While the right to the city has been widely invoked as a global slogan for more just and equitable urban futures, its applicability across different political, social, and cultural contexts requires critical reflection. Rather than accepting the assumptions embedded in the right to the city discourse as given, this paper argues that the presumed universality of political agency and subjectivity underlying these claims must be critically reexamined. Drawing on historical analysis and in-depth interviews with residents and government officials, this paper examines how property regimes and planning systems shape a property-based urban citizenship in which the political subjectivities are formulated in ways that constrain the transformative potential of the right to the city in Seoul, South Korea. The historical analysis traces the evolution of private redevelopment and changing conceptions of property rights, highlighting the emergence of a property-based urban citizenship. Building on this, the interview data illustrate how tenants, property owners, and officials internalize these ideas, shaping distinct political subjectivities that render certain claims and actions invisible. The paper contends that realizing the right to the city requires moving beyond assumptions of universality and engaging with the specific historical and institutional conditions that structure exclusion and resistance. The findings offer insights relevant to cities across the Global East and beyond, where property-based citizenship continues to define the boundaries of urban rights and participation.
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