Cognition最新文献_第9页

Quantity discrimination in 9 ungulate species: Individuals take item number and size into account to discriminate quantities 9 种有蹄类动物的数量判别：个体在区分数量时会考虑物品的数量和大小

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105979

Alina Schaffer , Alvaro L. Caicoya , Anja Widdig , Ruben Holland , Federica Amici

The ability to discriminate quantities is crucial for humans and other animals, by allowing individuals to maximize food intake and successfully navigate in their social environment. Here, we used a comprehensive approach to compare quantity discrimination abilities (i.e. ability to compare sets with different quantities of identical items, reliance on item size and spatial distribution, existence of irrational biases) in 9 different species of ungulates and provide novel insight into the socio-ecological conditions that might favor their emergence. We tested a total of 37 captive subjects including goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe), Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi), Chapman's zebras (Equus burchelli chapmanni), rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli), giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), bison (Bison bonasus) and buffalos (Syncerus caffer nanus). Our results revealed that subjects were able to discriminate quantities when presented with two sets of food items that could differ in number, size and partially density. When presented with sets containing a different number of identical food items, subjects successfully selected the set with more items, with performance overall decreasing when sets had higher ratios (e.g., 1:3 vs 1:5). In addition, subjects could successfully maximize their food intake when both sets had the same number of items, but items had different sizes. However, performance decreased at chance levels when varying both the number of items and their size or distribution. Giraffes performed better than other species in most conditions, and we found no evidence for an irrational bias toward sets with more, smaller items or denser distributions. Overall, our study provides a first comparative assessment of quantity discrimination skills in several ungulate species.

数量辨别能力对人类和其他动物至关重要，它能使个体最大限度地摄取食物，并成功地在社会环境中游刃有余。在这里，我们采用了一种综合方法来比较 9 种不同蹄类动物的数量辨别能力（即比较具有不同数量相同物品的集合的能力、对物品大小和空间分布的依赖性、是否存在非理性偏差），并对可能有利于其出现的社会生态条件提供了新的见解。我们一共测试了 37 个圈养对象，包括山羊（Capra aegagrus hircus）、骆马（Lama glama）、羚牛（Lama guanicoe）、格瑞斑马（Equus grevyi）和查普曼斑马（Chapman's zebras）、查普曼斑马（Equus burchelli chapmanni）、犀牛（Diceros bicornis michaeli）、长颈鹿（Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi）、野牛（Bison bonasus）和水牛（Syncerus caffer nanus）。我们的研究结果表明，当两组食物的数量、大小和部分密度不同时，受试者能够区分数量。当一组食物中含有不同数量的相同食物时，受试者会成功地选择含有较多食物的一组，而当两组食物的比例较高时（如 1:3 与 1:5），受试者的整体表现会下降。此外，当两组食物的数量相同，但大小不同时，受试者也能成功地将食物摄入量最大化。然而，当物品数量、大小或分布都不同时，受试者的表现就会下降到偶然水平。在大多数情况下，长颈鹿的表现都优于其他物种，而且我们没有发现任何证据表明长颈鹿会不合理地偏向于选择物品数量更多、更小或分布更密集的食物组。总之，我们的研究首次对几种蹄类动物的数量辨别能力进行了比较评估。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the concreteness effect: Non-arbitrary mappings between form and concreteness of English words influence lexical processing 重新审视具体性效应：英语单词的形式和具体程度之间的非任意映射影响词汇加工。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105972

Elaine Kearney , Katie L. McMahon , Frank Guenther , Joanne Arciuli , Greig I. de Zubicaray

