{"title":"Review of “Aum Shinrikyō and Religious Terrorism in Japanese Collective Memory”","authors":"Thijs van Dooremalen","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135169002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While economic sociology research and theory argue that excessive network embeddedness depresses competition in illegal markets, prior research does not examine how distinct types of embeddedness may have asymmetric effects on the diversity of purchasing behavior—the range of illegal goods that buyers typically purchase. This study considers how network embeddedness can positively or negatively affect drug purchasing diversity in online drug markets by referring buyers to new vendors or “locking” buyers into recurrent trade for the same products. We analyze novel network data on 16,847 illegal drug exchanges between 7205 actors on one online illegal drug market. Consistent with hypothesized network asymmetry, buyers are more likely to purchase a new type of drug when the transaction is part of an indirect network referral. Although histories of exchange increase the overall frequency of drug purchasing, they are associated with decreases in new drug-type purchases. In the aggregate, these processes either contribute to an integrated market where buyers purchase multiple drugs from multiple vendors (in the case of referrals) or a fragmented market characterized by recurrent trade from the same vendors for the same substances (in the case of repeated trade). We discuss the implications of these findings for research on embeddedness, illegal markets, risky exchange, and drug policy.
{"title":"The Asymmetry of Embeddedness: Illegal Trade Networks and Drug Purchasing Diversity on an Online Illegal Drug Market","authors":"Scott W Duxbury, Dana L Haynie","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad134","url":null,"abstract":"While economic sociology research and theory argue that excessive network embeddedness depresses competition in illegal markets, prior research does not examine how distinct types of embeddedness may have asymmetric effects on the diversity of purchasing behavior—the range of illegal goods that buyers typically purchase. This study considers how network embeddedness can positively or negatively affect drug purchasing diversity in online drug markets by referring buyers to new vendors or “locking” buyers into recurrent trade for the same products. We analyze novel network data on 16,847 illegal drug exchanges between 7205 actors on one online illegal drug market. Consistent with hypothesized network asymmetry, buyers are more likely to purchase a new type of drug when the transaction is part of an indirect network referral. Although histories of exchange increase the overall frequency of drug purchasing, they are associated with decreases in new drug-type purchases. In the aggregate, these processes either contribute to an integrated market where buyers purchase multiple drugs from multiple vendors (in the case of referrals) or a fragmented market characterized by recurrent trade from the same vendors for the same substances (in the case of repeated trade). We discuss the implications of these findings for research on embeddedness, illegal markets, risky exchange, and drug policy.","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Review of Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States Get access Review of Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States By William J. Scarborough Temple University Press, 2023, pages 256, Prices (cloth and paper): $104.50 (hardcover); $34.95 (paperback), https://tupress.temple.edu/books/gendered-places Amy S Wharton Amy S Wharton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad138, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad138 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 13 September 2023 Accepted: 18 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023
{"title":"Review of Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States","authors":"Amy S Wharton","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad138","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Review of Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States Get access Review of Gendered Places: The Landscape of Local Gender Norms Across the United States By William J. Scarborough Temple University Press, 2023, pages 256, Prices (cloth and paper): $104.50 (hardcover); $34.95 (paperback), https://tupress.temple.edu/books/gendered-places Amy S Wharton Amy S Wharton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad138, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad138 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 13 September 2023 Accepted: 18 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Review of “Unsustainable: Amazon, Warehousing, and the Politics of Exploitation” Get access Review of “Unsustainable: Amazon, Warehousing, and the Politics of Exploitation” By Juliann Emmons Allison and Ellen Reese University of California Press, 2023. 356 pages. Prices (cloth and paper): $29.95 & $85.00. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520388383/unsustainable Steven P Vallas Steven P Vallas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad136, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad136 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 13 September 2023 Accepted: 14 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023
《不可持续:亚马逊、仓储和剥削政治》的期刊文章评论，参见《不可持续:亚马逊、仓储和剥削政治》的评论，作者:Juliann Emmons Allison和Ellen Reese，加州大学出版社，2023年。356页。价格(布和纸):$29.95 & $85.00。https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520388383/unsustainable Steven P Vallas Steven P Vallas搜索作者的其他作品:牛津学术谷歌学者社会力量，soad136, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad136发布:2023年10月19日文章历史接收:2023年9月13日接收:2023年9月14日发布:2023年10月19日
{"title":"Review of “Unsustainable: Amazon, Warehousing, and the Politics of Exploitation”","authors":"Steven P Vallas","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad136","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Review of “Unsustainable: Amazon, Warehousing, and the Politics of Exploitation” Get access Review of “Unsustainable: Amazon, Warehousing, and the Politics of Exploitation” By Juliann Emmons Allison and Ellen Reese University of California Press, 2023. 356 pages. Prices (cloth and paper): $29.95 & $85.00. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520388383/unsustainable Steven P Vallas Steven P Vallas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad136, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad136 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 13 September 2023 Accepted: 14 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Review of “The Struggle for the People’s King: How Politics Transforms the Memory of the Civil Rights Movement” Get access Review of “The Struggle for the People’s King: How Politics Transforms the Memory of the Civil Rights Movement” By Hajar Yazdiha Princeton University Press, 2023. 286 pages. Prices (cloth and paper): $95.00 (hardcover); $29.95 (paperback). https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691246475/the-struggle-for-the-peoples-king Rory McVeigh Rory McVeigh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad135, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad135 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 08 September 2023 Accepted: 14 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023
