Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103611
Vishan Gandhi Nigam , Brandon Joel Tan
This paper measures reliability – whether firms execute transactions on-schedule – for the universe of Rwandan formal firms using transaction timing data and describes the characteristics of reliable firms. Reliable firms have larger interfirm sales, export more, supply exporters and multinationals, and transact with other reliable firms. Reliable firms are less sensitive to supply chain disruptions. Supplying an MNC increases seller reliability even when servicing non-MNC buyers.
{"title":"Unreliable firms: Evidence from Rwanda","authors":"Vishan Gandhi Nigam , Brandon Joel Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper measures <em>reliability</em> – whether firms execute transactions on-schedule – for the universe of Rwandan formal firms using transaction timing data and describes the characteristics of reliable firms. Reliable firms have larger interfirm sales, export more, supply exporters and multinationals, and transact with other reliable firms. Reliable firms are less sensitive to supply chain disruptions. Supplying an MNC increases seller reliability even when servicing non-MNC buyers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103627
Amory Gethin
Traditional inequality statistics focus on disposable income, ignoring households’ consumption of public services. This article provides novel evidence on the distributional incidence of public goods, combining budget data with rich microdata in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Redistribution through public services is large and has considerably grown. The poorest 50% consume 60% of public education, 50% of healthcare, 40% of police and local government services, and only 7% of transport infrastructure. In-kind transfers received by the poorest 50% are three times larger than cash transfers and can account for half of real income growth among this group since 1993. These results have major implications for recent debates on inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic growth: existing methods underestimate the rise of redistribution by 60%.
{"title":"Who benefits from public services? Novel evidence and implications for inequality measurement","authors":"Amory Gethin","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional inequality statistics focus on disposable income, ignoring households’ consumption of public services. This article provides novel evidence on the distributional incidence of public goods, combining budget data with rich microdata in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Redistribution through public services is large and has considerably grown. The poorest 50% consume 60% of public education, 50% of healthcare, 40% of police and local government services, and only 7% of transport infrastructure. In-kind transfers received by the poorest 50% are three times larger than cash transfers and can account for half of real income growth among this group since 1993. These results have major implications for recent debates on inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic growth: existing methods underestimate the rise of redistribution by 60%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103641
Shenggang Ren , Li Zhao , Peng Zhang , Caiquan Bai
Many countries face challenges due to the geographical mismatch of energy supply and demand. Traditional high-voltage transmission systems have limited capacity to meet the rising need for transregional electricity transfer. China's recently developed ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission system presents a promising solution. This study quantifies the pollution reduction effects of UHV transmission using firm-level data on emissions and energy consumption. Employing a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) design that accounts for regional heterogeneity, we find that the operation of UHV lines reduces firms' total SO2 emissions by 16.8 % on average and emission intensity by 17.1 %. Mechanism analysis indicates that the UHV system provides low-cost and stable electricity, facilitating electrification in power importing areas. It also boosts hydropower generation in power exporting areas, displacing thermal power in power importing areas. Welfare analysis shows that incorporating environmental benefits reduces the investment payback period of UHV projects from 28 years to 5 years at a 2.5 % discount rate. These findings contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of transregional electricity infrastructure, particularly in developing economies where grid modernization is a key energy policy goal.