How do we represent and process abstract and concrete concepts? The “concreteness effect”, in which words with more concrete meanings are processed more quickly and accurately across a range of language tasks compared to abstract ones, suggests a differential conceptual organization of these words in the brain. However, concrete words tend to be marked by specific phonotactic features, such as having fewer syllables and more phonological neighbours. It is unclear whether these non-arbitrary form-meaning relationships that systematically denote the concreteness of a word impact language processing. In the current study, we first establish the extent of systematic mappings between phonological/phonetic features and concreteness ratings in a large set of monosyllabic and polysyllabic English words (i.e., concreteness form typicality), then demonstrate that they significantly influence lexical processing using behavioural megastudy datasets. Surface form features predicted a significant proportion of variance in concreteness ratings of monomorphemic words (25 %) which increased with the addition of polymorphemic forms (43 %). In addition, concreteness form typicality was a significant predictor of performance on visual and auditory lexical decision, naming, and semantic (concrete/abstract) decision tasks, after controlling for a range of psycholinguistic variables and concreteness ratings. Overall, our results provide the first evidence that concreteness form typicality influences lexical processing. We discuss theoretical implications for interpretations of the concreteness effect and models of language processing that have yet to incorporate non-arbitrary relationships between form and meaning into their feature sets.

我们如何表示和处理抽象和具体概念？具体词义效应 "表明，在一系列语言任务中，具体词义的词语比抽象词义的词语处理得更快、更准确。然而，具体词语往往具有特定的语音战术特征，如音节较少、音素邻接较多。目前还不清楚这些非任意性的形义关系是否会对语言加工产生影响。在本研究中，我们首先在一大批单音节和多音节英语单词中建立了语音/音素特征与具体程度评级之间的系统映射关系（即具体程度形式典型性），然后利用行为大研究数据集证明了它们对词汇加工的显著影响。表面形式特征预示了单音节词具体词性评分的很大一部分差异（25%），而随着多音节形式的增加，这一比例也随之增加（43%）。此外，在控制了一系列心理语言学变量和具体词性评分之后，具体词性形式的典型性对视觉和听觉词汇决策、命名和语义（具体/抽象）决策任务的成绩有显著的预测作用。总之，我们的研究结果首次证明了具体形式的典型性会影响词汇加工。我们讨论了对具体性效应的解释和语言加工模型的理论意义，这些模型尚未将形式和意义之间的非任意关系纳入其特征集。

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引用次数: 0

Domain-specific updating of metacognitive self-beliefs 元认知自我信念的特定领域更新。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105965

Kelly Hoogervorst , Leah Banellis , Micah G. Allen

Metacognitive self-monitoring is thought to be largely domain-general, with numerous prior studies providing evidence of a metacognitive g-factor. The observation of shared inter-individual variance across different measures of metacognition does not however preclude the possibility that some aspects may nevertheless be domain-specific. In particular, it is unknown the degree to which explicit metacognitive beliefs regarding one's own abilities may exhibit domain generality. Similarly, little is known about how such prior self-beliefs are maintained and updated in the face of new metacognitive experiences. In this study of 330 healthy individuals, we explored metacognitive belief updating across memory, visual, and general knowledge domains spanning nutritional and socioeconomic facts. We find that across all domains, participants strongly reduced their self-belief (i.e., expressed less confidence in their abilities) after completing a multi-domain metacognition test battery. Using psychological network and cross-correlation analyses, we further found that while metacognitive confidence exhibited strong domain generality, metacognitive belief updating was highly domain-specific, such that participants shifted their confidence specifically according to their performance on each domain. Overall, our findings suggest that metacognitive experiences prompt a shift in self-priors from a more general to a more specific focus.

元认知自我监控被认为在很大程度上具有领域通用性，之前的许多研究都提供了元认知 g 因子的证据。然而，在元认知的不同测量中观察到共同的个体间差异，并不排除某些方面可能是特定领域的。特别是，人们还不知道对自身能力的明确元认知信念在多大程度上会表现出领域普遍性。同样，人们对这种先前的自我信念在面对新的元认知经验时是如何保持和更新的也知之甚少。在这项对 330 名健康人进行的研究中，我们探讨了元认知信念在记忆、视觉和常识领域的更新情况，这些领域涵盖了营养和社会经济事实。我们发现，在所有领域中，参与者在完成多领域元认知测试后都会强烈地降低自我信念（即对自己的能力表示信心不足）。通过心理网络和交叉相关分析，我们进一步发现，虽然元认知信心表现出很强的领域普遍性，但元认知信念的更新却具有很强的领域特异性，因此，参与者会根据他们在每个领域的表现来改变他们的信心。总之，我们的研究结果表明，元认知经验会促使自我先验从更普遍的关注转向更具体的关注。