{"title":"Review of “The Struggle for the People’s King: How Politics Transforms the Memory of the Civil Rights Movement”","authors":"Rory McVeigh","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad135","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Review of “The Struggle for the People’s King: How Politics Transforms the Memory of the Civil Rights Movement” Get access Review of “The Struggle for the People’s King: How Politics Transforms the Memory of the Civil Rights Movement” By Hajar Yazdiha Princeton University Press, 2023. 286 pages. Prices (cloth and paper): $95.00 (hardcover); $29.95 (paperback). https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691246475/the-struggle-for-the-peoples-king Rory McVeigh Rory McVeigh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad135, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad135 Published: 19 October 2023 Article history Received: 08 September 2023 Accepted: 14 September 2023 Published: 19 October 2023","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces fiscal impoverishment as a framework for comparative poverty research. We invert standard analyses of welfare state policy and household poverty by focusing not on poverty alleviation but poverty creation and exacerbation. Using harmonized household survey data, we show how the income and payroll taxes most rich countries rely on to finance the public sector serve to push households (further) into poverty. We estimate that across rich democracies on average about one in four households in poverty are made poorer on net after taxes and transfers; with fiscal impoverishment levels ranging from <10% in some countries to more than 70% in others, revealing extreme cross-national variation in how the pocketbooks of poor households are impacted by national tax and transfer policy. We go on to show that fiscal impoverishment does not track with standard measures of welfare state generosity but is instead largely determined by design of income tax systems, particularly a country’s relative reliance on (regressive) payroll taxes versus (progressive) income taxes. We consider the implications of fiscal impoverishment for assessing welfare state performance and for comparative poverty research.
{"title":"Fiscal Impoverishment in Rich Democracies","authors":"Manuel Schechtl, Rourke L O’Brien","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad133","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces fiscal impoverishment as a framework for comparative poverty research. We invert standard analyses of welfare state policy and household poverty by focusing not on poverty alleviation but poverty creation and exacerbation. Using harmonized household survey data, we show how the income and payroll taxes most rich countries rely on to finance the public sector serve to push households (further) into poverty. We estimate that across rich democracies on average about one in four households in poverty are made poorer on net after taxes and transfers; with fiscal impoverishment levels ranging from &lt;10% in some countries to more than 70% in others, revealing extreme cross-national variation in how the pocketbooks of poor households are impacted by national tax and transfer policy. We go on to show that fiscal impoverishment does not track with standard measures of welfare state generosity but is instead largely determined by design of income tax systems, particularly a country’s relative reliance on (regressive) payroll taxes versus (progressive) income taxes. We consider the implications of fiscal impoverishment for assessing welfare state performance and for comparative poverty research.","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose that volunteering increases the likelihood of self-employment among young adults because volunteering improves self-esteem, which helps prospective entrepreneurs cope with the challenges associated with self-employment. We further predict that young adults who participate in diverse voluntary organizations are particularly likely to undertake self-employment because affiliations with diverse organizations not only enhance the social-psychological benefits of self-employment but also buffer the potential loss of a source of self-esteem caused by the discontinuation of a voluntary organization. Analysis of the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 35,228) supports our hypotheses. Our study highlights that a better-developed self through volunteering benefits the agentic action of entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Volunteering in the Creation of Entrepreneurship","authors":"Dali Ma, Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad132","url":null,"abstract":"We propose that volunteering increases the likelihood of self-employment among young adults because volunteering improves self-esteem, which helps prospective entrepreneurs cope with the challenges associated with self-employment. We further predict that young adults who participate in diverse voluntary organizations are particularly likely to undertake self-employment because affiliations with diverse organizations not only enhance the social-psychological benefits of self-employment but also buffer the potential loss of a source of self-esteem caused by the discontinuation of a voluntary organization. Analysis of the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 35,228) supports our hypotheses. Our study highlights that a better-developed self through volunteering benefits the agentic action of entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian Rubineau, Shinwon Noh, Michael A Neblo, David M J Lazer
Peers influence students’ academic decisions and outcomes. For example, several studies with strong claims to causality demonstrate that peers affect the choice of and persistence in majors. One remaining issue, however, has stymied efforts to translate this evidence into actionable interventions: the literature has not grappled adequately with the fact that in natural settings, students typically select most of their peers. The bulk of causal evidence for peer influence comes from exogenously assigned peers (e.g., roommates) because peer effects are easier to identify in such cases. However, students do not form their most important ties for the convenience of scientific inference. In order to link theory and practice, we need to understand which peers are influential. We employ longitudinal, multiplex network data on students’ choices of and persistence in their majors from 1260 students across 14 universities to identify likely causal pathways of peer influence via self-selected peers. We introduce time-reversed analysis as a novel tool for addressing some selection concerns in network influence studies. We find that peers with whom a student reports merely spending time, rather than—e.g., close friends, study partners, esteemed peers—consistently and potently influence their college major choice.