{"title":"Pollution reduction effects of new transregional power transmission systems: Evidence from ultra-high-voltage projects of China","authors":"Shenggang Ren , Li Zhao , Peng Zhang , Caiquan Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many countries face challenges due to the geographical mismatch of energy supply and demand. Traditional high-voltage transmission systems have limited capacity to meet the rising need for transregional electricity transfer. China's recently developed ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission system presents a promising solution. This study quantifies the pollution reduction effects of UHV transmission using firm-level data on emissions and energy consumption. Employing a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) design that accounts for regional heterogeneity, we find that the operation of UHV lines reduces firms' total SO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 16.8 % on average and emission intensity by 17.1 %. Mechanism analysis indicates that the UHV system provides low-cost and stable electricity, facilitating electrification in power importing areas. It also boosts hydropower generation in power exporting areas, displacing thermal power in power importing areas. Welfare analysis shows that incorporating environmental benefits reduces the investment payback period of UHV projects from 28 years to 5 years at a 2.5 % discount rate. These findings contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of transregional electricity infrastructure, particularly in developing economies where grid modernization is a key energy policy goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103597
Jamie Hansen-Lewis
I analyze the impact of air pollution on manufacturing productivity in India, examining how technology and adaptation influence the damages. Using firm panel and satellite-derived pollution data, I estimate the effect of pollution on productivity, with wind velocity serving as an instrument for air pollution. While sensitivity is detected among labor-intensive industries, no meaningful average effect is found. To explain these patterns, I present a model showing that firms adapt by lowering output to mitigate pollution damages and that industries’ production technology contributes to heterogeneity. Applying the model, I estimate that a one standard deviation increase in the labor intensity of production technology results in a 0.6 percentage point greater negative impact of pollution on productivity. The findings imply that the damages of pollution to profits are twice as high among adversely affected industries than the average and four times higher when inputs remain fixed relative to when they adapt.
{"title":"Air pollution and manufacturing productivity: Understanding the roles of technology and adaptation","authors":"Jamie Hansen-Lewis","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>I analyze the impact of air pollution on manufacturing productivity in India, examining how technology and adaptation influence the damages. Using firm panel and satellite-derived pollution data, I estimate the effect of pollution on productivity, with wind velocity serving as an instrument for air pollution. While sensitivity is detected among labor-intensive industries, no meaningful average effect is found. To explain these patterns, I present a model showing that firms adapt by lowering output to mitigate pollution damages and that industries’ production technology contributes to heterogeneity. Applying the model, I estimate that a one standard deviation increase in the labor intensity of production technology results in a 0.6 percentage point greater negative impact of pollution on productivity. The findings imply that the damages of pollution to profits are twice as high among adversely affected industries than the average and four times higher when inputs remain fixed relative to when they adapt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103623
David H. Buller, Marieke Kleemans
We study the effects of internal migration in Indonesia on labor market outcomes of non-migrants in origin areas. To address endogeneity of the decision to migrate, we instrument emigration rates with shift-share labor demand shocks in destination areas interacted with historical migration patterns. Using detailed longitudinal data from over 36,000 individuals, whom we observe over a 27-year period, we find that a one percentage point increase in the emigration rate leads to a 3.42% increase in hourly income for those who stay in origin areas. Given the high degree of informality in Indonesia, we then look separately at effects for formal- and informal-sector workers. In line with a dual-sector labor market model, we find that employment effects are concentrated in the formal sector and income effects are most pronounced in the informal sector. Even though emigrants tend to be higher-educated, lower-educated non-migrants benefit the most as they switch to formal sector work and benefit from higher earnings in the informal sector.
{"title":"Effects of emigration on labor markets in migrant origin areas: Evidence from internal migration in Indonesia","authors":"David H. Buller, Marieke Kleemans","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the effects of internal migration in Indonesia on labor market outcomes of non-migrants in origin areas. To address endogeneity of the decision to migrate, we instrument emigration rates with shift-share labor demand shocks in destination areas interacted with historical migration patterns. Using detailed longitudinal data from over 36,000 individuals, whom we observe over a 27-year period, we find that a one percentage point increase in the emigration rate leads to a 3.42% increase in hourly income for those who stay in origin areas. Given the high degree of informality in Indonesia, we then look separately at effects for formal- and informal-sector workers. In line with a dual-sector labor market model, we find that employment effects are concentrated in the formal sector and income effects are most pronounced in the informal sector. Even though emigrants tend to be higher-educated, lower-educated non-migrants benefit the most as they switch to formal sector work and benefit from higher earnings in the informal sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103631
Yue Li , Jing Zhao
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of China's regional carbon markets, which in 2018 covered 692 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, over 40 % of the coverage of the European Union's ETS. Utilizing a comprehensive city-level panel and synthetic difference-in-differences estimation, we find that China's regional ETSs significantly reduced carbon emissions without negatively impacting city-level economic activities, as measured by nighttime lights and firm-level revenue and profit. This suggests that carbon mitigation can occur alongside economic growth. Emissions reduction was achieved through broad structural transformation and green technologies adoption, rather than green innovation. Effects are more pronounced in regions with greater power sector competition and stronger local state capacity. Finally, we find no evidence of carbon leakage to neighboring areas or to cities with close production ties to ETS cities.