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引用次数: 0

Emotion in action: A study on the enactment effect on emotional action sentences 行动中的情感：关于情感动作句子颁布效应的研究。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105974

Silvia Serino, Rossana Actis-Grosso, Marta Maisto, Paola Ricciardelli, Patrizia Steca

While abundant literature suggests that both performing congruent actions and emotional stimuli can enhance memory, their combined impact on memory for action phrases remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of enactment with emotionally charged stimuli on memory performance. Sixty participants encoded action sentences with negative, neutral, or positive emotional connotations using either enactment or verbal-reading methods. Memory performance was assessed through immediate free recall tasks and a delayed yes-no recognition task. Results demonstrated a significant memory advantage for action-enacted sentences compared to verbal reading in recall and recognition tasks. Moreover, recall accuracy was higher for negative action sentences, while recognition performance was enhanced for negative and positive sentences. No interaction was found between encoding type and emotional connotation in memory tasks. Our findings revealed that both enactment and valence independently enhance memory performance, extending the benefits of enactment to emotional stimuli. Furthermore, our results highlight the differential effects of valence on free recall and recognition tasks, suggesting task-specific processes related to memory for negative and positive stimuli.

虽然大量文献表明，做出一致的动作和情绪刺激都能增强记忆，但它们对动作短语记忆的综合影响仍未得到充分探讨。本研究调查了带有情绪刺激的行为对记忆表现的影响。60 名受试者分别采用表演法或口头阅读法对带有消极、中性或积极情绪内涵的动作句子进行了编码。记忆表现通过即时自由回忆任务和延迟是非识别任务进行评估。结果表明，在回忆和识别任务中，与口头阅读相比，动作表演句子具有明显的记忆优势。此外，消极动作句子的回忆准确率更高，而消极和积极句子的识别能力都有所提高。在记忆任务中，编码类型和情感内涵之间没有发现交互作用。我们的研究结果表明，制定和情感内涵都能独立地提高记忆成绩，从而将制定的益处扩展到情感刺激。此外，我们的研究结果还强调了情绪对自由回忆和识别任务的不同影响，这表明了与消极和积极刺激记忆相关的特定任务过程。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping and modeling the semantic space of math concepts 数学概念语义空间的映射和建模。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105971

Samuel Debray , Stanislas Dehaene

Mathematics is an underexplored domain of human cognition. While many studies have focused on subsets of math concepts such as numbers, fractions, or geometric shapes, few have ventured beyond these elementary domains. Here, we attempted to map out the full space of math concepts and to answer two specific questions: can distributed semantic models, such a GloVe, provide a satisfactory fit to human semantic judgements in mathematics? And how does this fit vary with education? We first analyzed all of the French and English Wikipedia pages with math contents, and used a semi-automatic procedure to extract the 1000 most frequent math terms in both languages. In a second step, we collected extensive behavioral judgements of familiarity and semantic similarity between them. About half of the variance in human similarity judgements was explained by vector embeddings that attempt to capture latent semantic structures based on cooccurence statistics. Participants' self-reported level of education modulated familiarity and similarity, allowing us to create a partial hierarchy among high-level math concepts. Our results converge onto the proposal of a map of math space, organized as a database of math terms with information about their frequency, familiarity, grade of acquisition, and entanglement with other concepts.

