries, the new cutoffs were 3 points for SIB, 26 points for FES-I, 5 points for HOME FAST, and 11.7s for TUGT, with AUC values ranging from 0.530 (95% <em>CI</em>: 0.502-0.558) for HOME FAST to 0.628 (95% <em>CI</em>: 0.601-0.655) for SIB. Compared with the existing cutoffs, the new cutoff values for all tools generally showed significantly improved sensitivities but reduced specificities. <em>Conclusions</em>: The newly-determined cutoffs showed somewhat improved predictive performance over the existing cutoffs in sensitivity, but neither set of cutoffs achieved good predictive performance among older Chinese community-dwellers when the fall risk assessment results were used solely, without supplemental information. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Considering the poor predictive performances of the four commonly-used fall risk assessment tools with either set of cutoffs, we recommend use of the tools along with supplemental information to predict future fall risk among older adults in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 125-132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.003
Katherine J. Hunzinger , Ricker S. Adkins , Stevie Chen , Thomas Li , Lujie Karen Chen
Introduction: Helmet adoption remains low among skateboarders, but the specific prevalence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to summarize available evidence on helmet-use prevalence among skateboarders. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted using the search terms: skateboard, skateboarding, protective gear, protective equipment, pads, or helmet. Articles were included if they were in English with specific data on helmet use among skateboarders. Articles excluded were those representing reviews or conference abstracts/presentations; or if helmet use prevalence for skateboarders could not be ascertained. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers, with a third resolving disagreements. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: A total of 228 articles were identified, of which only 17 studies (7.5%) met inclusion criteria. Included studies spanned four decades (1992–2023) and covered populations across North America, Australia, and Europe. Helmet use prevalence was consistently low, ranging from 0% to 41.7%, with variations by age, sex, and region. Most studies were of moderate quality (n = 10). Samples were male dominant, with many studies not reporting additional demographics. Barriers to helmet use included comfort and perceived inconvenience. Findings also highlighted worse outcomes for skateboarders without helmets compared to those with helmets. Conclusions: Findings demonstrated a consistently low prevalence of helmet use among skateboarders, despite its established role in reducing head injuries. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health initiatives to promote helmet use and address barriers to adherence. Practical Applications: Public health campaigns and educational programs should focus on increasing awareness of helmet effectiveness while addressing common barriers such as comfort and social norms. Additionally, improvements in helmet design and partnerships with influential skateboarders could help normalize helmet use and encourage adoption within the skateboarding community.
滑板者中头盔的采用率仍然很低，但具体的患病率尚不清楚。本研究的目的是总结现有的关于滑板运动员头盔使用的证据。方法：系统检索PubMed和Web of Science，检索词为：skateboard， skateboarding, protective gear, protective equipment, pads, or helmet。如果文章是英文的，并附有滑板者头盔使用的具体数据，则纳入其中。不包括那些代表综述或会议摘要/报告的文章；或者滑板者头盔使用的流行程度无法确定。数据提取和质量评估由两名审稿人独立完成，第三名审稿人解决分歧。使用纽卡斯尔渥太华质量评估量表评估研究质量。结果：共纳入文献228篇，其中仅17篇（7.5%）符合纳入标准。纳入的研究跨越了40年（1992-2023），覆盖了北美、澳大利亚和欧洲的人口。头盔使用率一直很低，从0%到41.7%不等，因年龄、性别和地区而异。大多数研究质量中等（n = 10）。样本以男性为主，许多研究没有报告额外的人口统计数据。使用头盔的障碍包括舒适和感觉上的不便。研究结果还强调，与戴头盔的滑板运动员相比，不戴头盔的滑板运动员的结果更糟。结论：研究结果表明，尽管头盔在减少头部损伤方面具有既定的作用，但滑板运动员中头盔的使用率一直很低。这些发现强调需要采取有针对性的公共卫生行动，以促进头盔的使用并解决遵守头盔的障碍。实际应用：公共卫生运动和教育项目应侧重于提高人们对头盔有效性的认识，同时解决诸如舒适和社会规范等常见障碍。此外，改进头盔设计和与有影响力的滑板运动员合作可以帮助规范头盔的使用，并鼓励滑板社区采用头盔。
{"title":"Prevalence of helmet use in skateboarders: A systematic review and narrative synthesis","authors":"Katherine J. Hunzinger , Ricker S. Adkins , Stevie Chen , Thomas Li , Lujie Karen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Helmet adoption remains low among skateboarders, but the specific prevalence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to summarize available evidence on helmet-use prevalence among skateboarders. <em>Methods:</em> A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted using the search terms: skateboard, skateboarding, protective gear, protective equipment, pads, or helmet. Articles were included if they were in English with specific data on helmet use among skateboarders. Articles excluded were those representing reviews or conference abstracts/presentations; or if helmet use prevalence for skateboarders could not be ascertained. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers, with a third resolving disagreements. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. <em>Results:</em> A total of 228 articles were identified, of which only 17 studies (7.5%) met inclusion criteria. Included studies spanned four decades (1992–2023) and covered populations across North America, Australia, and Europe. Helmet use prevalence was consistently low, ranging from 0% to 41.7%, with variations by age, sex, and region. Most studies were of moderate quality (n = 10). Samples were male dominant, with many studies not reporting additional demographics. Barriers to helmet use included comfort and perceived inconvenience. Findings also highlighted worse outcomes for skateboarders without helmets compared to those with helmets. <em>Conclusions:</em> Findings demonstrated a consistently low prevalence of helmet use among skateboarders, despite its established role in reducing head injuries. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health initiatives to promote helmet use and address barriers to adherence. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Public health campaigns and educational programs should focus on increasing awareness of helmet effectiveness while addressing common barriers such as comfort and social norms. Additionally, improvements in helmet design and partnerships with influential skateboarders could help normalize helmet use and encourage adoption within the skateboarding community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 117-124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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