{"title":"The effectiveness of carbon emission trading system: Evidence from China's regional markets","authors":"Yue Li , Jing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper evaluates the effectiveness of China's regional carbon markets, which in 2018 covered 692 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, over 40 % of the coverage of the European Union's ETS. Utilizing a comprehensive city-level panel and synthetic difference-in-differences estimation, we find that China's regional ETSs significantly reduced carbon emissions without negatively impacting city-level economic activities, as measured by nighttime lights and firm-level revenue and profit. This suggests that carbon mitigation can occur alongside economic growth. Emissions reduction was achieved through broad structural transformation and green technologies adoption, rather than green innovation. Effects are more pronounced in regions with greater power sector competition and stronger local state capacity. Finally, we find no evidence of carbon leakage to neighboring areas or to cities with close production ties to ETS cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103631"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103626
Juliana Jaramillo-Echeverri , Andrés Álvarez
We examine the deep historical roots of contemporary disparities in access to high-quality education in Colombia. Using rare surnames to follow lineages of ethnic minorities and elites from the colonial era to the early 20th century, we analyze whether ancestry predicts access to educational institutions. Our findings reveal strong correlations: Students with Afro-Colombian or Indigenous surnames are less likely to be enrolled in high-quality schools and more likely to be attending low-quality schools, while those with elite surnames show the opposite pattern. Although we observe regression to the mean for some historical elites, privileged access to education holds over time for persistent elites. We explore assortative mating as a mechanism behind this persistence in inequality of opportunity. We find that marriage patterns differ significantly between attendees of high- and low-quality schools, with homogamy reinforcing educational disparities. These results demonstrate the enduring influence of past-rooted hierarchies on contemporary educational inequality in one of Latin America’s most unequal countries.
{"title":"Does ancestry shape access to education? Evidence from surnames in Colombia","authors":"Juliana Jaramillo-Echeverri , Andrés Álvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the deep historical roots of contemporary disparities in access to high-quality education in Colombia. Using rare surnames to follow lineages of ethnic minorities and elites from the colonial era to the early 20th century, we analyze whether ancestry predicts access to educational institutions. Our findings reveal strong correlations: Students with Afro-Colombian or Indigenous surnames are less likely to be enrolled in high-quality schools and more likely to be attending low-quality schools, while those with elite surnames show the opposite pattern. Although we observe regression to the mean for some historical elites, privileged access to education holds over time for persistent elites. We explore assortative mating as a mechanism behind this persistence in inequality of opportunity. We find that marriage patterns differ significantly between attendees of high- and low-quality schools, with homogamy reinforcing educational disparities. These results demonstrate the enduring influence of past-rooted hierarchies on contemporary educational inequality in one of Latin America’s most unequal countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103626"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103613
Seollee Park , Hyuncheol Bryant Kim
While many of the world’s poor consume inadequate calories with low nutritional value, there has been little work on how this may shape their behaviors and productivity. Using lab-in-the-field and field experiments in the context of a floriculture plant in Ethiopia, this study investigates the effects of a nutrition support program on behavioral outcomes—stress, prosociality, cooperation, and attention—and productivity. We find that nutrition support relieves stress and decreases prosociality, exhibiting a pattern of hedonic adaptation over time. We do not find evidence for improvements in labor productivity.