数学是人类认知中一个探索不足的领域。虽然许多研究都集中在数学概念的子集上，如数字、分数或几何图形，但很少有人涉足这些基本领域之外的领域。在这里，我们试图描绘出数学概念的完整空间，并回答两个具体问题：分布式语义模型（如 GloVe）能否令人满意地与人类数学语义判断相匹配？这种契合度又是如何随教育程度而变化的？我们首先分析了所有包含数学内容的法语和英语维基百科页面，并使用半自动程序提取了这两种语言中出现频率最高的 1000 个数学术语。第二步，我们收集了大量关于它们之间熟悉程度和语义相似性的行为判断。人类相似性判断中约有一半的变异是由向量嵌入解释的，向量嵌入试图捕捉基于共生统计的潜在语义结构。参与者自我报告的教育水平调节了熟悉度和相似度，使我们能够在高级数学概念之间建立部分层次结构。我们的研究结果汇聚成一个数学空间地图的提议，该地图是一个数学术语数据库，其中包含有关数学术语的频率、熟悉程度、获得等级以及与其他概念的纠缠等信息。

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引用次数: 0

Communicated priors tune the perception of control 传达的先验信息会调整控制感知。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105969

George Blackburne , Chris D. Frith , Daniel Yon

Action allows us to shape the world around us. But to act effectively we need to accurately sense what we can and cannot control. Classic theories across cognitive science suppose that this ‘sense of agency’ is constructed from the sensorimotor signals we experience as we interact with our surroundings. But these sensorimotor signals are inherently ambiguous, and can provide us with a distorted picture of what we can and cannot influence. Here we investigate one way that agents like us might overcome the inherent ambiguity of these signals: by combining noisy sensorimotor evidence with prior beliefs about control acquired through explicit communication with others. Using novel tools to measure and model control decisions, we find that explicit beliefs about the controllability of the environment alter both the sensitivity and bias of agentic choices; meaning that we are both better at detecting and more biased to feel control when we are told to expect it. These seemingly paradoxical effects on agentic choices can be captured by a computational model where expecting to be in control exaggerates the sensitivity or ‘gain’ of the mechanisms we use to detect our influence over our surroundings – making us increasingly sensitised to both true and illusory signs of agency. In combination, these results reveal a cognitive and computational mechanism that allows public communication about what we can and cannot influence to reshape our private sense of control.

行动能让我们塑造周围的世界。但是，为了有效地行动，我们需要准确地感知我们能控制和不能控制的东西。认知科学的经典理论认为，这种 "代入感 "是由我们与周围环境互动时所体验到的感觉运动信号构建而成的。但是，这些感觉运动信号本质上是模糊的，会让我们对自己能控制和不能控制的事物产生扭曲的认识。在这里，我们研究了像我们这样的代理人克服这些信号固有模糊性的一种方法：将嘈杂的感觉运动证据与通过与他人明确交流而获得的有关控制的先验信念相结合。通过使用新工具来测量和模拟控制决策，我们发现关于环境可控性的明确信念会改变代理选择的敏感性和偏差；也就是说，当我们被告知期望控制时，我们会更善于发现控制，也更倾向于感受控制。这些对代理选择的看似矛盾的影响可以用一个计算模型来捕捉，在这个模型中，期望被控制会夸大我们用来检测我们对周围环境的影响的机制的灵敏度或 "增益"--使我们对真实和虚幻的代理迹象越来越敏感。综合来看，这些结果揭示了一种认知和计算机制，它允许关于我们能影响什么和不能影响什么的公开交流重塑我们的私人控制感。

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引用次数: 0

Social perspective-taking influences on metacognition 社会视角对元认知的影响。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105966

Lucas Battich , Elisabeth Pacherie , Julie Grèzes

We often effortlessly take the perceptual perspective of others: we represent some aspect of the environment that others currently perceive. However, taking someone's perspective can interfere with one's perceptual processing: another person's gaze can spontaneously affect our ability to detect stimuli in a scene. But it is still unclear whether our cognitive evaluation of those judgements is also affected. In this study, we investigated whether social perspective-taking can influence participants' metacognitive judgements about their perceptual responses. Participants performed a contrast detection task with a task-irrelevant avatar oriented either congruently or incongruently to the stimulus location. By “blindfolding” the avatar, we tested the influence of social perspective-taking versus domain-general directional orienting. Participants had higher accuracy and perceptual sensitivity with a congruent avatar regardless of the blindfold, suggesting a directional cueing effect. However, their metacognitive efficiency was modulated only by the congruency of a seeing avatar. These results suggest that perceptual metacognitive ability can be socially enhanced by sharing perception of the same objects with others.