{"title":"Pathways of Peer Influence on Major Choice","authors":"Brian Rubineau, Shinwon Noh, Michael A Neblo, David M J Lazer","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad129","url":null,"abstract":"Peers influence students’ academic decisions and outcomes. For example, several studies with strong claims to causality demonstrate that peers affect the choice of and persistence in majors. One remaining issue, however, has stymied efforts to translate this evidence into actionable interventions: the literature has not grappled adequately with the fact that in natural settings, students typically select most of their peers. The bulk of causal evidence for peer influence comes from exogenously assigned peers (e.g., roommates) because peer effects are easier to identify in such cases. However, students do not form their most important ties for the convenience of scientific inference. In order to link theory and practice, we need to understand which peers are influential. We employ longitudinal, multiplex network data on students’ choices of and persistence in their majors from 1260 students across 14 universities to identify likely causal pathways of peer influence via self-selected peers. We introduce time-reversed analysis as a novel tool for addressing some selection concerns in network influence studies. We find that peers with whom a student reports merely spending time, rather than—e.g., close friends, study partners, esteemed peers—consistently and potently influence their college major choice.","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"10 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been extensively debated over whether the rise of flexible working arrangements (FWAs) may be an “opportunity” for a more egalitarian gender division of household labor or reinforce the “exploitation” of women in the traditional gender division. Drawing on a linked-lives perspective, this study contributes to the literature by using longitudinal couple-level dyadic data in the UK (2010–2020) to examine how couple-level arrangements of flexible working affect within-couple inequality in time and different types of household labor. The results show that among heterosexual couples, women’s use of FWAs significantly intensifies their disproportionate share of housework and maintains their heavy childcare burden regardless of whether their husbands use FWAs. In contrast, men’s use of FWAs does not change the unequal gendered division of housework and childcare, even when their wives do not use any FWAs. These patterns of intensified gender inequalities are more pronounced in routine housework tasks (e.g., cooking, washing, and cleaning), and among the reduced hours and teleworking arrangements. Overall, rather than providing an “opportunity” for a more egalitarian division of household labor, the use of FWAs maintains or even exacerbates the “exploitation” of women under the existing traditional gender norms.
{"title":"Opportunity or Exploitation? A Longitudinal Dyadic Analysis of Flexible Working Arrangements and Gender Household Labor Inequality","authors":"Senhu Wang, Cheng Cheng","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad125","url":null,"abstract":"It has been extensively debated over whether the rise of flexible working arrangements (FWAs) may be an “opportunity” for a more egalitarian gender division of household labor or reinforce the “exploitation” of women in the traditional gender division. Drawing on a linked-lives perspective, this study contributes to the literature by using longitudinal couple-level dyadic data in the UK (2010–2020) to examine how couple-level arrangements of flexible working affect within-couple inequality in time and different types of household labor. The results show that among heterosexual couples, women’s use of FWAs significantly intensifies their disproportionate share of housework and maintains their heavy childcare burden regardless of whether their husbands use FWAs. In contrast, men’s use of FWAs does not change the unequal gendered division of housework and childcare, even when their wives do not use any FWAs. These patterns of intensified gender inequalities are more pronounced in routine housework tasks (e.g., cooking, washing, and cleaning), and among the reduced hours and teleworking arrangements. Overall, rather than providing an “opportunity” for a more egalitarian division of household labor, the use of FWAs maintains or even exacerbates the “exploitation” of women under the existing traditional gender norms.","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"10 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Review of “Migration, Health, and Inequalities: Critical Activist Research Across Ecuadorean Borders” Get access Review of “Migration, Health, and Inequalities: Critical Activist Research Across Ecuadorean Borders” Roberta Villalón Bristol University Press, 2022, 268 pages, $139.95 (hardback). https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/inequalities-migration-and-health. Heather Randell Heather Randell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad122, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad122 Published: 02 October 2023 Article history Received: 04 August 2023 Revision received: 04 August 2023 Accepted: 05 September 2023 Published: 02 October 2023
{"title":"Review of “Migration, Health, and Inequalities: Critical Activist Research Across Ecuadorean Borders”","authors":"Heather Randell","doi":"10.1093/sf/soad122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad122","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Review of “Migration, Health, and Inequalities: Critical Activist Research Across Ecuadorean Borders” Get access Review of “Migration, Health, and Inequalities: Critical Activist Research Across Ecuadorean Borders” Roberta Villalón Bristol University Press, 2022, 268 pages, $139.95 (hardback). https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/inequalities-migration-and-health. Heather Randell Heather Randell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, soad122, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad122 Published: 02 October 2023 Article history Received: 04 August 2023 Revision received: 04 August 2023 Accepted: 05 September 2023 Published: 02 October 2023","PeriodicalId":48400,"journal":{"name":"Social Forces","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135900260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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