{"title":"The effects of nutrition support on behavioral outcomes and labor productivity","authors":"Seollee Park , Hyuncheol Bryant Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While many of the world’s poor consume inadequate calories with low nutritional value, there has been little work on how this may shape their behaviors and productivity. Using lab-in-the-field and field experiments in the context of a floriculture plant in Ethiopia, this study investigates the effects of a nutrition support program on behavioral outcomes—stress, prosociality, cooperation, and attention—and productivity. We find that nutrition support relieves stress and decreases prosociality, exhibiting a pattern of hedonic adaptation over time. We do not find evidence for improvements in labor productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103618
Yutong Chen
Digitalization can increase firm productivity, but in developing countries with labor market frictions, not all firms are able to capitalize on digitalization opportunities. This study uses data from India – where a demonetization policy led to a large increase in digital payments – to examine the impacts of digitalization on firms across sectors in a developing country in the short run. I find that service firms experienced growth in income and productivity while manufacturing firms witnessed a decline. I then explore the mechanisms driving this divergence. The results show that service firms invested more in information and communications technology (ICT) capital and hired more complementary skilled ICT labor, whereas manufacturing firms did not. Notably, this influx of skilled ICT workers into the service sector was drawn from the manufacturing sector due to limited spatial labor mobility. During this period, wages for ICT labor were driven up while remaining stagnant for other workers. These findings underscore how digitalization, in the presence of labor market constraints, can exacerbate short-term sectoral divergence in productivity growth and shed light on its impacts on the growth trajectories of developing countries.
{"title":"Digitalization as a double-edged sword: Winning services and losing manufacturing in India","authors":"Yutong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digitalization can increase firm productivity, but in developing countries with labor market frictions, not all firms are able to capitalize on digitalization opportunities. This study uses data from India – where a demonetization policy led to a large increase in digital payments – to examine the impacts of digitalization on firms across sectors in a developing country in the short run. I find that service firms experienced growth in income and productivity while manufacturing firms witnessed a decline. I then explore the mechanisms driving this divergence. The results show that service firms invested more in information and communications technology (ICT) capital and hired more complementary skilled ICT labor, whereas manufacturing firms did not. Notably, this influx of skilled ICT workers into the service sector was drawn from the manufacturing sector due to limited spatial labor mobility. During this period, wages for ICT labor were driven up while remaining stagnant for other workers. These findings underscore how digitalization, in the presence of labor market constraints, can exacerbate short-term sectoral divergence in productivity growth and shed light on its impacts on the growth trajectories of developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103618"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103628
Jianyong Fan , Wei Tang , Feng Zhang
This paper examines the long-term impact of universities on local industrial development by leveraging a large-scale department relocation program in China during the 1950s, which reassigned more than two thirds of all university departments nationwide. While these relocations had limited influence under the planned economy, their impact became increasingly pronounced after China's economic liberalization in 1978. Our findings reveal substantial effects on total employment, firm numbers, and productivity in industries technologically related to the relocated departments. Importantly, these effects intensified over time, in sharp contrast to contemporaneous place-based policies that primarily redistributed physical capital. We highlight direct knowledge spillovers and the formation of industry-specific local talent pool as two underlying mechanisms driving the relocation effects.
{"title":"Persistent effects of universities on local industrial growth: Evidence from China's policy-induced college relocation in the 1950s","authors":"Jianyong Fan , Wei Tang , Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the long-term impact of universities on local industrial development by leveraging a large-scale department relocation program in China during the 1950s, which reassigned more than two thirds of all university departments nationwide. While these relocations had limited influence under the planned economy, their impact became increasingly pronounced after China's economic liberalization in 1978. Our findings reveal substantial effects on total employment, firm numbers, and productivity in industries technologically related to the relocated departments. Importantly, these effects intensified over time, in sharp contrast to contemporaneous place-based policies that primarily redistributed physical capital. We highlight direct knowledge spillovers and the formation of industry-specific local talent pool as two underlying mechanisms driving the relocation effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48418,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Economics","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 103628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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