我们经常毫不费力地从他人的感知角度出发：我们代表了他人当前感知到的环境的某些方面。然而，从别人的角度看问题会干扰自己的知觉处理过程：别人的目光会自发地影响我们发现场景中刺激物的能力。但我们对这些判断的认知评估是否也会受到影响，目前还不清楚。在这项研究中，我们探讨了社交视角是否会影响参与者对其知觉反应的元认知判断。参与者在与任务无关的头像与刺激位置一致或不一致的情况下进行对比检测任务。通过 "蒙住 "头像，我们测试了社会视角与一般领域定向的影响。无论蒙眼与否，在头像一致的情况下，受试者的准确率和感知灵敏度都更高，这表明存在方向提示效应。然而，他们的元认知效率只受看到的头像是否一致的影响。这些结果表明，感知元认知能力可以通过与他人分享对相同物体的感知而得到提高。

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引用次数: 0

An algorithmic account for how humans efficiently learn, transfer, and compose hierarchically structured decision policies 从算法角度解释人类如何高效地学习、转移和组成分层结构的决策政策。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105967

Jing-Jing Li , Anne G.E. Collins

Learning structures that effectively abstract decision policies is key to the flexibility of human intelligence. Previous work has shown that humans use hierarchically structured policies to efficiently navigate complex and dynamic environments. However, the computational processes that support the learning and construction of such policies remain insufficiently understood. To address this question, we tested 1026 human participants, who made over 1 million choices combined, in a decision-making task where they could learn, transfer, and recompose multiple sets of hierarchical policies. We propose a novel algorithmic account for the learning processes underlying observed human behavior. We show that humans rely on compressed policies over states in early learning, which gradually unfold into hierarchical representations via meta-learning and Bayesian inference. Our modeling evidence suggests that these hierarchical policies are structured in a temporally backward, rather than forward, fashion. Taken together, these algorithmic architectures characterize how the interplay between reinforcement learning, policy compression, meta-learning, and working memory supports structured decision-making and compositionality in a resource-rational way.

学习有效抽象决策政策的结构是人类智能灵活性的关键。以往的研究表明，人类使用分层结构的策略来高效地驾驭复杂多变的环境。然而，人们对支持学习和构建此类政策的计算过程仍然了解不足。为了解决这个问题，我们在一项决策任务中对 1026 名人类参与者进行了测试，他们总共做出了 100 多万个选择，在这项任务中，他们可以学习、转移和重新组合多套分层策略。我们为观察到的人类行为背后的学习过程提出了一种新的算法解释。我们的研究表明，人类在早期学习中依赖于对状态的压缩策略，这些策略通过元学习和贝叶斯推理逐渐扩展为分层表征。我们的建模证据表明，这些分层策略是以时间上向后而非向前的方式构建的。综合来看，这些算法架构描述了强化学习、策略压缩、元学习和工作记忆之间的相互作用如何以资源合理的方式支持结构化决策和组合性。

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引用次数: 0

Anticipating multisensory environments: Evidence for a supra-modal predictive system 预测多感官环境：超模态预测系统的证据

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105970

Marc Sabio-Albert , Lluís Fuentemilla , Alexis Pérez-Bellido

Our perceptual experience is generally framed in multisensory environments abundant in predictive information. Previous research on statistical learning has shown that humans can learn regularities in different sensory modalities in parallel, but it has not yet determined whether multisensory predictions are generated through a modality-specific predictive mechanism or instead, rely on a supra-modal predictive system. Here, across two experiments, we tested these hypotheses by presenting participants with concurrent pairs of predictable auditory and visual low-level stimuli (i.e., tones and gratings). In different experimental blocks, participants had to attend the stimuli in one modality while ignoring stimuli from the other sensory modality (distractors), and perform a perceptual discrimination task on the second stimulus of the attended modality (targets). Orthogonal to the task goal, both the attended and unattended pairs followed transitional probabilities, so targets and distractors could be expected or unexpected. We found that participants performed better for expected compared to unexpected targets. This effect generalized to the distractors but only when relevant targets were expected. Such interactive effects suggest that predictions may be gated by a supra-modal system with shared resources across sensory modalities that are distributed according to their respective behavioural relevance.

我们的感知经验通常是在预测信息丰富的多感官环境中形成的。以往的统计学习研究表明，人类可以并行学习不同感官模式的规律性，但尚未确定多感官预测是通过特定模式的预测机制产生的，还是依赖于超模式预测系统。在这里，我们通过两个实验，向参与者同时展示一对可预测的听觉和视觉低级刺激（即音调和光栅），对上述假设进行了测试。在不同的实验区块中，参与者必须注意一种模式的刺激，同时忽略另一种感官模式的刺激（干扰物），并对被注意模式的第二种刺激（目标）进行知觉辨别任务。与任务目标相对应的是，关注和不关注的刺激对都遵循过渡概率，因此目标和干扰物可能是预期的，也可能是意料之外的。我们发现，与意外目标相比，参与者对预期目标的表现更好。这种效应延伸到了干扰物上，但只有当相关目标是预期目标时才会产生这种效应。这种互动效应表明，预测可能是由一个超模态系统控制的，该系统具有跨感官模态的共享资源，这些资源根据各自的行为相关性进行分配。

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引用次数: 0

Visual mental imagery of nonpredictive central social cues triggers automatic attentional orienting 对非预测性中心社交线索的视觉心理想象会引发自动注意定向。

IF 2.8 1区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105968

Shujia Zhang , Li Wang , Yi Jiang

Previous research has demonstrated that social cues (e.g., eye gaze, walking direction of biological motion) can automatically guide people's focus of attention, a well-known phenomenon called social attention. The current research shows that voluntarily generated social cues via visual mental imagery, without being physically presented, can produce robust attentional orienting similar to the classic social attentional orienting effect. Combining a visual imagery task with a dot-probe task, we found that imagining a non-predictive gaze cue could orient attention towards the gazed-at hemifield. Such attentional effect persisted even when the imagery gaze cue was counter-predictive of the target hemifield, and could be generalized to biological motion cue. Besides, this effect could not be simply attributed to low-level motion signal embedded in gaze cues. More importantly, an eye-tracking experiment carefully monitoring potential eye movements demonstrated the imagery-induced attentional orienting effect induced by social cues, but not by non-social cues (i.e., arrows), suggesting that such effect is specialized to visual imagery of social cues. These findings accentuate the demarcation between social and non-social attentional orienting, and may take a preliminary step in conceptualizing voluntary visual imagery as a form of internally directed attention.

以往的研究表明，社交线索（如目光注视、生物运动的行走方向）可以自动引导人们的注意力，这是一种众所周知的现象，被称为社交注意力。目前的研究表明，通过视觉心理意象自愿产生的社交线索，在没有物理呈现的情况下，可以产生类似于经典社交注意定向效应的强大注意定向。通过将视觉意象任务与点探测任务相结合，我们发现想象一个非预测性的注视线索可以将注意力导向注视的半场。即使想象中的注视线索对目标半场具有反预测作用，这种注意效应也会持续存在，并可推广到生物运动线索上。此外，这种效应不能简单地归因于凝视线索中蕴含的低水平运动信号。更重要的是，一项仔细监测潜在眼球运动的眼动跟踪实验证明，社会线索会诱发意象诱导的注意定向效应，而非社会线索（即箭头）则不会，这表明这种效应专门针对社会线索的视觉意象。这些发现强调了社会性和非社会性注意定向之间的界限，并为将自愿视觉意象概念化为一种内部定向注意形式迈出了初步的一步。

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引用次数: 0